Determination Of Stature Research Articles

Nutrition, Other Environmental Influences, and Genetics in the Determination of Human Stature.

Linear growth during three distinct stages of life determines attained stature in adulthood: namely, in utero, early postnatal life, and puberty and the adolescent period. Individual host factors, genetics, and the environment, including nutrition, influence attained human stature. Each period of physical growth has its specific biological and environmental considerations. Recent epidemiologic investigations reveal a strong influence of prenatal factors on linear size at birth that in turn influence the postnatal growth trajectory. Although average population height changes have been documented in high-income regions, stature as a complex human trait is not well understood or easily modified. This review summarizes the biology of linear growth and its major drivers including nutrition from a life-course perspective, the genetics of programmed growth patterns or height, and gene-environment interactions that determine human stature in toto over the life span. Implications for public health interventions and knowledge gaps are discussed.

Sex and stature determination by handprint measurements of a Sri Lankan population

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between sex and height and handprint measurements in a Sri Lankan population. A stadiometer was used to measure height of 226 Sri Lankan subjects aged between 20–30 years. Palmar prints were obtained on paper using fingerprint ink. The palmar and axial tri-radii were identified and a calibrated digital vernier caliper was used for measurements. Also distal phalanx fingerprint measurements were obtained by length from anterior point of each fingerprint to the distal digital crease of relevant fingerprint. Sex and handedness of participants were also recorded. Pearson’s coefficient (R) between various fingerprint measurements and stature was calculated. Several finger prints measurements showed a moderate correlation with the stature (right a, left a, left b, right AT, right AR, right AM, right AR, left AI, left AM, left AR and left AL). Left AL had the highest correlation (R = 0.633). When t-test was applied for determination of correlation between handprint measurements of males and females, there was a statistically significant difference at all handprint measurements and heights. This study showed that there is a correlation between handprint measurements and the stature and sex of Sri Lankan adults.

Stature Estimation using Tibia Length in Young Adults of Urhobo Ethnic Group, in South-south, Nigeria

Introduction: Estimating stature is an essential part of the identification of human skeletal remains or body parts. The purpose of this study was to estimate stature using tibia length among young Urhobo Adults.
 Materials and method: 350 subjects (144 males and 206 females) were utilized for the study. Stature was measured using a stadiometer and tibia length was measured using a digital Vernier calliper. The independent and paired samples t-test, Pearson's correlation test and linear regression equations were employed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
 Results: The mean height in males was 174.22cm and females was 163.97cm, the mean Right tibia length was 40.48cm in males and 37.67cm in females while the left tibia length was 40.41cm and 37.63cm in males and females respectively. There was significant difference between right and left tibia length in males and the general population (p<0.001). However, females showed no significant difference (p>0.05). There was a strong positive significant association between stature and bone lengths (r>0.8, p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the estimated and actual stature for subjects using the general and group-specific regression formulas (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: The study showed that males have significantly higher mean values of parameters measured than females. Right tibia length was significantly longer than the left in males and total population. Groupspecific formula gave more accurate results than the general formula making them better suited to estimate stature in forensic cases. Hence, tibia length can be used as an important tool in forensic examination as they provide elements of accuracy in stature determination.

Correlation of Stature with Incisoapical Length of Anterior Teeth Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

Abstract Background Estimating stature is essential for the purpose of identifying human remains after death. It is common for the extremities or the head to be amputated from the trunk when the body has been severely disfigured. Odontometry's association with stature determination in forensic odontology required an estimate to be established. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate and correlate stature (height) of the individual with the incisoapical length of the tooth Material and Method The study was conducted on 106 participants, in which 53 were female and 53 male cases aged between 21 and 45 years. The study parameters included incisoapical length of maxillary and mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor and canine of both sides measured using cone-beam computed tomography, and height of an individual recorded using stadiometer. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to study the correlation. Results It is observed that the cervicoapical measurement of teeth does not show statistically significant correlation with the stature of the individual with the exception for tooth 22 (r = − 31, p = 0.02), 41(r = − 0.28, p = 0.04), and 42 (r = − 0.30, p = 0.02) among females and tooth 31 (r = − 0.35, p = 0.009) among males. Conclusion A very small number of research on an individual's stature in relation to incisoapical length has been identified in the literature. The majority of an individual's anterior teeth's height was not significantly correlated with height.

