Statutory Towns Research Articles

VYBRANÉ ÚMRTNOSTNÍ UKAZATELE OBYVATELSTVA V RAKOUSKÉM SLEZSKU NA PODKLADĚ ZDRAVOTNÍCH STATISTIK (1896–1908)

In this article, health statistics were used primarily as a source of information for the study of some mortality phenomena in Austrian Silesia at the turn of the 20th century. The period is determined by the preservation of the sources, as these are statistics stored in the Provincial Archives in Opava, i.e., the original written sources compiled by the district doctors. These sources made it possible to track the numbers of births and deaths in the individual political districts and statutory towns in Austrian Silesia. In the birth statistics, the share of children born with qualified obstetric assistance was examined. In the death statistics, the composition of deaths by age and cause of death was monitored. Additionally, the seasonal distribution of these phenomena was also examined to the extent permitted by the data sources. At the beginning of the study, a thorough check of the credibility of the sources, i.e., health statistics, was conducted.

Both Elected Representatives and Imperial Offi cials? The Mayors' Installation in the Statutory Cities of Habsburg Austria 1860–1918

The article focuses on the specifi c legal status of statutory towns in Austria from the restoration of constitutionalism in 1860 to the end of the monarchy and on the peculiarities of their administration. Special attention is paid to their method of selecting representatives since the mayors of the statutory towns were subject to the approval of the government and the emperor. The article examines the impact of the confi rmation process on the selection of mayors, and to what extent and in what manner the government exercised its option to exclude certain elected individuals from the leadership of the statutory cities. It shows the changes in the approach of the government after the 1870s and concludes in stating the ineffi ciency of this tool. URL: https://www.upjs.sk/filozoficka-fakulta/katedra-historie/10984/

Spatial Analysis of Access to Basic Services in Urban West Bengal: Disparities and Determinants

This paper, using data from Census 2011, examines the availability of treated drinking water, latrine facility, drainage facility and electricity between villages, census towns (CTs) and statutory towns (STs) in West Bengal, India. Urban areas of socio-economically developed administrative divisions experienced higher household service coverage. Availability of drinking water and latrine facilities is distinctly better in STs over CTs and CTs over villages. Other services like latrine with sewerage facilities and closed drainage facilities recorded insignificant differences in household coverage between cities and villages. Results of multi-variable regression models reveal that type of economic activities and social characteristics of the urban areas; nature of basic services and their institutional arrangements significantly influence the service provision. So, the paper argues for stepping up investment, institutionalization of an integrated planning paradigm and strengthening urban governments to ensure equitable distribution of basic services.

The concept of planetary urbanization applied to India's rural to urban transformation

This paper empirically examines the applicability of the planetary urbanization concept to understand the complexities associated with the rural-to-urban transformation process unfolding in India. It contributes to the rural-urban debate by investigating the role of non-urban spaces – here census towns – in accelerating India's process of urbanization. The Capital Region of India is taken as a study area and a mixed methods approach is used to establish concentrated and extended urbanization as interlinked processes in relation to the growth of census towns.The applied mixed methods approach helps to overcome the critiques of deploying Global North theories, here planetary urbanization, on the Global South context by not only establishing a general pattern and dynamics of growth but also by contextualizing the local characteristics of rural to urban transformation as census towns. The analysis established a dense network of transport and a high level of commuting for work between statutory towns and census towns in the urban periphery and hinterland overcoming the traditional urban and rural divide. This paper makes a methodological and analytical contribution to the concept of planetary urbanization, whereby growth of census towns can be explained as an interlinked process of concentrated, extended and differential urbanization.The political economy analyses established that the differences between statutory and census towns can be traced back to state rescaling and investment policies. In this process, rural areas are rapidly acquiring urban characteristics as census towns and to some extent perform better on socioeconomic and infrastructural aspects compared to statutory towns (official urban areas).

