Correlation Statistical Tests Research Articles

INDEKS MASA TUBUH DENGAN KADAR GULA DARAH PADA PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE 2

High blood glucose levels are caused by insufficient insulin produced by the pancreas, causing hyperglycemia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between body mass index and blood sugar levels during type 2 diabetes mellitus. This type of research was correlational analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at the Melati Elderly Posyandu, Mlaras Village, Sumobito as many as 54 respondents. The sample of this study was 48 respondents with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the Melati Elderly Posyandu, Mlaras Village, Sumobito using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Body mass index variable data was collected by measuring body weight and height and calculated using the formula BMI = BB/TB2(m) while blood sugar levels were variable using a 5010 V5+ photometer. Data processing by editing, coding, scoring, tabulating and data analysis using the Pearson correlation statistical test with an error rate (alpha) of 0.05. Before the Pearson correlation test was carried out, the data normality test was carried out with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test because it uses a ratio data scale. The results showed that the average body mass index was 19.18 with a standard deviation of 4.14 while the blood glucose level at the time was 197.25 with a standard deviation of 60.62. The data normality test is fulfilled. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the value of p = 0.025 was smaller than alpha 0.05, so H1 was accepted. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between body mass index and blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is hoped that health workers will always provide information related to risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PKS 1424-418: A persistent candidate source of the mm--gamma -ray connection?

We present a long-term strong correlation between millimeter (mm) radio and gamma -ray emission in the flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) PKS\,1424$-$418. The mm --gamma -ray connection in blazars is generally thought to originate from the relativistic jet close to the central engine. We confirm a unique long-lasting mm --gamma -ray correlation of PKS\,1424$-$418 by using detailed correlation analyses and statistical tests, and we find its physical meaning in the source. We employed sim 8.5\,yr of (sub) mm and gamma -ray light curves observed by ALMA and Fermi -LAT, respectively. From linear and cross-correlation analyses between the light curves, we found a significant, strong mm --gamma -ray correlation over the whole period. We did not find any notable time delay within the uncertainties for the mm --gamma -ray correlation, which means zero lag. The mm wave spectral index values (S$_ nu alpha between the band 3 and 7 flux densities indicate a time-variable opacity of the source at (sub)mm wavelengths. Interestingly, the mm wave spectral index becomes temporarily flatter (i.e., alpha \,$>$\,$-$0.5) when the source flares in the gamma -rays. We relate our results with the jet of PKS\,1424$-$418 and we discuss the origin of the gamma -rays and opacity of the inner (sub)parsec-scale jet regions.

Relationship Between The Incidence Of Hypertension And Triglyceride Levels In Bus Drivers At Arjosari Terminal, Malang City

Hypertension is a health problem that is widely encountered in the community and correlates with other diseases. There are many factors that cause hypertension, one of which is abnormal triglyceride levels or hypertriglycerides. Higher levels of triglycerides will inhibit the occurrence of lipogenesis. Lipogenesis is a factor that causes hypertension from food intake, this is because food has a significant role in increasing blood pressure, especially protein and fat. This study aims to determine the relationship between triglyceride levels and hypertension. This type of research is an analytical research with the crosssectional method, statistical data analysis using correlation regression, the number of population as many as 50 respondents and the sample used as many as 21 respondents. Data collection using questionnaires, blood pressure measurements and triglyceride level checks. Blood pressure measurement is done manually and then for the examination of triglyceride levels using the GPO-PAP method is carried out in the laboratory of the Bareng Health Center using a spectrophotometer. The statistical analysis used is the correlation Pearson test. The results of the study on bus drivers with high blood pressure showed that some respondents had high triglyceride levels because they often ate fatty foods. Based on the examination that has been carried out on 21 bus driver respondents at the Arjosari Terminal, Malang City, it shows that triglyceride levels and high blood pressure have no relationship, with the test results using the Pearson correlation statistical test obtained a result of P=0.0766 0.05 with a Pearson value of P=-0.069 correlation meaning that it does not have a relationship with the degree of very weak relationship.