Determination of stature from the length of ulna: A study in mizo females

Determination of stature from the length of ulna: A study in mizo females

Nutritional Status of Underprivileged Indian Children and Youth with Type-1 Diabetes - A Multicentre Study.

India has the highest number of prevalent type-1 diabetes (T1D) cases in the under-20-year age population. Data on the anthropometry of underprivileged Indian children with T1D are scarce. In economically disadvantaged countries like India, poor growth in patients with T1D is a major concern due to limited accessibility and affordability. Besides, due to the double burden of malnutrition, the prevalence of obesity is increasing mirroring the global trends, which may lead to the development of insulin resistance. This study aims to assess the prevalence of malnutrition in Indian children and youth with T1D and to identify the determinants of short stature. A registry-based cross-sectional analysis of data collected from various centres across India enrolled in the Changing Diabetes in Children (CDiC) programme. We observed that 6.4% were undernourished (3.4% severe undernutrition) and 17.7% (overweight 13.2%) had combined overweight/obesity. 21.2% of participants had short stature (adjusted for mid-parental height) with 7.4% cases of familial short stature. Longer duration of illness and insulin requirement were significant positive predictors of short stature while glycaemic control, insulin regimen and mid-parental height did not have a significant relationship with short stature. Participants on basal-bolus regimen had significantly higher insulin requirements and better glycaemic control than the ones on mixed-split regimen. We report that around one-fifth of children and youth with T1D were overweight/obese and around a fourth were stunted, especially those with longer duration of diabetes and higher insulin requirements. Close monitoring of anthropometric parameters is necessary for all children with T1D to optimize growth and nutrition.

Determination of Stature by Using Index and Ring Finger Lengths in Bangladeshi Adult Population

Background: Anthropometric measurements vary in different races, sex and age groups. Estimation of stature is crucial task in the field of forensic medicine and anthropology in identifying the individual especially when body is decomposed, destroyed or certain body parts of unknown remain in mass disasters or from disposed of in gutters or waste dumps. Stature is one of the various parameters of identification. However few studies were conducted using finger lengths for estimation of stature. The purpose of present study to evaluate utility of index and ring finger lengths in estimation of stature.
 Methods: A cross sectional observational analytical study was conducted on 200 participants where 100 were adult males and 100were females. Ages between 25 to 45 years were selected by convenience sampling technique for the study in the Department of Anatomy of Chittagong Medical College (CMC), Chattogram. Sex differences were tested by using unpaired student’s t-test. Correlations between stature and finger lengths were assessed. Multiplication factors (MF) were calculated for estimating the stature.
 Results: The present study showed significant (p<0.001) positive correlation between the stature and finger lengths in both genders. We found some multiplication factors which were helpful for estimation of stature from respective measurements.
 Conclusion: According to result, this study has implication in mass disaster or in criminal cases for nearly accurate estimation of the stature of an unknown individual.
 Central Medical College Journal Vol 5 No 1 Jan 2021 PP 30-34

Determination of Human Stature from Foot Dimensions in Peshawar

One of the accepted methods for identifying unknown individuals is estimating their Stature from the body components and remnants. Objective: To establish regression formulas for determining stature from foot dimensions in Peshawar. Methods: The study was carried out in Jinnah medical college Peshawar from March 2021 to August 2021 consisting of 62 males and 72 females a total number of individuals was 135, and the age range was between 17 to 55 years. Age, Stature, Foot length, and the width was measured. Results: The stature, foot width, mean age, and foot length were 30.23, 1835.248.11 mm, FL=272.553.20 mm, FW = 85.00 1.0 mm for males and for females 28.05, 1734.556.52 mm, FL = 234.67 2.08 mm, FW = 77.11 0.64 mm. Males stature (r = 0.70, p 0.01) had the highest correlation with foot length (r = 0.61, p 0.01) than females (r = 0.61, p 0.01). The female’s regression formula for stature is St =3.428 FL+1120 and Stature =3.538+1522.2 while for male it was St = Stature = 4.2129 FL +100.52 and Stature 5.2106 FW +1686.4. Conclusions: For determining stature, the foot length is more reliable. in Peshawar Pakistan.