Availability of basic amenities to urban households in West Bengal: an analysis of the level and determinants

Urban transition in West Bengal in this decade experienced an unprecedented growth of Census Towns (CTs), contrary to stagnating growth of the Statutory Towns (STs). As, an additional 6.3 million people are added in urban areas of the state for the last decade, it obviously will increase the demand of basic amenities. Therefore, this study tries to find out the difference in basic amenities among towns in West Bengal according to their administrative status, size of the towns, wealth possession of the households and spatial location of the towns. Independent t-test, stepwise regression and principal component analysis are used as a research technique to execute the objective of the study. It is evident from the study that, administratively having a statutory body in town, a large population size of the town, location of the town within or close to the urban agglomerations and wealth possession of the urban households, have an immense role in determining the availability of basic amenities. Among all these factors, the wealth possession of households is the most dominant factor. As a sharp difference in the availability of basic amenities is evident between CTs and STs, there needs a government intervention to regulate the unplanned growth to the CTs. Without further ado, these CTs need to be recognized as urban and to be assigned statutory status for better provision of basic amenities. The second option lies in the implementation of the idea of co-production in the planning mechanism. Here the state and citizens both should address the task of urban service delivery as the state cannot regulate or deliver of its own and low-income citizens does not have its resource capacity.

Statutory vs census towns: modeling the differences of urban development using statistical approach in India: a micro level case analysis

Urbanisation is assessed from demographic, socioeconomic and infrastructural perspectives and treated as magnet for regional development and basic services and infrastructures viz. water supply, sanitation, transport, power, shelter, education, health, etc. are very important for urban dwellers and town functioning. The article focuses on availability and access to the services and facilities in Statutory Towns (STs—[having statutory body viz. municipality, corporation, cantonment, etc.]) and Census Towns (CTs—[having population > 5000, population density > 400/sq.km and 75% male non-agricultural workers]). To assess the disparity in infrastructures, weighted combination score (WCS) using 5 broad parameters (Education, health, financial, commercial and recreation) and 12 sub parameters and difference in access to amenities i.e. quality of life (QOL) between STs and CTs, logistic regression model are used. The results reveal the remarkable disparity between STs and CTs in availability of infrastructure and services. So, the higher rate of urbanisation of Nadia district which is mainly accentuated by emergence of CTs indicates the urban growth without the development of infrastructures and amenities Therefore, the research may be helpful in identifying the lacuna of urban centres and thereby in policy formulation regarding infrastructures and basic amenities.

Capital City as a Factor of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis—Application on Transport Companies in the Czech Republic

The manuscript applied multi-criteria analysis using several indicators to evaluate 18 transport companies established on the level of the Czech statutory towns during period of 2001–2016 that provided for a mass commuting system. Transport companies were chosen for evaluation in the towns being company establishers in the area of mass commuting systems. Based on the prepared analysis outcomes, we suppose that transport companies in big Czech cities and towns using combination of various transport means within the mass commuting system reached lower effectiveness. The Transport Company of the Czech capital city Prague only one operates subway, i.e., it works with specific requirements laid on assurance of this public transport type. Nevertheless, its inclusion in the analysis didn’t affect total results, thus we are able to work with a complete group of transport companies in the Czech Republic when evaluating their economic effectiveness.

