Statistical Difference In Effectiveness Research Articles

EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) DAN EKSTRAK ASETON DAUN YAKON (Smallanthus sonchifolius) SAMA EFEKTIFNYA DALAM MENURUNKAN KADAR GULA DARAH TIKUS YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN

Latar Belakang: Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita oleh masyarakat di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Prevalensi penderita diabetes di Indonesia meningkat dari sebelumnya 6,9% (2013) menjadi 8,5% (2018). Biji alpukat dan daun yakon mengandung senyawa flavonoid dan astringen yang diduga memilliki efek menurunkan kadar gula darah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat perbandingan efektivitas ekstrak biji alpukat dan ekstrak daun yakon dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah pada tikus.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental menggunakan hewan uji tikus. Tikus dibagi ke dalam kelompok yang diberikan dosis 150 mg/kgBB, 300 mg/kgBB, dan 450 mg/kgBB. Kelompok tikus perlakuan diinduksi aloksan untuk meningkatkan kadar gula darah dan dilihat hasilnya 2 hari sebelum dilakukan pemberian ekstrak selama 5 hari. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji One Way Anova.Hasil: Terdapat penurunan kadar gula darah pada tiap kelompok tikus perlakuan yang diberikan alpukat dan daun yakon. Perbandingan efektivitas antara kedua perlakuan didapatkan hasil yang tidak bermakna (p>0,05).Simpulan: Ekstrak biji alpukat sama efektifnya dengan ekstrak daun yakon dalam penurunan kadar gula darah pada tikus yang diinduksi aloksan.

Antimicrobial Effect ofLippia sidoidesand Thymol onEnterococcus faecalisBiofilm of the Bacterium Isolated from Root Canals

The species Lippia sidoides Cham. (Verbenaceae) is utilized in popular medicine as a local antiseptic on the skin and mucosal tissues. Enterococcus faecalis is the bacterium isolated from root canals of teeth with persistent periapical lesions and has the ability to form biofilm, where it is responsible for the failure of endodontic treatments. Essential oil of L. sidoides (EOLS) and its major component, thymol, were evaluated for reducing the CFU in biofilms of E. faecalis in vitro. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and examined with respect to the chemical composition, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis has led to the identification of thymol (84.9%) and p-cymene (5.33%). EOLS and thymol reduced CFU in biofilms of E. faecalis in vitro (time of maturation, 72 h), with an exposure time of 30 and 60 min at concentrations of 2.5 and 10%. There was no statistical difference in effect between EOLS and thymol, demonstrating that this phenolic monoterpene was the possible compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity of EOLS. This study provides a basis for the possible utilization of EOLS as an adjuvant in the treatment of root canals that show colonization by E. faecalis.

Effects of different essential oils on the acceptability and palatability of cereal-based baits for laboratory mice

The aim of our study was to investigate the possibility of application of essential oils as additives in cereal-based rodenticide baits, at rates which prevent mould development and are applicable in humane medicine. Also, the purpose of these oils would be to extend the utility value of baits and reduce the use of antifungal ingredients that usually affect bait acceptance. The effects of essential oils of ten different plant species, applied at rates of one and two ml per kg of plain bait, on bait acceptance and palatability in choice feeding tests for Swiss mice were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. Baits were prepared according to relevant EPPO standards (2004). The effects of essential oils on bait acceptance and palatability for Swiss mice were determined in choice feeding tests using a formula by Johnson and Prescott (1994). There was no significant statistical difference in effects between groups and sexes regarding weight change in the experiment. During the experiment and recovery period, neither change in mice behavior no deaths were observed. Cinnamon and anise essential oils, commonly used as attractants, and clove oil, were most effective because they had no negative effect on bait acceptance and palatability, while fenchel and bergamot oils showed repellent activity that grew as the oil content in baits increased.

S10 Is it cost-effective to replace nurses with lay asthma educators in primary care?

IntroductionRegular review of those with asthma and support for self-management is promoted in guidelines and encouraged by the Quality Outcomes Framework. Reasons for non-implementation include lack of time and training....

Intravenous lidocaine for status epilepticus during childhood

The clinical efficacy of lidocaine for convulsive status epilepticus in 53 convulsive episodes was examined in 37 children (17 males, 20 females). Mean age of patients receiving lidocaine was 3 years 7 months (SD 3y 5mo). Lidocaine administration achieved control of status epilepticus in 19 of 53 convulsive episodes (35.8%). Seizures ceased within 5 minutes of lidocaine administration in all 19 patients who were responsive to the drug. Regarding aetiology of status epilepticus and types of seizures, there was no statistical difference in effectiveness. Mild decrease of oxygen saturation, monitored by pulse oximetry, was observed in one patient, which improved by oxygenation using a mask. Lidocaine is a useful anticonvulsive agent; however, the response rate to lidocaine appears to be quite low, as less than half of the seizures were effectively controlled by lidocaine. Favourable properties of the drug include prompt responses, less alteration of consciousness, and fewer adverse effects, including less respiratory depression.