Correlation between Morphological Variations and Morphometry of Scapula and Suprascapular Notch with Its Clinical Significance in South Indian Population

Introduction: The biological profile is one of the most important things that forensic anthropologists accomplish in their work, which includes determination of age, sex, race and stature. These components aid in identification of an individual in forensic context. Since the beginning of the field of physical anthropology, anthropologists and anatomists have studied human remains in order to provide new and more accurate ways of building the biological profile. Aim: To compare the metric difference between right and left scapula, calculate scapular index, and to correlate the morphometry between the scapula and the suprascapular notch. Materials and Method: This study was carried out in 200 dry ossified adult human scapula bones collected from the Department of Anatomy and from the students of 1st year MBBS of Yenepoya Medical College. Study done using vernier calliper and measuring tape. Scapula having gross deformity or any pathological alterations were excluded from the study. Results and Discussion: Out of 100 right and left scapulae, maximal width and projection length of scapular spine and maximal length of coracoid process were more on the right sided scapula. The superior- transverse diameter of suprascapular notch, maximal depth of suprascapular notch, morphological length and width of scapula and scapular index were more on the left sided scapulae. The mean scapular index of right side scapula was 70.11 and left side was 70.26, which shows that the left scapula is slightly shorter than right. Also there were more scapulae with longer superior transverse diameter of suprascapular notch (STD>MD) with 52% than the scapulae with longer maximal depth of suprascapular notch (MD>STD) 24% and STD=MD was 9%. Absent notches were seen in 15% of scapulae. The superior transverse scapular ligament was completely ossified in 12% of cases. Both right and left scapula shows more of ‘U-shaped’ suprascapular notch. There was no statistically significant difference between anthropometric measurements of the group with higher maximal depth and the group with higher superior transverse diameter of the suprascapular notch. Conclusion: The scapular index was more in left scapula, which shows that left scapula is slightly shorter than the right scapula compared to other populations. This may be due to the difference in general built and stature of South Indians compared to other populations. Completely ossified superior transverse scapular ligament can result in entrapment of suprascapular nerve. Keywords: Scapula, Suprascapular notch, Spine of scapula, Coracoid process.

Role of mandibular canines in sex determination in northern central region of India

Introduction: The gender is very important part of identification. Gender identification is very crucial for personal identification of an individual, because the age and stature determination is dependent on the gender of the individual. For gender identification we can use much other bone like mandible, skull and maxilla, gender identification can also done from tooth like canine most commonly we can use mandibular canine for gender identification. Aim and objective: Total 200 subjects were taken for the study purpose in which 100 are male and rest 100 are females in the department of RKDF medical collage & RKDF dental college Bhopal The complete procedure was explained to the subjects and there written consent was taken from the subjects. The age group of the subjects was vary form 20- 40 years. Results: In our study we found that the mean mesiodistal width of right mandibular canine was 6.98 mm in male and in female it was 6.66. the mean mesiodistal width of left mandibular canine was 7.21 mm in male and in female it was 6.76 mm the Inter?arch canine width of male is 27.19 mm and in female subjects is 26.22 mm.

Stature and sex estimation from shoulder breadth, shoulder height, popliteal height, and knee height measurements in a Bangladeshi population