S158. URBANICITY INDEX AND CORTICAL GYRIFICATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

BackgroundUrban birth and upbringing are considered to be risk factors for schizophrenia, but recent studies do not support the same. While several hypotheses are suggested, the pathogenic mechanisms are not known. Notably, no study has examined brain changes, if any, associated with an urban upbringing in schizophrenia. Hence, in this study, we examined the effect of urban upbringing on the cortical gyrification in schizophrenic patients.MethodsWe recruited 108 persons with DSM-IV schizophrenia and 74 healthy volunteers. Study participants underwent clinical assessments using Positive and negative syndrome scale, Calgary depression scale to measure severity of clinical symptoms. All participants were scanned using 3T MRI scanner and a high resolution T1 structural scan was obtained. Cortical gyrification measurements were conducted on these images using Freesurfer software. Statistical maps were generated in Query, design, Estimate, Contrast (QDEC) interface. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was run for FWE correction with the threshold 1.3 (p<0.05) in QDEC. Participants upbringing place was noted with respect to the place where they lived for the first 15 years of life. Based on Census India of 2011, the places were categorized into 1) rural 2) statutory town and 3) census town. These 3 groups and assigned values 1,2 and 3, respectively, which were then rated for each year of life (1–15) and urbanicity index was calculated using a previously used method (range from 15 to 45). A regression analysis was implemented in QDEC with age, sex, education and demean ICV as covariates to examine the relation between Urban upbringing and cortical gyrification index.ResultsIn the overall population, HV had higher gyrification index in the left superior parietal cortex (p<0.008) than SCZ. There was a significant negative correlations between gyrification index and urbanicity index in left postcentral (p<0.0001), left insula (p<0.0001), left fusiform (p<0.0005), left rostral middle frontal (p<0.01), right supramarginal (p<0.0001), right fusiform (p<0.0001), and right superior temporal (p<0.005) cortices.DiscussionThe results indicate a significant effect of urbanicity on cortical gyrification in patients with SCZ as well as HV. The presence of deficits in frontal areas indicate the likely effect of urban upbringing on growth and maturation of the frontal cortex. Interestingly, the presence of difference in areas implicated in schizophrenia provides support to the possible increased risk of urban upbringing on schizophrenia. The preliminary evidence from this analysis provides the necessary rationale to further examine the impact of urban upbringing on brain structure/ function and the risk of developing schizophrenia.

Geoinformatics Based Sprawl Dynamics Analysis of Berhampur Development Authority Area, Odisha, India

Urban and Regional planners need accurate and authentic spatio-temporal information of urban sprawls for efficient and sustainable planning of towns &amp; cities worldwide. Geoinformatics powered with temporal high resolution satellite images, Geographic Information System (GIS), mobile technology, etc is now emerged as the most powerful tool for mapping and monitoring the sprawls of urban habitations. In this paper an attempt is made for analysing the dynamics of sprawls of three statutory towns of Berhampur Development Authority (BeDA) area of Ganjam District, Odisha state, India. The spatial information of urban sprawl of each town has been generated using openly available toposheets and multi -sensor &amp; multi -temporal satellite images and the spatio temporal characteristics of sprawls has been analysed in Arc GIS software. The sprawl area as well as the population of the three towns have been analysed and the future scenario of sprawl-population dynamics has been forecasted for the years 2021 and 2031.The result of this paper highlights that sprawls of the three towns i.e Berhampur, Chhatrapur and Gopalpur will expand their spatial dimension by 22,18 and 97 percent by 2031 whereas population of the three towns will increase by 43, 19 and 15 percent between 2011 -2031.Finally the result indicates that there will be decrease in population density in the three towns which will ultimately force the Development Authority to plan more basic infrastructures and transportation in the newly expanded urban areas.

Association of urbanisation with demographic dynamics in India

The research paper provides an overview of India’s urbanisation, regional variations, and association with demographic dynamics. The study explores the contributions of the census and statutory towns to urban growth and components of urban growth. The paper examines the impacts of urbanisation on fertility and mortality in India by data collected from the Census of India and the Sample Registration System. The specific purpose of this paper is investigating the impacts of demographic changes and urbanisation in India during the period 1991–2011. The research paper has employed quantitative technical analysis with the help of ordinary least square regression for establishing the relationship of association between urbanisation and socio-demographic variables. The study has endeavored a theoretical model associating the process of urbanisation with the demographic transition. It finds that the process of urbanisation has lead to the reduction of both fertility and mortality rates in India. The smooth decline in fertility and mortality rates in urban areas of India during the 2 decades of 1991–2011 implies the positive contribution of urbanisation. Similarly, the paper argues that to a large extent, various demographic indicators have influenced the process of urbanisation. The study successfully pinpoints that the urbanisation is positively related to the demographic variables of population growth, density, and migration. It also finds positive and significant effects of per capita income and female work participation rate on urbanisation.

Urbanization in India: Population and Urban Classification Grids for 2011.

