Autonomy Status Research Articles

Can Special Autonomy and Fiscal Decentralization Reduce Inequality in Papua Province?

The issue of regional inequality has gained prominence during the era of progress, driven by the goal of promoting equitable development and enhancing the well-being of all segments of society. Papua Province is an integral part of Indonesia, and confronts intricate hurdles in addressing regional inequality. In response to these hurdles, special autonomy status and fiscal decentralization were implemented to boost regional autonomy. This study aims to scrutinize the impact of special autonomy and fiscal decentralization on regional inequality within Papua Province. The dataset used in the study spans from 2011 to 2021 and has been sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics for Papua Province and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance under the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied and the analytical results underscore that granting special autonomy status has exerted a noteworthy influence in diminishing regional inequality within Papua Province. Nevertheless, an unexpected finding is that fiscal decentralization has not substantially curtailed regional inequality within the region. These revelations provide a comprehensive overview of the roles played by fiscal decentralization and special autonomy in endeavors to alleviate regional inequality in Papua Province. The implications of these findings lay the groundwork for policymaking and developmental planning that foster inclusivity and sustainable progress within the Province of Papua. Keywords: special autonomy, fiscal decentralization, regional inequality

Women’s autonomy, neonatal, infant and under-five mortality in the Upper East Region of Ghana

Child mortality remains a major health challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Child survival is greatly influenced by household circumstances and mother’s healthcare choices. Notwithstanding tremendous investment in women empowerment in Ghana, there is limited empirical evidence on whether women’s autonomy translates into better child mortality outcomes. To examine the association between women’s autonomy and neonatal, infant and under-five mortality in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Data were obtained from a randomized cluster household survey among 15–49 years old women in seven districts in the Upper East Region. Data analysis was restricted to 3,243 women who reported ever having given birth. Based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), we constructed an autonomy index categorized into least, moderate, and high autonomy based on responses to six questions regarding household decision-making. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association of women’s autonomy status and mortality outcomes. Attaining secondary education or higher was significantly associated with infant mortality (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.39, CI = 0.16, 0.94) and under-five mortality (aOR = 0.39, CI = 0.18–0.87). Also, maternal age was significantly associated with neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality, while living in rural setting was significantly associated with lower risk of neonatal (aOR = 0.38, CI = 0.19–0.75) and under-five (aOR = 0.63, CI = 0.48–0.83) mortality. However, we found that compared to women with least autonomy, infants of those with moderate autonomy (aOR = 1.76, CI 1.07–2.89) and high autonomy (aOR = 1.75; CI = 1.04–2.93) were significantly more likely to die. In this study setting, women’s autonomy was not predictive of child mortality. Interventions that aim to improve child mortality should pay attention to community and family level factors that promote increase utilization of essential early childhood interventions.

The status of professional autonomy and its predictors in clinical nurses in Iran.

The present study aimed to assess professional autonomy among clinical nurses and identify its predictors using a native and contemporary tool, which is in line with the recent advancement in nursing professionalism in Iran. The study used an analytical cross-sectional design. A total of 1601 nurses working in medical centres nationwide under the Ministry of Health participated in the study. The research instrument consisted of two parts, including individual and organizational characteristics and a questionnaire on clinical nurses' professional autonomy. Data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics as well as multiple logistic regression analysis using SPSS software. The results indicated that the total professional autonomy score among clinical nurses was 75.86 ± 12.03, with the majority (n = 1262, 78.9%) reporting high professional autonomy. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that nurses with 5-15 years of experience had 1.82 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 2.47-1.35) of having high professional autonomy compared to those with less than 5 years of experience. Similarly, nurses with over 15 years of experience had 2.25 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 1.56-3.26). Head nurses had 4.56 times higher odds (95% confidence interval: 2.60-7.99) of having high professional autonomy compared to clinical nurses. Educational interventions to enhance the professional autonomy of less experienced nurses, with more experienced nurses serving as role models, are recommended. Additionally, measures such as supporting nurses, providing effective communication training and empowering nurses are essential to promote professional mutual respect among nurses. This study explored professional autonomy in clinical nurses in Iran. No patient or public contribution was investigated.

How do the Special Autonomy Fund, Village Fund, and Zakat interact in reducing poverty in Aceh Province?