Forensic anthropologists and medico-legal professionals encounter a range of cases in which the body has been severely disintegrated, dismembered, or mutilated beyond recognition. The most critical goal of any medico-legal inquiry is to be able to identify unknown human remains. To establish the biological profile in forensic investigation, estimations of stature and sex from a range of human body dimensions are fundamental issues. This study developed formulae to determine the stature and sex from a range of body measurements in Bangladeshi adult populations based on a sample of 300 healthy young Bangladeshi individuals (150 males and 150 females) aged ranging from 21 to 30 years. Stature and four body measurements (sitting shoulder height, shoulder breadth, sitting popliteal height, and sitting knee height) were measured for each individual. Linear and stepwise multiple regression analyses were utilized in stature estimation and logistics regression analysis was used to determine the sex of the individuals. This study found a good correlation between the stature and all parameters except for shoulder breadth. The left sitting knee height was the significant parameter in stature estimation because of the higher value of R, R2, and a lower SEE value. Moreover, the right-sitting popliteal height revealed a higher sex estimation accuracy rate than other parameters. The sex estimation accuracy varied from 78.000% to 97.000%. The findings of this study have great value in forensic science and research in determination of stature and sex estimation in the adult population of Bangladesh.

Estimation of stature from length of sternum in adult females of North East Madhya Pradesh - An autopsy based study

Determination of stature is an important step to complete the biological profile of an individual to establish identity particularly in partially skeletonized, dismembered, mutilated, and highly decomposed bodies. The present descriptive observational study was conducted on 50 female cadavers of age more than 25 years brought for medicolegal autopsy in this tertiary care center located in north east Madhya Pradesh. The aim of the present study was to find out a correlation between the lengths of different parts of fresh sternums and stature and derive a simple linear regression equation for stature estimation from the length of the sternum. Simple linear regression formulae were derived by correlating stature with the length of manubrium, length of mesosternum, and the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum. We observed a moderately positive correlation between stature and length of manubrium (R=0.167) and the combined length of manubrium and mesosternum (R=0.207). Amongst all parameters taken into consideration in the present study, stature can be most reliably predicted by the regression equation which is derived from the correlation between stature and the combined length of the manubrium and mesosternum [standard error of estimate (SEE) - 5.85]. Due to lesser values of correlation coefficient and higher SEE, lengths of different parts of the sternum are less reliable in predicting stature than lengths of long bones, hand length, and foot length. The findings of the present study will be useful for rapid estimation of stature in relatively fresh but mutilated bodies or badly decomposed bodies only when long bones are not available or are partially broken and fragmented.

Stature Prediction by Comparing Maxillary and Mandibular Intercanine Width and Intermolar Width among Tamil Nadu Population.

Background:Teeth are one of the strongest hard tissues that can resist a variety of antemortem and postmortem insults and an important evidence in the field of medicolegal and forensics. In the identification of unknown human remains of the deceased, stature estimation is a preliminary investigation. Previously, the comparison of osteometry with odontometry in stature determination has been made. Similarly, an attempt is made to estimate stature using intercanine and intermolar width which may be a forensic tool in the future.Aim and Objective:The aim of this study was to determine stature using intercanine and intermolar width in the maxillary and mandibular arches and correlating to identify highly reliable parameter among the two. Further to evaluate the usefulness of odontometry in stature determination.Materials and Methods:Subjects for the study were recruited from the outpatient department of APDCH and students of APDCH. One hundred subjects were included in the study comprising fifty males and fifty females within the age group of 17–28 years as per inclusion criteria. Digital Vernier caliper for measuring intercanine width (cusp tips on either sides) and intermolar width (central fossa of 1st molar on either sides) on the study models and standard anthropometer for measuring the height of the subject (vertex to the floor).Results:Compared to other parameters, the maxillary intercanine distance is statistically significant to P = 0.05 with correlation value of 0.06 by Pearson correlation method.Conclusion:The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and was found that out of the four selected odontometric parameters, maxillary intercanine width with a P = of 0.032 and Pearson correlation of 0.307 in Group 1 (males) were found to show a significant correlation with height. Regression analysis was done, and regression equations were derived. The following regression equation can be used to calculate the height of an individual, Group 1 (male) −Y = B+ Ax. Y = 135.5 + 0.947X (X - maxillary inter canine width). This method of stature prediction may be of relative importance but not of absolute certainty, thereby making it an adjunct to various other methods of stature prediction. Therefore, using odontometric parameters in combination improves the predictability of estimating stature rather than a single parameter.