Mediation and moderation of hypnotic and cognitive‐behavioural pain reduction

AbstractThe mediator function of response expectancies and the moderator function of hypnotic and non‐hypnotic imaginative suggestibility were evaluated in the analogue treatment of pain. One hundred and sixty‐seven participants previously assessed for hypnotic and imaginative suggestibility were randomly assigned to distraction, cognitive‐behavioural package (i.e., Stress Inoculation Training), hypnotic cognitive‐behavioural package, hypnotic analgesia suggestion, placebo control, or no‐treatment control conditions. The four ‘active’ treatments reduced pain more than the no‐treatment control condition. There was no statistical difference in effectiveness between these four treatments, but only the cognitive‐behavioural package reduced pain more than the placebo control condition. Response expectancies partially mediated the effects of treatment on pain. Imaginative suggestibility, defined as a generalized tendency to respond to imaginative suggestions delivered outside of hypnosis, moderated the effects of the cognitive‐behavioural package. Contrary to prediction, neither hypnotic suggestibility, nor hypnotizability (operationalized as hypnotic suggestibility with imaginative suggestibility statistically controlled) moderated the effects of the hypnotic treatments. Copyright © 2003 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis

Response of swallow-wort to herbicides

Abstract The exotic plant, swallow-wort, a twining perennial of the Milkweed family, has become increasingly invasive in natural areas, successional old fields, and tree plantations on calcareous soils of the lower Great Lakes basin. Because mechanical control strategies are inadequate, swallow-wort's response in natural areas to foliar spray and cut-stem applications of glyphosate and triclopyr was evaluated. Foliar spray applications of glyphosate (3.1 and 7.8 kg ae ha–1) and triclopyr (1.9 kg ae ha–1) were more effective than cut-stem applications of the herbicides (3.1 kg ae ha–1 glyphosate, 1.4 kg ae ha–1 triclopyr). There were no statistical differences in effect among the foliar spray applications. Response to cut-stem application of glyphosate (3.1 and 6.2 kg ha–1) and triclopyr (1.4, 2.8, and 5.6 kg ha–1) in the following year indicated glyphosate to be more effective than triclopyr at all concentrations tested. To effect long-lasting control, all treatments require additional herbicide applicati...

Terfenadine Increases the QT Interval in Isolated Guinea Pig Heart

Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia (VT) has been reported in patients taking the nonsedating antihistamine, terfenadine. We performed electrophysiologic studies of 14 isolated guinea pig hearts using the Langendorff technique to assess whether terfenadine exerted actions that could be responsible for inducing the arrhythmia. Twelve hearts were perfused with an oxygenated Tyrode's solution containing a 2-microM preparation of either racemic, R-, or S-terfenadine. QT interval (QT), monophasic action potential duration (APD), and ventricular effective refractory periods (ERP) were measured at a fixed range of cycle lengths (CL). At 400-ms CL, both isomers and racemate prolonged QT and APD by 8% and ERP was increased by 14%. Infusion of vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), alone in two hearts caused a slight decrease in QT and APD, suggesting that the direct effect of terfenadine on QT may have been underestimated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no statistical difference in effect on QT, APD, or ERP for the three forms of terfenadine (p < 0.05). These results support the conclusion that terfenadine induces torsades de pointes because of direct actions in delaying cardiac repolarization. The lack of stereospecificity in this action indicates that chirally pure formulations are not likely to have greater safety than the racemate.

Determination of Strontium-90 in Foods by the Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid (HDEHP) Method

Abstract A method has been developed for routine surveillance of strontium-90 in foods in which HDEHP extraction is used to separate yttrium-90 from the Sr-90. The counting technique is the same as that in the Harley method. Yttrium carrier is added to correct for losses, to make the method suitable for routine analysis. Average recovery from spiked pre-1945 food ash was 100.4%. There is no statistical difference in effectiveness of extraction between pH 1.1 and 1.5. Strontium-90 is quantitatively separated from yttrium-90. The proposed HDEHP method was compared with the Harley method. It was found to be an adequate substitute for surveillance studies, and saves considerable time.