India is the world's most populous country, yet also one of the least urban. It has long been known that India's official estimates of urban percentages conflict with estimates derived from alternative conceptions of urbanization. To date, however, the detailed spatial and settlement boundary data needed to analyze and reconcile these differences have not been available. This paper presents gridded estimates of population at a resolution of 1 km along with two spatial renderings of urban areas-one based on the official tabulations of population and settlement types (i.e., statutory towns, outgrowths, and census towns) and the other on remotely-sensed measures of built-up land derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer. We also cross-classified the census data and the remotely-sensed data to construct a hybrid representation of the continuum of urban settlement. In their spatial detail, these materials go well beyond what has previously been available in the public domain, and thereby provide an empirical basis for comparison among competing conceptual models of urbanization.

Spread Effects vs. Localized Growth: The Case of Census Towns in Murshidabad District

The phenomenal increase of census towns as a new trend in India’s urbanisation has questioned the model of urban development based on big and metropolitan cities. In 2011, the Census of India noted that West Bengal state experienced the highest growth of new Census towns. These newly developed Census towns have emerged not only in the districts away from the Kolkata metropolitan area but also in areas far away from the bigger towns of different districts. In the case of Murshidabad district, the Census towns have developed not near Berhampore, the biggest town and the district-headquarter, where agglomeration economies could play a role in their growth. Only eight out of 65 Census towns are located in the periphery of Berhampore, and the rest are located either near to other Statutory towns or are scattered in patterns. With the help of both primary and secondary data, this article tries to explore the nature of proximity of the Census towns with their nearest Statutory towns and also evaluates the role of distance from the existing towns regarding the availability of the basic services in the Census towns. The broader pattern of the growth of the Census towns and the influence of statutory towns on that growth pattern has been analysed with the help of Principal Component analysis and Quadrant analysis. Empirical research with a focus on different types of non-farm activities has been carried out to understand the process of growth of Census towns. The article finds that the economy of the Census towns is independent of the nearby Statutory towns, and their growth is dependent on the localised transformation of the rural economy from farm to non-farm especially to household industries such as bidi and silk.

Health Accessibility and Vulnerability among Marginalized Communities: A Study in Urban Slums in Kerala

The living environments and its direct impact on health and related areas are much significant in the socio- economic and environment studies. The vulnerability of the any marginalized sections of the societies needs to be studied and refereed for a change. As far as concerned, the slums are considerably disadvantaged to inadequate health, contaminated water sources, poor sanitation, unhygienic environment and poor quality of living. The census 2011 defines a slum as “residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation” because they are dilapidated, cramped, poorly ventilated, unclean, or “any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health” (Census, Govt of India, 2011). Roughly 1.37 crore households, or 17.4% of urban Indian households lived in a slum in 2011, data released by the registrar general and census commissioner’s office showed. The new data is difficult to compare with previous years, because the 2011 Census covers all 4,041 statutory towns in India, as compared to 2001 when only statutory towns with population over 20,000 were covered. The 2001 data had set India’s slum population at 15% of the total population. The objectives of the study are (1) to understand the major health issues existing in the urban slum (2) to understand the involvement of government and other stakeholders in addressing the multiple issues in the slums (3) to find out the major preventive strategies for addressing the various health issues in the urban slums (4) to highlight possible suggestions to improve the health conditions of the people living in the slums. The methodology employed in the study is analytical, based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data generated through purposive sampling techniques as well as through focus groups discussions and interactions with stakeholders. A descriptive design was adopted for the study. The universe of the study consists of the two slums in Kollam Corporation. The researcher used random sampling method for selecting the samples and the researcher elicited primary data through questionnaire and for secondary data books, magazines and internet facilities were used. The total sample size is 120 respondents from 2 slums in Kollam district. The collected data from the respondents were tabulated and interpreted and later analyzed. The findings highlighted the slum dwellers need to make aware of the need for improvement in living conditions, and they must readily involve themselves with every phase of the rehabilitation. Practical and innovative approaches need to be put into practice to integrate slums within the cities. Governments need to pay more attention to slums and make concerted attempts to address this problem proactively.