AKTIVITAS FISIK DAN PENINGKATAN BASAL METABOLISME RATE PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS

Diabetes mellitus basically occurs due to insulin intolerance which causes high blood glucose and if not controlled can cause complications and even death. One of the efforts to overcome Diabetes Mellitus is to change lifestyle by increasing physical activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between physical activity and an increase in basal metabolic rate in diabetes mellitus patients in the working area of UPT Puskesmas Perumnas 2. This research was quantitative research with cross-sectional. Using the Pearson correlation test. Basal Metabolism Rate is measured using formula provisions and physical activity scores using the GPAQ questionnaire sheet. with a total of 100 respondents obtained using a purposive sampling technique. The research results showed Hypothesis testing uses the Pearson correlation statistical test with a p-value of 0.000 which was less than <0.05, so it can be concluded that Ho is rejected, meaning that there is a relationship between physical activity and an increase in basal metabolic rate in diabetes mellitus patients. This research shows that there is a relationship between physical activity and an increase in basal metabolic rate in diabetes mellitus patients in the working area of the UPT Puskesmas Perumnas 2.

Analysis of Portfolio Optimization Performance: Markowitz Model and Index Model in Capital Markets

In the post-pandemic era, marked by economic uncertainty and stock market volatility, investors are turning to Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) to guide their investment decisions. This study aims to develop a robust mathematical framework for portfolio construction using the Markowitz Model (MM) and the Index Model (IM) with added constraints. The objectives are threefold: (1) to create a portfolio framework that reflects investor preferences using MM and IM with additional constraints, (2) to compare these models against the Gaussian Distribution using Python and Excel, (3) to compare the statistical data and correlation tests of daily logarithmic returns in Python with monthly excess returns in Excel, and (4) to evaluate their performance relative to the traditional Markowitz approach through Monte Carlo simulations.The methodology involves incorporating five additional constraints into the MM and IM models. The analysis uses 20 years of historical daily return data for ten stocks from various sectors, one equity index (S&P 500) as a risk-free rate proxy (1-month Fed Funds rate). Daily logarithmic returns are analyzed using Python, while Excel Solver and Solver Table are employed for monthly excess return data.

The Effect of Tube Voltage Variations on CT Scan Image Quality at Prof. I G. N. G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Indonesia

Aims: Knowing the SNR and CNR values obtained from the image results that have been varied in the tube voltage. Knowing the effect of variations in the tube voltage value on the quality of the CT scan image that will be produced. Place and Duration of Study: Radiology installation of Prof. I G. N. G. Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar from May 2024 to August 2024. Methodology: This study used a Canon Aquilion LB CT Scanner to scan a TOS phantom containing 6 materials (polypropylene, nylon, acrylic, derlin, air, and water) with varying tube voltages (80 kV, 100 kV, 120 kV, 135 kV). The data were analyzed using PSPP and Excel to calculate SNR and CNR, and statistical tests for normality, Pearson correlation, and simple regression were performed. Results: The image data analyzed includes the average value of the object ROI, the average ROI background, and the standard deviation of the background. The data is grouped based on the variation of the tube voltage, the average value and standard deviation of the ROI on each material, and the standard deviation of the background. The results obtained for the relationship between the variation of the tube voltage and the SNR value are that the tube voltage affects the SNR value by 94,02% in polypropylene, 97,79% in nylon, 97,71% in acrylic, 96,42% in derlin, and 94,22% in air. And for the relationship between the tube voltage and the CNR value, the tube voltage affects the CNR value by 93,65% in polypropylene, 97,35% in nylon, 96,81% in acrylic, 95,62% in derlin, and 94,65% in air. Conclusion: Selecting the right tube voltage is important to optimize CT scan image quality, with 120 kV and 135 kV recommended for organs such as the kidney, liver, and lungs as they produce better SNR and CNR. Organs with significant attenuation differences show increased SNR and CNR, while soft tissues such as fat experience decreased contrast at high voltages. The use of tube voltage must be adjusted to diagnostic needs and evaluated through quality control according to BAPETEN regulation Number 2 of 2018.

Stochastic Character Mapping, Bayesian Model Selection, and Biosynthetic Pathways Shed New Light on the Evolution of Habitat Preference in Cyanobacteria.