تقدير طول الجسم للفرد باستخدام قياسات القدم ومخططات وبصمات الأقدام في البالغين السعوديين

Identification of an individual is considered one of the fundamental challenges for forensic scientists, especially from dismembered and mutilated body parts. To limit the pool of conceivable suspects in the forensic investigation process, footprints and foot outlines found at the crime scene are used to ease estimation of stature. The current study aimed to estimate individual stature using foot, foot outline and footprint measurements in a Saudi Arabian population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on two hundred healthy medical students from the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tabuk in Saudi Arabia. Stature measurements and eight foot, foot outline and footprint measurements were taken from both sides. Saudi adult males were significantly taller than Saudi females. All measurement values were significantly higher in adult males than in adult females. Most measurements were considered to be positively correlated with stature in both sexes. Regression equations and multiple regression equations for stature determination from all measurements in both male and females on both sides were created. This study has demonstrated the reliability and utility of foot, foot outline and footprint measurements in stature estimation in a Saudi Arabian population that comparable standards developed from foot bones.

Age Estimation through Root Maturation of Right Mandibular 3rd Molar by Using Improved Gleiser and Hunt Technique

Background: Determination of sex, age, race, and stature are the first steps in firmly identifying a cadaver. As a result, assessing age is important, and the estimation should be as authentic as possible. Age determination is also crucial at this stage of human remains discovered during archaeology because it enables us to evaluate ancient population mortality rates. The dental age of an individual is crucial in determining one's age. It is often combined with skeletal age to enhance the accuracy of age estimation. Dental radiological imaging has been commonly used in age estimation as a noninvasive technology. On radiographs, determining age-related changes such as crown and root growth.
 Materials and methods: The study samples were retrieved from DIAS of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals between the retrospective months from November 2020 to February 2021. The study included 200 OPGs (100 females and 100 boys) ranging in age from 10 to 19.9 years old. They were evaluated by using Modified Gleiser and Hunt method.
 Results: The study reveals that the standard estimate error is low for the selected population which implies that the selected OPGs for the study and scoring of root maturation is proper, though there is no statistical significance.
 Conclusion: By using this parameter involving the root maturation of 48 by radiographic view, the Forensic Odontologist can determine age which is the backbone of medicolegal cases.

Regression Formula for Stature Determination from Percutaneous Tibial Length among the Female Meitei Population of Manipur

Stature is one of the important parameters for personal identification when only parts of human body, such aslimbs are available for identification as in cases of natural disasters, rail and aircraft accidents, wars and terroristbombings. Studies have reported significant differences in proportion of limb dimensions due to hereditary,environmental, ethnic and dietary factors, which also influence the stature of a person. Therefore, populationspecificformulae are necessary for estimation of stature in medico-legal cases. A cross-sectional study wasconducted on Indigenous Manipuri Meitei female subjects between the age group of 21-25years. ‘Meitei’is the majority community in the state. The calculated sample size was 72. Considering a dropout rate of5%, a total of 75 Meitei female subjects were studied in Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology,Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. The study period was from August 2018 to July 2020.The findings of the study have been used in estimating the stature from Tibial Height by deriving a newRegression Formula which is specific for the population. The following is the developed regression equationof stature of female (Y) on her tibial length (X): Y= 107.83 + .60 X +.71. It will be of immense importancein medico-legal investigations thereby benefitting the society in general.

Applying Bioinformatic Platforms, In Vitro, and In Vivo Functional Assays in the Characterization of Genetic Variants in the GH/IGF Pathway Affecting Growth and Development

Heritability accounts for over 80% of adult human height, indicating that genetic variability is the main determinant of stature. The rapid technological development of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), particularly Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), has resulted in the characterization of several genetic conditions affecting growth and development. The greatest challenge of NGS remains the high number of candidate variants identified. In silico bioinformatic tools represent the first approach for classifying these variants. However, solving the complicated problem of variant interpretation requires the use of experimental approaches such as in vitro and, when needed, in vivo functional assays. In this review, we will discuss a rational approach to apply to the gene variants identified in children with growth and developmental defects including: (i) bioinformatic tools; (ii) in silico modeling tools; (iii) in vitro functional assays; and (iv) the development of in vivo models. While bioinformatic tools are useful for a preliminary selection of potentially pathogenic variants, in vitro—and sometimes also in vivo—functional assays are further required to unequivocally determine the pathogenicity of a novel genetic variant. This long, time-consuming, and expensive process is the only scientifically proven method to determine causality between a genetic variant and a human genetic disease.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE STATURE FROM HAND ANTHROPOMETRY AMONG ILOCANO POPULATION IN PHILIPPINES FOR PERSON IDENTIFICATION