This study explores the interaction between Special Autonomy Fund, Village Fund, and Zakat in poverty reduction efforts in Aceh Province. As a region with special autonomy status, Aceh receives a transfer allocation from the central government, which aims to accelerate development and improve people's welfare. In addition, village funds managed directly by the village government and zakat collected through religious institutions play an important role in supporting the local economy and social of the poor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of special autonomy fund, village fund, and zakat on poverty rate in Aceh Province in the short run and long run. The method used is Panel ARDL by analyzing data from 23 districts/cities in Aceh Province during the period 2015-2022. The estimation results show that the special autonomy fund variable has a negative and significant effect on the poverty rate in Aceh Province in the short term, but has no significant effect in the long term. The village fund variable has a negative and significant effect on poverty in the short term, but has a positive and significant effect in the long term. Zakat has a negative and significant effect on poverty both in the short and long term. The Aceh Provincial Government should conduct more intensive policies in reducing poverty, especially the variables of special autonomy funds, village funds and zakat so that these problems can be resolved.

Aceh as a Model of Halal Trade in Financial Goods and Services Regulation based on Pancasila within the Framework of National Law in Indonesia

The province of Aceh holds a special autonomy status, which allows Aceh to possess the jurisdiction to enforce the Islamic law specifically in the realm of the civil law, particularly in matters related to commerce. In Aceh, trading in commodities and financial services must adhere to the principles of the Islamic law, ensuring that only halal goods are involved. Using the Content Analysis Techique, this study adopts a combined approach of the national law and the Islamic law. The data was gathered by literature and document analysis, including an examination of legal statutes, scholarly publications, and relevant books pertaining to the topic being discussed. This study asserts that the trading of halal commodities and financial services are fundamental aspects of the Islamic law, a concept that is unfamiliar in legal frameworks rooted in the Western civil law systems. Consuming food that is not halal and engaging in usury are both forbidden under the Islamic law. Within the framework of sharia, commerce is not just confined to individuals, but can also be subject to public scrutiny if they contravene fiqh, so rendering them impermissible. In order to achieve this legislative objective, the Aceh Province established a regulatory framework in the form of the Aceh Qanun, in line with the authority granted by Article 125 of Law Number 11 of 2006. This model has facilitated the emergence of a trade system that is devoid of any forbidden aspects, and financial services that are free from the practice of charging excessive interest, in accordance with Sharia principles. As a result, it differs from the conventional practices of trading goods and services that are prevalent within Indonesia. It is important to highlight that both Pancasila and National law ensure the freedom of citizens' rights to practice the Islamic law, including engaging in halal trade of commodities and financial services.

Fertility, family planning methods and autonomy among women in Delhi

Background: Women’s autonomy is defined as the ability to regulate one’s environment with the help of social and material resources. This autonomy is intricately linked to various reproductive health outcomes, including reduced fertility, increased contraceptive usage and access to prenatal care. It can be understood as the ability of women to oversee and manage their surroundings independently, allowing them to make decisions about their lifestyle, irrespective of societal opinions. Aims and Objectives: This study explored the association between fertility, family planning methods (FPMs) and autonomy amongst women in Delhi. Materials and Methods: The data for the present study were collected from 400 married women aged 15–45 years old residing in Delhi. A face to face interview was conducted using a semi structured schedule to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Results: The findings revealed that the autonomy level of women was found to be low (13.75%), medium (56.5%) and high (29.75%). Respondents with low autonomy status (47.27%) were illiterate or had a primary level of education. Women with low autonomy have a more significant number of conceptions than medium and high autonomy women, resulting in increased live births amongst low autonomy women. In addition, participants with low levels of autonomy were less aware of FPMs. The study underscored the influence of women’s social position, as reflected in factors such as education, occupation and the economic status of the family, on fertility and contraceptive usage. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that women exhibiting lower autonomy levels tend to possess lower educational attainment, experience a higher frequency of conceptions, demonstrate limited knowledge about contraception and show lower rates of employment.