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes to have evolved oxygenic photosynthesis paving the way for complex life. Studying the evolution and ecological niche of cyanobacteria and their ancestors is crucial for understanding the intricate dynamics of biosphere evolution. These organisms frequently deal with environmental stressors such as salinity and drought, and they employ compatible solutes as a mechanism to cope with these challenges. Compatible solutes are small molecules that help maintain cellular osmotic balance in high-salinity environments, such as marine waters. Their production plays a crucial role in salt tolerance, which, in turn, influences habitat preference. Among the 5 known compatible solutes produced by cyanobacteria (sucrose, trehalose, glucosylglycerol, glucosylglycerate, and glycine betaine), their synthesis varies between individual strains. In this study, we work in a Bayesian stochastic mapping framework, integrating multiple sources of information about compatible solute biosynthesis in order to predict the ancestral habitat preference of Cyanobacteria. Through extensive model selection analyses and statistical tests for correlation, we identify glucosylglycerol and glucosylglycerate as the most significantly correlated with habitat preference, while trehalose exhibits the weakest correlation. Additionally, glucosylglycerol, glucosylglycerate, and glycine betaine show high loss/gain rate ratios, indicating their potential role in adaptability, while sucrose and trehalose are less likely to be lost due to their additional cellular functions. Contrary to previous findings, our analyses predict that the last common ancestor of Cyanobacteria (living at around 3180 Ma) had a 97% probability of a high salinity habitat preference and was likely able to synthesize glucosylglycerol and glucosylglycerate. Nevertheless, cyanobacteria likely colonized low-salinity environments shortly after their origin, with an 89% probability of the first cyanobacterium with low-salinity habitat preference arising prior to the Great Oxygenation Event (2460 Ma). Stochastic mapping analyses provide evidence of cyanobacteria inhabiting early marine habitats, aiding in the interpretation of the geological record. Our age estimate of ~2590 Ma for the divergence of 2 major cyanobacterial clades (Macro- and Microcyanobacteria) suggests that these were likely significant contributors to primary productivity in marine habitats in the lead-up to the Great Oxygenation Event, and thus played a pivotal role in triggering the sudden increase in atmospheric oxygen.

The Influence of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Usage, Age, Work Tenure on Workplace Accidents

Workplace accidents can reduce productivity, which occurs as a result of unsafe actions and unsafe conditions in the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of leather tanning in Magetan. Workplace accidents could be caused by workes low awareness of wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), as well as factors like age and work tenure on workplace accidents in the leather tanning SMEs in Magetan 2024. The research design employed an observational analytic method with a Cross-Sectional approach. The sample size consisted 66 people out of a population of 190, selected through proportional random sampling. The variables of PPE use, age, and work tenure, which were collected through observation and interviews, were then processed and analyzed using the Spearman Correlation statistical test (r2). The results indicated that the use of PPE, including masks,gloves, and boots, was at 36,4%, the proportion of workers aged over 30 years was 54,5%, and those with a work tenure over 5 years was 59,1%. The analysis showed that PPE use (p=0.000) and age (p=0.035) had an impact on workplace accidents, with a correlation value of p=0.232 more than 0.05. The study concluded that the use of PPE and the age of workers in the leather tanning SMEs in Magetan influenced workplace accidents. It is recommended that management provide complete PPE such as masks, boots, gloves and conduct regular monitoring of PPE use conditions. Additionally, workers should use PPE according to standars while performing their duties.

Farmers Response to the Partnership System in Broiler Chicken Livestock Business in East Lombok District

This study aims to describe the response of farmers, and to analyze the correlation between selected characteristics of farmers and farmers' responses to the partnership system in broiler chicken farming businesses in East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province. The study was conducted from April to July 2021 using a descriptive-correlational method. In this study, 30 plasma farmers were selected as respondent samples using proportional random sampling. Measurement of variables, both independent variables and dependent variables, was carried out using an ordinal scale and a scoring system. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and using the Spearman Rank correlation statistical test. The results of the study showed that farmers' responses to the partnership system in broiler chicken farming businesses generally included good or positive criteria, and the correlation between several selected characteristics and farmers' responses varied from weak to strong. Two characteristic variables that were strongly correlated with farmers' responses to the partnership system in broiler chicken farming businesses were education level (p <0.01) and partnership motivation (p, 0.05).

Impact of pain on functional status and quality of life in Jordanian women with breast cancer.