Rural Urban Classification (RUC) and its impact on funding pattern for urban development in the context of Indian cities

This paper attempts to assess the impact of existing Rural-Urban Classification (RUC) on distribution of development funds among different realms of a settlement in Indian context. The paper questions upon the existing parameters of Census definitions for ‘Urban’ and ‘Rural’ and how it is affecting the ‘Master Plan Preparation Process’ for cities. Further, it indicates the role of RUC for creating disparity in distribution of various Government development funds among settlements, by discussing ten diverse contexts of the country. Due to census definition of settlement classification in a dichotomous fashion, all these developmental schemes are being applicable to Statutory Towns only, the Census Towns are completely ignored, especially the peripheral settlements around major urban centers. The paper seeks to analyze the interrelationship between present funding pattern and degree of urbanization in the selected cases, if exists at all. The paper concludes with a framework to establish a relationship between funding pattern and urbanization and develops an approach towards restructuring the settlement classification, where in the future, the Peri-Urban realms / Census Towns can be considered under urban development schemes, can undergo planned urbanization and as a result, disparity in terms of development can be minimized in the country.

Role of small and intermediate towns in regional development: A case study of Raebareli, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India

AbstractIt is said that small and intermediate size towns play a significant role in the socio-economic transformation of regional spaces through diffusion of innovations. It, however, has been hypothesized here that in this diffusion process the villages having better infrastructural facilities and services, play central role. For its analysis, the study takes the case of a region consisting of three administrative districts - Raebareli, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh, of the Uttar Pradesh state of India. These districts have remained in political focus since India’s independence and have elected two prime-ministers and some most influential politicians of their times in quest of development. However, the condition of development here is still deplorable. These districts have 22 statutory towns, and are least urbanized in the state. The towns are mainly administrative or market centres in nature serving surrounding villages by their backward and forward linkages. The study analyses ‘Z scores’ of select services to measure the level of development at block and village level, and portrays the spatial arrangement of towns in development setting of the region. The study observes that while towns are instrumental in promoting regional development, the role of ‘rurban’ centres (high service villages) in the process of diffusion of development is pivotal.

Clean Cities of India: Comparative Study of Kanpur and Mysuru in Special Reference to Swach Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country. The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive with 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participating in this event. With effect from 1 April 1999, the Government of India restructured the Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which was later (on 1 April 2012) renamed Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) On 2 October 2014, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Mission, which aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019, thus restructuring the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national campaign, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Clean India Abhiyan

According to the statistics, it has seen that only few percentage of total population have access to the toilets. It is a programmer run by the government to seriously work to fulfill the vision of Father of Nation (Bapu) by calling the people from all walks of life to make it successful globally. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national cleanliness campaign established by the Government of India. This campaign is covering 4041 statutory towns in order to clean roads, streets, and infrastructure of the India. It is a mass movement has run to create a Clean India by 2019. It is a step ahead to the Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of Swachh Bharat for healthy and prosperous life. This mission was launched on 2nd of October 2014 (145th birth anniversary of Bapu) by targeting its completeness in 2019 on 150th birth anniversary of Bapu. The mission has been implemented to cover all the rural and urban areas of the India under the Ministry of Urban Development and the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation accordingly the first cleanliness drive (on 25th of September 2014) of this mission was started by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi earlier to its launch. This mission has targeted to solve the sanitation problems as well as better waste management all over the India by creating sanitation facilities to all. Swachh Bharat mission is very necessary to run continuously in India until it gets its goal. It is very essential for the people in India to really get the feeling of physical, mental, social and intellectual well-being. It is to make living status advance in India in real means which can be started by bringing all over cleanliness. Below I have mentioned some points proving the urgent need of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in India.