Clarifying “personal data” and the role of anonymisation in data protection law: Including and excluding data from the scope of the GDPR (more clearly) through refining the concept of data protection

In a data-driven society, the collection and processing of data is essential to the operation of existing technologies and the development of new ones. Data protection law protects individuals against risks associated with the processing of “personal data”. However, despite an intensive legal debate, there is still considerable uncertainty as to when data is personal data and when it is not. The reason for this is that data such as technical data or geo-location data usually is not “personal” per se but only when it is used for a specific purpose and in a specific way, or to be more precise, when the data processing causes a specific risk to a fundamental right of an individual. In our paper, we demonstrate that by focusing on these risks when assessing the scope of application, the question whether data falls into the scope of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) or not becomes much clearer. The about, purpose, and result elements, introduced by the Art. 29 Working Party, thereby turn out to be a powerful set of analytical tools to determine which rights are specifically affected by data processing and, thus, to what extent a data subject is identified or identifiable in the processing context. While the about element addresses different risks to the right to privacy, the purpose element specifically reveals risks to the autonomy status of an individual. Finally, the result element focuses on the negative effect data processing can have on any other fundamental rights of the individual. On this basis, it is also possible to define more precisely the legal requirements for anonymising personal data. First of all, we illustrate that anonymisation mainly affects the about element and can do little “against” the purpose and result element. At least, however, by assessing which sphere of privacy is specifically concerned, it is possible to more precisely define when an individual is identified in a dataset and, thus, what the requirements for anonymization are.

Military-political situation in the Nakhchivan region and the acquisition of autonomy status (1917-1921)

Military-political situation in the Nakhchivan region and the acquisition of autonomy status (1917-1921)

Obtaining of autonomy status of Nakhchivan Region and establishment of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Obtaining of autonomy status of Nakhchivan Region and establishment of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic

Research on the relationship between college students' learning autonomy, psychological needs, and self-control

The aim of this study is to investigate the current status of students' autonomy in learning and examine its relationship with psychological needs and self-control. The participants in this study were college students, and a questionnaire survey was used to collect data, which were analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed that: (1) students' autonomy in learning was at a moderate level; (2) there was a significant positive correlation between psychological needs and autonomous learning, and there was also a significant positive correlation between psychological needs and self-control; (3) both psychological needs and self-control could significantly predict students' autonomy in learning; (4) self-control played a partial mediating role between psychological needs and autonomous learning, indicating that psychological needs influenced autonomous learning through self-control. These findings suggest that enhancing students' satisfaction of psychological needs and improving their self-control abilities can promote the development of autonomy in learning.

지방자치단체 예산의 방만운영과 낭비 예방을 위한 입법적 해결방안

Among the writings on local government operation published since the 1970s until recently in the UK, which can be said to be the suzerain of local autonomy the representative characteristic is the focus of research on the logic that threatens the traditional status of local autonomy which has been understood as a sound symbol of democracy in the past. Korea has been experiencing incomplete local autonomy with insufficient decentralization for over 30 years but it is not much different in that local autonomy is rapidly being absorbed into turbid central politics as in the UK and Western Europe. In addition to the influence of central politics lacking national trust local election officials bandwagon of popularism drives unit local governments to serious budget waste. The problems arising from the continuous budget waste and lax financial management of local governments can be limited to a unit area in a microscopic view but expand as a side effect of the nation's overall financial management in a macroscopic view. In particular, such a side effect is that it promotes distrust between social classes, while eventually causing serious obstacles in the operation of local autonomy, which is the basis of democracy. The patterns of budget waste in the budget management process of local governments typically show behaviors such as hasty decisions, exhibitionism, patronage and sharing. The main background of this problem is the selfish judgment of the political party that does not properly accept the voters' demands. In other words, rather than managing their finances soundly, they focused only on spending their budgets by pandering to popularity. It has also encouraged a waste of budget due to the private use of public powers. Therefore, we urge the introduction of a local government bankruptcy system and a taxpayer lawsuit system as a way to solve the problem. At the same time, the improvement and strengthening of the ordinance legislative power which has been continuously requested from the local government field and that is an urgent issue. Along with improvement of the current self-audit function of local governments. In the future I would like to suggest that it is necessary to establish a 'Local Board of Audit and Inspection' gradually divide the country into regions.