Currently, breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer affecting women, and the number of newly diagnosed cases continues to increase both in Jordan and globally. Upon receiving a cancer diagnosis, the suffering experienced by patients intensifies as they grapple with the debilitating side effects that hinder their ability to carry out routine activities. This study aims to assess the impact of cancer pain on functional status and quality of life (QOL) among Jordanian women with breast cancer. A descriptive cross-sectional design and structured interviews were conducted in the Oncology Unit at Al-Bashir Hospital with a sample of 150 eligible Jordanian women with breast cancer who provided data on pain and functional status, and QOL using four Arabic questionnaires (brief pain inventory, functional status SF-12 questionnaire, and quality of life index) to measure pain and functional status and QOL, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression statistical test were utilized to analyze the study data. A Significant positive correlation (r = 0.342) was found between cancer pain and functional status interference, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.134) between quality of life and functional status interference, and a significant negative correlation (r = -0.211) between pain and quality of life. Patients with higher intensity of cancer pain are more likely to experience low functional status and poor QOL. Breast cancer patients experience alterations in their quality of life as a result of cancer-related pain, which has a detrimental impact on their ability to carry out daily activities and disrupts their functional abilities. Healthcare providers must take these alterations into account and effectively handle them. Understanding the relationship between cancer pain and breast cancer can aid nurses in managing symptoms and providing holistic care, ultimately improving the quality of life.

Hubungan Asupan Zat Gizi Makro dengan Siklus Menstruasi pada Remaja Putri SMK Negeri 2 Tuban

Menstruation is the decay of the uterine wall or accompanied by bleeding due to the absence of fertilization. Menstrual cycle disorders are caused by several factors including stress, endocrine disorders, diet, nutritional status, nutrient intake, physical activity and sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between macronutrient intake and menstrual cycle female adolescents of SMK Negeri 2 Tuban. Analytical research method with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was adolescent girls of SMK Negeri 2 Tuban totaling 201 respondents, as samples randomited by simple random sampling echniquel. Independent variable of macronutrients and dependent variable of menstrual cycle. The analysis in this study used the spearmans correlation statistical test. The results showed that energy and carbohydrate intake was almost half normal at 47.3% and 43.8%. While the protein intake is mostly normal at 57.2% and fat intake is almost half experiencing excess intake at 44.3%. Statistical test results were obtained (p < 0.05), energy intake (p = 0.000), protein intake (p = 0.003), fat intake (p = 0.000) , and carbohydrate intake (p = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between macronutrient intake and menstrual cycle in adolescent girls of SMK Negeri 2 Tuban.

Perception of Efficiency in Care: A Study of Time Management and Discharge Planning from Nurses and Patients in Hospital Medical Units

Background: Effective time management and efficient discharge planning are crucial for high-quality hospital patient care. This study aimed to understand the perceptions of nurses and patients regarding these aspects to identify areas for improvement. Method: A survey was conducted with 45 nurses and 60 patients in a hospital setting. The nurses’ surveys focused on their experiences with call bell responsiveness, medication administration, and discharge planning. Patient surveys evaluated their perception of nurses’ responsiveness and involvement in the discharge process. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA and correlation tests, was used to assess the data. Results: Nurses reported mixed experiences with call bell response times and varied capabilities for timely medication administration. Challenges included disruptions from call bells, delays in medication delivery, and constraints in discharge discussions and planning. In contrast, patients generally viewed nurses as prompt and attentive, with satisfactory timeliness of care. However, patients expressed dissatisfaction with discharge education. No significant correlations were found between the demographics and perceptions of either group. Conclusion: This study highlights the disparity between nurses' experiences and patients' perceptions of hospital time management and discharge planning. It underscores the need for improved processes and communication strategies to align nurses’ capabilities with patients’ expectations, thereby enhancing overall patient care and satisfaction.

Study on the Psychological Factor Within the Middle School Footbal Team

The psychological factor is one of the least exploited aspects of football. In sports, developing performance capacity is the primary objective of training. Maintaining motivation and achieving performance are the foundations of the educational-instructional process and have great value as outcomes both individually and for the team. Research hypotheses. (H1). It is assumed that the members of the national football team have average/above-average emotional intelligence (test score => 100), significantly different from the rest of the students in grades VII-VIII, because teamwork and the psychological training included in the preparation develop the mental qualities and properties of the students who play football. (H2). It is assumed that there is a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and the performance of students in the experimental group. Research methods. In the present research, the initial testing was carried out among students in grades VII-VIII and the national football team (February 2024 – May 2024). This research was conducted at “Sf. Ilie” General School in Toplița. The research subjects were 68 students, 35 females and 33 males. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used, and the following methods were chosen: observation, emotional intelligence test (Roco, 2001), performance test (ball sense, heading the ball, complex test, shooting at two goals, bilateral game), and statistical analysis (t-test). Results. The level of emotional intelligence of the students is 86 and 81 in the national football team, below average, which raises a red flag. At the level of the national football team, a strong self-awareness among the students is noted. This indicator has the highest score, 500, far ahead of empathy (-180) and very far ahead of social skills (-360). After applying to the middle school team's training program, we see a significant increase in the level of emotional intelligence. The correlation statistical test and the t-test show a correlation of r=0.86 and a significance of p=0.00 between the initial and final test results. The Pearson correlation shows a strong link between emotional intelligence and the bilateral game (r=0.76), but does not show a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and the other performance indicators. To confirm if the value of r is statistically significant, i.e., if the two variables are correlated, the t-value was calculated. Conclusions. This research confirms that the psychological factor cannot be absent from the preparation of school representative teams. It was confirmed that a high level of emotional intelligence improves the performance of football players, especially in team play, increasing group cohesion. Keywords: football, psychological factor, performance, athletes, school team