Socio-economic and political status of panchayats Elected representatives (A Study of Mysore District-Karnataka)

The paper presents the structure and functions of Panchayati raj Institutions. It also highlights the social composition of elected members and their participation in the decision making process in PRIs. Liberal Democracy is one of the basic features of the Indian Constitution. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayat Raj even before Independence. The further of the Nation felt that as issues at the village levels must be addressed by the people only under self-governance and the State or the Central Governments only facilitate such self-rule through grants and by conferring autonomy on them. Panchayat system had earlier an informal setup to redress the local issues and problems of communities which were mainly social and economic in nature. They were popular institutions at micro levels and the main objective was to keep the local community in harmony and to encourage participation in the process of development. The Mysore Government in 1902 passed the Mysore Local Boards Act with a view to revitaling the rural local Government. In 1918, the Mysore Government enacted the Mysore Local Boards and Village Panchayat Act making provisions for elected representatives at the district and taluk levels. After Independence, District and Taluk Boards were set up by the Mysore Government. The first independent legislation on Panchayat Raj Institutions was enacted by the Ramakrishna Hegde Government in 1983 and was brought into effect from April 1987 with the first elections to these local bodies in rural areas. This was amended during 1993. The salient features of the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 are: To establish a 3-tier Panchayat Raj System of elected bodies. Reservation of seats to SC/ST and 50% seats to women at all levels; reservation of seats to persons belonging to other backward classes. Reservation of offices of Chairpersons in favour of SC/ST, women and backward classes. Establishing Finance Commission and District Planning Committee. Constituting a State Panchayat Council. Mysore district consists of seven revenue taluks, namely, H.D. Kote, Hunsur, K.R. Nagar, Nanjangud, Periyapatna, T. Narasipura and Mysore (Urban and Rural). For administrative purposes, Mysore district is divided into two subdivisions, which are Hunsur and Mysore and the district has 1,216 villages, 11 statutory towns, 235 grama panchayats and 226 wards. The District Commissioner is responsible for managing the district administration and the Assistant Commissioners are responsible for managing the sub-divisions of the district. Objectives of the Study; To study the socio-economic and political background of the rural political leadership. To examine the nature of the power, structure of the panchayat raj leadership in mysore district, Karnataka. To analyse the problems in implementation of the rural development activities of the panchayats in mysore district, Karnataka. The methodology consists largely of methods of primary survey, namely the questionnaire survey and individual interviews. The primary sources of data are the collected from panchayats elected members in the mysore district. The mysore district has 235 Grama Panchayats (GPs) in which 23 (10 per cent) respondent to a questionnaire. The total number of GPs elected members is 4300, of which 215 (05 per cent) of respondent to a questionnaire. Samples were selected from all the taluks of the district. Word Key: PRIs, presidents, members, Socio, Economic, political

A longitudinal study of open space zoning and development in Hong Kong

This study evaluates the land-use zoning and development of open space in the hyper-dense, land-hungry city of Hong Kong. The existing literature has generally found that its open space provision is unsatisfactory in both quality and quantity. The study fills the research gap by undertaking an archive research and interpreting the past zoning data from a total of 1573 statutory town plans published between 1965 and 2006. It elucidates how the current ungenerous provision of public open space can be attributed to a number of historical, political and institutional factors including: inefficient division of government responsibilities, lack of public representation, pro-growth planning ideology, revenue-maximizing land sale policy and privatization of urban space. This study concludes that the development of public open space has been prejudiced under the statutory planning system and land allocation process. It suggests that the shrinking of public open space may cause excessive development density that aggravates the deteriorating urban climate in Hong Kong.

Meadows, South Australia: development through integration of local water resources

Meadows, on the outskirts of Adelaide, South Australia, does not have a reticulated water supply, and connection to the state's regional network is considered too costly, but it has its own sewerage system. A water resources management plan was prepared to demonstrate how integration of local water resources — rainwater, stormwater, and sewage effluent — can allow the town's population to grow from 800 to 2,400, the limit within the statutory town boundary. Due to the average rainfall being over 800 mm/a, rainwater tanks have been assessed to be adequate for all in-house uses, excluding toilet flushing. A combination of the reclaimed sewage effluent and harvested stormwater resources was found adequate for all non-potable uses including toilet flushing, household gardens and public open space. Class A quality reclaimed water is proposed for the reticulated non-potable supply. Seasonal balancing storage in dams was found feasible. The alternative of aquifer storage and recovery for stormwater is feasible subject to proving trials. Costs are estimated to be approximately the same as conventional servicing. The advantage of the holistic integrated urban water resource management approach is that the town will virtually generate sufficient additional water as it grows to meet its expansion requirements.