Stature determination aids the person identification during forensic investigation. The human hand research is the current topic of interest among forensic scientist, forensic medicine experts and anthropologists. Based on sample size analysis, the study involved consented 60 males and 60 females, age ranged from 18 to 55 years old. Stature and hand lengths measurements were made with Stadiometer and Vernier Calipers for analysis. From each participant, ten hand length measurements, five from left and five from right hands were taken. The five length measurements in left hand are the inter-distance between the distal traverse crease of the wrist (LH) and tip of thumb (T), index finger (I), middle finger (M), ring finger (R) & little finger (L), as abbreviated LHT, LHI, LHM, LHR and LHL. Similarly, the right hand lengths indicated as RHT, RHI, RHM, RHR, and RHL. The data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS software, version 23 and column chart. The information about age, gender, name, and place of origin of the participants was coded for easy reference. This study finally developed regression equations to determine stature from hand anthropometry among Ilocano population in Philippines for person identification

Revealing Stature and Facial Proportions from Teeth: An Adjunct to Forensic Science

Background: Teeth and skull remains are often some of the evidences available that can be used reliably for identification in medicolegal cases. Determination of Stature and facial proportions from teeth dimensions have not been utilised fully in the field of forensics. This study was designed with the aim to estimate stature as well as facial proportions from teeth and head measurements. Objectives: To correlate height of an individual to combined mesiodistal width (CMDW) of maxillary anterior teeth and head circumference and to correlate the facial height and facial width to the cervicoincisal and mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary central incisor. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 1000 patients of age group 18–30 years of Kerala origin by birth and domicile who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study variables included length and width of the face, combined mesiodistal (MD) width of maxillary anterior teeth, mesiodistal and cervicoincisal dimension of maxillary central incisor, circumference of the head and height of the individual. The results were statistically analysed using Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Correlation between height and head circumference, height and combined mesiodistal width of maxillary anterior teeth, width of face to mesio-distal width of maxillary central incisor showed significant correlation with p value <0.05, but the correlation coefficients were very weak. But while correlating facial length to cervicoincisal length of maxillary central incisor the values obtained were not statistically significant.

Stature Determination from 3D Foot Impression among Telugus in Malaysia

Personal identification is the primary aim of anyforensic investigations. Foot impressions, either 2D or 3Dare used for person identification. Foot impression found on soft surfaces is three dimension in nature (3D),also namedfoot outline which shows the boundaries of the foot left by the offenders on soft surfaces. It is afact that 3D impressions can also be used to determine stature, body weight and gender. In the developingcountries, people are still walking barefooted. Earlier foot impression studies were conducted on mixedpopulation and currently researchers are insisting the importance of ethnicity consideration.MalaysianIndians are an important ethnic group living in Malaysia, with minor sub-ethnicgroups such as Malayali,Telugu, Sikh, Tamil, and others. Hence this study intends to examine the relationship between stature and 3Dfoot lengths among Malaysian Telugus, mostly living in peninsular Malaysia. The stature and foot outlines(3D) were collected from consented Telugu 140 subjects, comprising 73 males and 67 females, age rangingfrom 18 to 60 years old. The data obtained were analysed statistically using SPSS software version 21.0.There exists a strong positive correlation between stature and 3D foot impression lengths and the correlationcoefficient (R) values are found to be higher in unknown gender/pooled samplefollowed by males andfemales. This study developed regression formulae to determine stature from foot outline (3D) lengthsamong Malaysian Telugus for crime scene investigation. The equations are population specific and shouldnot be used for any other populations.