Plasma Livestock Participation Level in Patterns of Broiler Partnership in West Lombok District

This research aims to determine the characteristics of plasma farmers, the level of participation of plasma farmers, and the correlation between the characteristics and the level of participation of plasma farmers in partnership pattern broiler chicken farming businesses in West Lombok Regency. Three sub-districts in West Lombok Regency, namely, Gerung Sub-district, Lingsar Sub-district and Sheet Sub-district were chosen as sample locations purposively, taking into account that there were breeders who had at least two years of experience as plasma breeders in the partnership pattern broiler chicken farming business. All plasma breeders who met these requirements, namely 18 people, were taken as respondents. Primary data collection was carried out using interviews and direct observation at the location of the farmer's farm. The collected data was analyzed using a scoring system and the Spearman Rank correlation statistical test. The results of the research show that the level of farmer participation in the partnership pattern broiler chicken farming business is classified as moderate, and the correlation of characteristics with the level of farmer participation, only the number of family dependents and the experience factor as a plasma farmer are significant (p<0.05) with a correlation coefficient (rs) -0.656 and 0.567 respectively.

Hubungan Kepuasan Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Penggunaan Sistem Informasi Management Puskesmas (Simpus) di Puskesmas Pakuniran Kecamatan Pakuniran Kabupaten Probolinggo

Introduction: Simpus puskesmas management application that simplifies and speeds up services to manage patient information starting from registration, registration, examination (diagnosis) and patient care. The satisfaction of health workers, the response or feedback from users about the use of the system, as well as the assessment of the good and bad sides of the system, is the starting point for system developers to improve the performance of the information system built. Purpose of the study: To determine the relationship between satisfaction of health workers in the use of the puskesmas management information system (Simpus) at the Pakuniran health center. Method: This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach using Nonprobability sampling technique using Total sampling technique using statistical test Spearman's rho correlation, with data collection instruments using questionnaires. This research was conducted at the Pakuniraan health center in July 2023. Research Results: The results of the spearman rank correlation statistical test obtained results namely (p = 0.000) because the p value <0.05 then Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted Conclusion: that there is a relationship between health worker satisfaction in using the puskesmas management information system (SIMPUS), which means that the better and more appropriate the puskesmas management information system, the higher the level of health worker satisfaction.

The Relationship between Illness of Acceptance and Health Literacy with Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: To adopt healthy lifestyles for managing chronic diseases and ensure self-management and control of illness, individuals must accept their illness and have good health literacy knowledge. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the correlation between health literacy and illness acceptance in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Method: The study was carried out as a cross-sectional study in Türkiye between December 2019 and April 2020. The sample consisted of 406 participants diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes admitted to a public hospital. Data was collected with the Information Form, the Acceptance of Illness Scale, and the European Health Literacy Survey. Descriptive statistical methods, regression, and correlation tests were employed for analysis. Results: Participants had a mean the Acceptance of Illness Scale score of 26.21 ± 7.11. The participants had a mean the European Health Literacy Survey score of 92.25 ± 15.76. Health literacy, age, gender, people living together, smoking status, hospitalization, knowing about chronic complications, the presence of other chronic illnesses, foot care, and blood glucose monitoring were predictors of the acceptance of illness. A positive correlation was observed between the Acceptance of Illness Scale and the European Health Literacy Survey (r = 0.46; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Participants demonstrated high levels of both Health literacy and illness acceptance. The level of illness acceptance increased with the level of Health literacy. It is necessary to develop educational content and materials tailored to the needs and Health literacy levels of the patients to enhance their health literacy.

