Status Of General Practitioners Research Articles

General Practitioner who Provides Aesthetic Services from an Indonesian Law Perspective

Introduction: While there is a high demand for aesthetic services in Indonesia, the regulations governing them have yet to be fully established. As a result, general practitioners who wish to offer these services must navigate a complex legal landscape. This article explores the legal aspects for general practitioners looking to provide aesthetic services in Indonesia, offering valuable insights for those seeking to enter this growing field.Purposes of the Research: This study aims to analyze the position and status of general practitioners who provide aesthetic services in Indonesia.Methods of the Research: To achieve these objectives, the author uses normative legal research methods with analytical approach. This study uses secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials obtained through literature study.Results of the Research: The results of the study indicate that general practitioners are allowed to provide aesthetic services in accordance with defined and undefined competencies if they have attended education and training for these competencies which is organized by professional association and other institutions accredited by professional association.

Regional variations of perceived problems in ambulatory care from the perspective of general practitioners and their patients - an exploratory focus group study in urban and rural regions of northern Germany

BackgroundPatients from rural and urban regions should have equitable access to health care. In Germany, the physician-patient-ratio and the supply of medical services vary greatly between urban and rural areas. The aim of our study was to explore the regional variations of the perceived health care problems in ambulatory care from the perspective of affected professionals and laypersons i.e. general practitioners and their patients.MethodsWe conducted 27 focus groups with general practitioners (n = 65) and patients (n = 145) from urban areas, environs and rural areas in northern Germany. Discussions were facilitated by two researchers using a semi-structured guideline. The transcripts were content analyzed using deductive and inductive categories.ResultsGeneral practitioners and patients reported problems due to demographic change and patient behaviour, through structural inequalities and the ambulatory reimbursement system as well as with specialist care and inpatient care. A high physician density, associated with high competition between general practitioners, a high fluctuation of patients and a low status of general practitioners were the main problems reported in urban areas. In contrast, participants from rural areas reported an insufficient physician density, a lack of young recruits in primary care and a resulting increased workload as problematic. All regions are concerned with subjectively inadequate general practitioners’ budgets, insufficiently compensated consultations and problems in the cooperation with specialists and inpatient care institutions. Most problems were mentioned by GPs and patients alike, but some (e.g. high competition rates in urban regions and problems with inpatient care) were only mentioned by GPs.ConclusionsWhile many problems arise in urban regions as well as in rural regions, our results support the notion that there is an urgent need for action in rural areas. Possible measures include the support of telemedicine, delegation of medical services and reoccupation of vacant practices. The attractiveness of working in rural areas for general practitioners, specialists and clinicians must be increased by consolidating and expanding rural infrastructure (e.g. child care and cultural life). The above mentioned results also indicate that the ambulatory reimbursement system should be examined regarding the reported inequalities. Measures to further enhance the cooperation between general practitioners, specialists and inpatient care should be taken to solve supra-regionally reported problems. Problems showing regional variations indicate the need for measures to balance these variations between the regions.This is the first German study to analyze subjective views of the stakeholders concerned on regionally variating problems in ambulatory care. Further studies are needed to quantify the extent of the identified problems and differences. A corresponding survey is currently under way.

An analysis for status of general practitioners who passed the national qualification examination for medium-level health professional title of general practice

Objective To know basic status of general practitioners (GPs) who passed the national qualification examination for medium-level health professional title of general practice ( GP examination). Methods Distributions of age, gender, educational level, work experience and affiliations of 9613 GPs who passed GP examination in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities under direct jurisdiction of central government, as well as Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, during 2001 to 2007 were analyzed. Results During 2001 to 2007, totally 19 295 health professionals took GP examination and 9613 of them passed, accounting for 49.8% of the total. Number of health professionals passed GP examination increased yearly, 533 in 2001,818 in 2002, 776 in 2003, 1218 in 2004, 1330 in 2005, 1809 in 2006 and 3109 in 2007, with an average age decreasing year by year. Most of GPs who passed the examination were from east part of the country, accounting for 63.4%, and the rest were from central and west parts, accounting for 36.6% of the total. Most GPs who passed the examination were graduated from three-year-curriculum medical schools and secondary vocational schools, accounting for 73.1% (7027/9613) of the total, and 47.0% (4521/9613) of them were from primary-care hospitals, community health care centers and township hospitals. Conclusions Number of GPs who passed the examination increased year by year and their force has brought to take shape. However, there still exist some problems in general practice, suchas short in number, obvious discrepancy in geographical distribution, lower educational level of GPs and unreasonable structure of GPs from varied institutions. Key words: Community health services; National qualification examination for medium-level health professional title of general practice; General practitioners