Village Funds Policy and its Impact on Improvement and Autonomy Status of Villages in Indonesia

”End poverty in all its forms everywhere” is the ultimate goal and crucial element of the world’s SDGs 2030 transformative agendas, as well as in Indonesia. The COVID-19 pandemic has hindered Indonesia from achieving its SDGs targets and reducing poverty, including rural poverty. The village funds policy sourced from the state budget is one of the policies that aims to alleviate rural poverty; thus, there will be a reduction of disadvantageous villages and an enhancement of self-sustained villages in Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the impact of village funds on the improvement and autonomy status of villages in Indonesia. It utilizes a quantitative method, namely linear regression of panel data using the Village Building Index (VBI) as the dependent variable and village funds as the independent variable over 2018-2021 in each regency/city in Indonesia. The result suggests that the village fund policy, through the 10% allocation of the state budget, has a positive and significant effect on changes in the improvement and autonomy status of the villages in Indonesia. The finding using the model (lin-log) tells us that a 1% increase in village funds will raise the VBI by 0.0013. This indicates that the village funds policy has contributed to the achievement of rural poverty alleviation goals, or it could be a pro-poor policy in order to achieve the purpose of the 1st SDGs goal.
 Keywords: SDGs, poverty, village funds policy, improvement and autonomy status of villages

THE ROLE OF LAWYERS IN THE SPHERE PUBLIC LEGAL RELATIONS

The article analyzes the role of advocacy and the functioning of advocacy in the system of public legal relations. The need to determine the appropriate role of the legal profession in the system of public legal relations is determined by the nature and development of the legal profession in the conditions of economic and political transformations taking place in the country, the intensification of political and legal life, and the emergence of new aspects of the life of society. The principled positions and evaluations made in the study are conditioned by modern theoretical views on advocacy as a non-state, independent, self-governing institution that aims to implement the constitutional guarantee of providing qualified legal assistance, court representation and protection. The performance of these functions requires establishing the status of sufficient autonomy of the bar, a certain level of its independence from state authorities, and the development of bar self-governance. The relevance of the researched topic is that in the Ukrainian doctrine of administrative law, the approach to understanding the essence of public-law relations is changing and there is a need for its modernization, which would allow directing the activities of the subjects of power, during the performance of the functions assigned to them, in the direction maximum provision and promotion of the rights and freedoms of the citizen. It is the lawyer's activity and the lawyer's participation in public legal relations that are an important element in the system of protection of legal rights and freedoms of citizens. At the same time, in order to implement his human rights activities, the role of the lawyer himself in the field of public legal relations should be regulated by legislative norms. The bar plays a significant role in the field of public legal relations and is designed to contribute to the protection of the legal interests of citizens, primarily of this society and the state, it plays a fundamental role in observing and establishing the rule of law and human rights and freedoms. This is a complex manifestation of both state and public interest, because it is thanks to the legal profession that the legal state truly fulfills its duty to ensure the right and freedoms of its citizens. On the one hand, the activities of lawyers have a constitutionally determined and state-significant significance, and on the other hand, lawyers must be as independent as possible from the state in order to effectively protect citizens and legal entities from administrative arbitrariness. The bar, by its very nature, is a unique legal structure, the only organization that performs a public-legal function. On the contrary, the legal profession distances itself as much as possible from the state apparatus.

Geopolitics of separatism

Geopolitics of separatism

Status of Autonomy in Engineering and Polytechnic Colleges of India

Abstract : The status of autonomy in engineering and polytechnic colleges of India is described on parameters such as autonomy enjoyed and used by institutions, students placement, filling up of admission seats, percolation of autonomy, implementation of quality assurance mechanism, use of substantial reflection, frequency of academic audit, corrective and preventive measures taken, performance standards, recommendation of quality assurance cell, problem-solving and grievance handling mechanism, buffer to deal with financial uncertainties, status on academic areas, co-curricular areas, extra-curricular areas, research, continuing education programme, managerial autonomy, administrative autonomy, admission of students, financial autonomy, satisfaction of faculty members and students. The study is based on views expressed by 752 respondents in Google form. It is a descriptive qualitative and quantitative research study in which purposive sampling was used. Sample represents engineering and polytechnic colleges of India. Keywords : Autonomy, types of autonomy, accountability

The Pattern of the Transformation of the Religious Life of the Armenian Diaspora in Ukraine: Conditions, Causes, Consquences