Learning Style Factors in Achieving Mathematical Computational Thinking Ability in Mathematics Education Students

Learning styles refer to the methods students use in absorbing and processing information. This study aims to look at learning style factors in the achievement of mathematical computational thinking skills of mathematics education students in the Algebraic Structure course. This research method is a correlational method with a quantitative approach. The research subjects were all mathematics education students who took the Algebraic Structure course in the 2023/2024 academic year as many as 34 students. The data collection methods used include: (1) computational thinking test; (2) questionnaire; and (3) documentation. The research data were processed with the Product Moment correlation statistical test. The results obtained a positive correlation of 0.44 which indicates that there is a positive relationship between learning styles and computational thinking in the observed students. That is, overall, individuals who have a more effective or intensive learning style also tend to have better computational thinking ability.

Relationship Between Sexual Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Psychiatric Patients Receiving Regular Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a significant issue among psychiatric patients on psychotropic medications. This study aims to compare SD in patients using antipsychotics and antidepressants. To evaluate the prevalence of SD and its effect on the quality of life among psychiatric patients on medications. A cross-sectional study had been conducted with 150 participants (50 with schizophrenia, 50 with affective disorders, and 50 controls). SD was evaluated employing the Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire (PRSexDQ) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX). The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) was used to measure the quality of life. Data analysis techniques included Spearman's correlation test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square test, and descriptive statistics. SD prevalence was 42% in affective disorders, 64% in schizophrenia, and 18% in controls. SD significantly correlated with a longer duration of psychotropic use and negatively impacted quality of life. SD is prevalent among psychiatric patients on long-term medication, highlighting the need for strategies to manage these side effects.

Ta'zîzu Dâfi'iyyati Thullâbi Riyâdh al-Athfâl li Tathwîri Mahârât al-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah al-Syafawiyyah min Khilâli Barâmiji al-Ta'lîm al-Mukatstsaf

This research study was motivated by several key factors. Firstly, the Arabic language holds great religious and cultural significance in Indonesia, as it is a core component of Islamic identity and practice, particularly in the context of Quranic education for children. However, many students at Quranic preschools struggle with developing proficiency in spoken Arabic. Additionally, educational literature emphasizes the critical role of student motivation in facilitating effective language learning outcomes. Therefore, it was important to investigate the factors influencing students' motivation to learn Arabic in this specific educational setting. Moreover, most prior research in this field has been conducted in non-Indonesian contexts, necessitating localized studies to explore the nuances of the Indonesian educational dynamics. Ultimately, this research aimed to help address the gaps in the existing body of knowledge around Arabic language instruction in Indonesian Quranic preschools. The researcher employed a quantitative approach and simple linear regression to analyze data collected from interviews, observations and questionnaires. Statistical tests of validity, reliability, normality, linearity and correlation were performed on the questionnaire data using SPSS. The iresults ishowed ithat iintensive Arabic classes had a significant effect on students' motivation to learn speaking skills, as idemonstrated iby ia ip-value iof iless ithan i0.05. Regression analysis further reported that these classes influenced motivation by 33.1%, as indicated by the R-squared value. Therefore, the intensive language exposure appeared to positively impact the kindergarteners' drive to develop their Arabic communication abilities.

Correlation Between Livable Housing, BCG Immunization Coverage, and Population Density with Child Tuberculosis Incidence in East Java Province 2020-2022

Introduction: Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria can cause tuberculosis disease. In 2022, East Java Province reported 8,398 cases of child tuberculosis with a discovery coverage of 105.6%. This study aims to describe the distribution of child tuberculosis incidence in East Java Province by mapping and analyzing the correlation between livable houses, BCG immunization coverage, and population density with the incidence of child tuberculosis in 38 districts/cities in East Java Province from 2020 to 2022. Methods: This was a descriptive approach with a population correlation study design using the Spearman correlation statistical test. Secondary records from the East Java Health Profile 2020, 2021, and 2022 were used in this study. Thirty-eight districts/cities in the province of East Java comprised the study's population. Results and Discussion: This study showed that there has been a positive correlation between BCG immunization coverage in 2020 (r=0.043); 2021 (r=0.140); 2022 (r=0.214) and population density 2020 (r=0.082); 2021 (r=0.102); and 2022 (r=0.174) with the incidence of child tuberculosis. Meanwhile, the correlation between livable houses and the incidence of child tuberculosis is negative in 2020 (r=-0.990) and 2022 (r=-0.047) but positive in 2021 (r=0.078). Conclusion: The increase in BCG immunization coverage and population density aligns with the increase in child tuberculosis cases. Meanwhile, an increase in the percentage of access to livable houses is followed by a decrease in the incidence of child tuberculosis.