A national investigation on status of general practitioners in China

Objective To learn general account for general practitioners all over the country to provide evidence for related policy decision-making. Methods Questionnaire survey and focus group discussion were conducted in health administrations of 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities under direct jurisdiction of the State Council, as well as Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, to collect information about their qualification examinations or evaluations, education and training, registration for permit to practise medicine and other related-policies for general practitioners (GPs). Results ①By October 2007, national qualification examinations for medium-level health professional title of general practice were taken place in all 32 province-level regions. Appraisal for senior professional title of general practice was carried out in 13 province-level regions. There are, in nationwide total, 10 670 GPs, 9826 of them with medium level professional title and 844 with senior professional one, and 97.0% of those with senior professional title working in east part of the country. ②Post training for GPs has been conducted in 31 provinces-level regions and 112 528 GPs received training. Standardized training for GPs has been developed in 9 province-level regions, and 1474 GPs have been trained.③Registration for permit to practise medicine has been developed in 19 provinces-level regions, including all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities under direct jurisdiction of the State Council in east part of the country. There are 6321 physicians registered as GPs for permit to practise medicine all over the country. Conclusions ①Workforce of GPs has commenced to develop, and related policies have preliminarily been in place, but unbalanced among east, central and west parts of the country; ②Workforce of GPs is in short and unstable, with poor quality, non-standardized appellation and inconsistent statistics; ③Qualification for junior professional title for GPs has not been set and appraisal for senior professional title of GPs has been conducted in only a few areas; ④Registration as GPs for permit to practise medicine has been implemented in a few areas with small number of GPs registered; ⑤Effectiveness of post training for GPs is not satisfactory, and standardized training is very difficult to develop; and ⑥Government should further increase financial input for development of GPs suitable for the country. Key words: Questionnaires; Interviews; Community health services; General practitioners

Managerialism and the British GP: the GP as manager and as managed.

The focus of the paper is on the relationship between General Practitioners (GPs) and central government. This relationship dates from the introduction of national health insurance in the UK. From the outset it had an impact on GPs' medical role, their professional status and income. The structure created in 1911 meant that GPs operated as franchisees and, notwithstanding Labour's policy objective of creating a salaried service, this role continued, effectively unchanged, after the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. General practice was also the poor relation in contrast to hospital medicine, a feature intensified by the priorities of the NHS. These forces meant that GPs had a dual role: that of clinician and gatekeeper to specialist hospital services, a role in which they exercised substantial clinical freedom: and running a small business, a feature which was exaggerated by the absence of grant aid to improve premises prior to the Family Doctor Charter of 1965. This structural relationship has been progressively transformed by changes in the 1980s and 1990s. On the one hand the emphasis on cost control has seen central government attempting to combine a financial with a clinical gate-keeping keeping role. The crucial change in this respect is the creation of GP fundholding which, in turn, could be seen to have implications for the subordinate status of GPs within the medical profession. However, this has been combined with trends to greater measures of control over GPs. Of central importance in this respect were the changes introduced by the 1990 GP contract. The contract involved an attempt to substantially reduce clinical autonomy by building in much more detailed contractual duties with respect, for example, to health promotion activities. This was combined with the use of financial incentives to reach, for example, immunization targets. Control over clinical autonomy has also involved constraints over prescribing and the shift from Family Practitioner Committees to Family Health Service Authorities. The rationale for this shift is the move from an administrative to a managerial body, acting as the agent of central government in enforcing the contract and imposing financial norms. GPs are thus to be made managerially accountable. The paper analyses the place of general practitioners in central government's approach to health strategy and examines the tensions generated by the combination of conferring new powers on GPs and increasing controls over them. These tensions are related to current disputes over out-of-hours working and attempts by GPs to redefine a "core of service" approach to their job. The ambiguities of reliance on professionals combined with the desire to exert greater controls is traced in the recent policy statement by the Secretary of State, Primary Care: The Future (1996). The paper thus aims to contribute to the critical discussion of the impact of central government managerialist initiative on key professional groups in the welfare state.

Status of general practitioners

Status of general practitioners

Status of general practitioners

Status of general practitioners