The article reveals the role of the Armenian Church in preserving the ethnic identity of Armenians in the diaspora on Ukrainian land. The transgression or adaptation of the religious and ecclesiastical sphere of Armenians to the new environment in Ukraine was a "soft" process, since it was a transition within a Christian society, and therefore not on religious, but on the confessional basis of "Own"/Christians, although "Others." The specifics of the mentality, general algorithms of migration and incorporation into the new socio-cultural environment determined the main aspects of the transition of the religious and ecclesiastical sphere of Armenians into the alien cultural environment: the creation of their own autonomous religious locus, which became the center of the formation of the social topography of their colonies; legal registration and consolidation of the status of religious autonomy; parallel functioning of religious location of Armenians (not only the traditional Armenian Apostolic Church, but Orthodox/Chalсedonians as well as Catholic Armenians). In the diaspora, the necessity of Armenians to adapt to the landscape, climate, political, and socio-economic realities of the Kyiv and Galician-Volhynian States, and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, should have led to appropriate adjustments in mentality and stereotype of behavior. This tendency was significantly strengthened by the Union1 processes. The changed mentality and stereotype of Armenian behavior made it possible to successfully unite the Ukrainian branch of the Armenian Apostolic Church with Rome. The Union with Rome fixed two main mental components of Armenians in diaspora: despite all the changes in rite, language, liturgy, laws, etc., they were still Armenians, but they became another, different Armenians, not like the Armenians of the ancestral homeland. Both the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic churches have played a leading role in preserving the national cultural and historical memory of Armenians, which became a safety mechanism preventing the complete assimilation with the Ukrainian-Polish (Ukrainian-German, Ukrainian-Romanian and Ukrainian-Russian) environment.

DB-2-3: ANTIHYPERTENSIVE STRATEGIES IN END-OF LIFE OLD PATIENTS (PRO/CON SESSION)

High blood pressure (BP) especially systolic BP is very common in older persons and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Evidence from a limited number of clinical studies indicates that people 80+ y.o. can get significant benefits from BP lowering treatments and that targeting SBP < 140 mmHg reduces morbidity and mortality. However, these clinical studies excluded patients with high frailty and severe alteration of functionality/autonomy. Indeed, in subjects with this clinical profiles, observational data indicate that low SBP is associated with higher morbidity and mortality particularly in those with antihypertensive medication and multiple other drug regimens. These observations made in very altered or end-of-life patients by several clinical research groups should be taken into account by the clinicians, and therefore deprescription i.e. reduction of the antihypertensive treatment, should be considered in presence of very low SBP levels (<130mmHg). However, this approach should be viewed with great caution: firstly, observational studies provide weak evidence and therefore further data are needed from controlled clinical trials in very old patients with the health condition and of autonomy status described above, i.e. people who have been systematically excluded from clinical trials so far. Second, deprescribing should be done gradually, taking into account comorbidities and patient preferences. Finally, in these patients, emphasis should be given to the quality of life and symptoms relief when choosing therapeutic strategies. Collaboration between hypertension specialists, geriatricians and clinical pharmacists is a key issue in this perspective.

Kajian Teori Pluralisme Hukum terhadap Sistem Hukum di Aceh

Abstract
 Legal pluralism is not a new concept that has emerged in the modern legal system, but an approach to analyzing the operation of various legal systems side by side in the system of government of a nation-state. Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has several legal systems. The province of Aceh is viewed as a province that has special autonomy status with a multicultural pattern, because of the plurality of regulatory systems in its society. The pluralism (pluralism) of the legal system in Aceh arises because of ethnic diversity and the application of Islamic religious values ​​to every aspect of Acehnese life, especially in the field of upholding the legal system itself. The diversity (Pluralism) of the legal system that lives and applies in Aceh has the power of law and recognition from the Indonesian government with the passing of Law number 11 of 2006 concerning the Governance of Aceh, so in addition to the enactment of the state legal system (state law), de facto in Aceh to the legal system of procedures (adat law) applies, and the system of religious rules / Islamic law (religious law / Islamic law). The research method used is juridical sociology. The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach.
 Keywords: Legal Pluralism, Legal System of Aceh, Islamic Law

Results of Parliamentary Elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 and Prospects of Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations (Part 1)

Results of Parliamentary Elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 and Prospects of Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations (Part 1)

Results of Parliamentary Elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 and Prospects of Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations (Part 2)

Results of Parliamentary Elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 and Prospects of Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations (Part 2)