Statistical Package For Social Sciences Research Articles

Postpartum depression symptoms: prevalence, risk factors, and childbirth experiences in Palestine

BackgroundWorldwide mothers are suffering from postpartum depression (PPD) which impairs mothers’ well-being, children, and families, and leads to adverse outcomes for mothers and their growing newborns. Low and middle-income countries have a higher prevalence of PPD and limited studies about it. This study assessed the percentage of Palestinian mothers experiencing PPD nationally, identified mothers at a higher risk of PPD, and studied the correlation between PPD and mistreatment during childbirth.MethodsThe study is based on a secondary data analysis from a cross-sectional study in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). A total of 745 telephone-based interviews with mothers were done within 2–4 weeks post-childbirth. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used as a screening tool for PPD. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used for analyzing the data.ResultsIn the context of descriptive epidemiology, we observed that 12.6% of the selected Palestinian mothers experienced PPD, with a higher occurrence of PPD among mothers living in the Gaza Strip, a politically and economically unstable region in Palestine, compared to mothers living in the West Bank (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOD: 2.2, Confidence Interval (CI): 1.4–3.44). Older mothers were two times more likely to develop PPD compared to young mothers (AOR: 2.03, CI: 1.070–3.84). Mothers who experienced disrespectful behaviors represented by any abuse, negligence, abandonment, ineffective communication, or poor pain management in childbirth settings were more likely to report PPD than those who were not exposed to the disrespect.ConclusionA notable percentage of Palestinian mothers were identified as experiencing PPD, especially among mothers who experienced mistreatment in childbirth settings. It is essential to support healthcare providers to improve their practices and attitudes to eliminate mistreatment and abusive behaviors of mothers during childbirth.

FACTORS AFFECTING LIVESTOCK HERD SIZE IN THE LEPELLE-NKUMPI MUNICIPALITY OF LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE OF SMALLHOLDER CATTLE FARMERS

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate factors affecting cattle herd size in the Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality, Limpopo Province. Method: A proportionate random sampling technique was used and a total of 261 smallholder cattle farmers were selected as participants in this study. Primary data were obtained using a well-structured questionnaire, where the participants were interviewed face to face. The data obtained were captured and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28.0. Descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS), using a multiple linear regression model, were employed to analyse factors affecting cattle herd size in the study area. Results and conclusion: Descriptive statistics results revealed that the prevailing factors that affect cattle herd size in the study area included the following: draught; practical knowledge; no/lack of; maintenance; water circulation; access to good breeding stock; poor market prices; grazing land; stock theft; insufficient or no breeding stock and pests/parasites. The OLS regression results, derived from a multiple linear regression model, revealed the variables that significantly affected cattle herd size, and this included age, household size, sales per year, livestock keeping, and planted pasture. Most farmers (91.4%) would like to increase their livestock numbers. It was recommended that extension services should be encouraged, training should be provided, and stakeholders should be engaged to help cattle farmers in the study area. Policies aimed at improving livestock production among smallholder farmers should be informed by the factors and determinates found in this study. Value: This study contributes useful information for potential livestock farmers. In addition, the outcome of this study could be used as the basis for informed policy formulation to improve livestock production which will ultimately improve food security status of farmers.

Exploring climate change adaptation strategies of crop and livestock farmers in urban Ghana

This study investigates the climate change adaptation strategies employed by urban crop and livestock farmers in Ghana. With the increasing recognition of climate change threats to agricultural productivity and food security, it is crucial to understand urban farmers’ adaptation strategies. Through a mixed-methods approach—surveys of 191 urban farming households using a questionnaire and interviews of 13 key informants using an interview guide, data were collected from farmers in urban Ghana. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics from the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and presented in tables. The qualitative data were analysed manually based on themes and content and presented in narratives. The results indicated a significant relationship between urban farmers’ educational status and gender and their sources of climate change adaptation information. Urban farmers’ climate change adaptation strategies include planting more improved and less indigenous crop varieties and rearing of more exotic and less local breeds of animals. Again, to buffer animal production against climatic diseases, urban farmers treat their animals through vaccination, giving animals pills, disinfecting pens, and spraying animals’ bodies with chemicals. Access to agricultural extension services is the main challenge in urban farmers’ climate change adaptation. The study underscores the importance of enhancing farmers’ resilience through targeted interventions, including capacity-building initiatives, access to climate information and financial resources, and the integration of climate-smart agricultural practices into urban planning and policy frameworks. In addressing these challenges and promoting adaptive strategies, urban crop and livestock farmers in Ghana can enhance their resilience to climate change and contribute to sustainable urban agriculture and food security. This study, therefore, contributes to the urban agriculture and climate change literature by drawing attention to how crop and animal farmers in the urban neighbourhood adapt to climatic stressors.

The impact of augmented reality on consumer behavior: a focus on value development, leading to brand engagement and purchase intention

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of augmented reality (AR) on consumers’ shopping process, focusing on value creation, brand engagement and purchasing intents.Design/methodology/approachThis quantitative deductive study analyzed 393 questionnaires through non-probability sampling. A cross-sectional timeframe was applied; data collection took place in May 2023 to provide a snapshot of Egyptian consumers’ responses to AR. Once the needed data were collected, statistical analyses were conducted through the statistical package for social science (SPSS).FindingsThis study shows that in the shopping process, AR vividness, interactivity and informativeness lead consumers to develop utilitarian values toward the technology, and AR interactivity generates hedonic values towards the technology. When consumers sense the hedonic and utilitarian values, it impacts consumers purchase intention. Hedonic value in AR leads to consumers’ brand content consumption and creation; utilitarian value in AR leads to consumers’ brand content consumption, contribution and creation.Practical implicationsAR developers, brand managers and marketers may use this study to understand the current AR landscape and consumer responses toward AR (value development, purchase intention and brand engagement). With these insights, they can make better strategic decisions that include AR usage in brand marketing tactics.Originality/valueThis study develops conclusions to grasp more clearly and in-depth why and how AR impacts consumers’ shopping process. This study addresses various literature gaps, enhancing the understanding of AR: the salient AR attributes that offer consumers hedonic and utilitarian values and how AR influences consumer behavior, specifically when it comes to the development of brand engagement and purchase intents.

Lateral Posterior Method for Depth Correction while Using the Gates Protocol for GFR Estimation: Is it Comparable to the Gold Standard GFR Estimation by Plasma Sampling?

Abstract Background Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation by Gates protocol using the gamma camera for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) dynamic renography has not compared well with the gold standard GFR by plasma sampling method. This is because depth of the kidneys is generally not considered. Our aim was to study whether manual depth correction using the skin to middle of kidney distance in lateral view and posterior aspect-lateral posterior method would reduce the bias in the Gates GFR as compared with the gold standard. Materials and Methods Retrospective study of 27 adult prospective renal donors who underwent GFR by plasma sampling and DTPA dynamic renography at Inlaks and Budhrani Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India between January 2022 and April 2023. The entire data was statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS ver 21.0, IBM Corporation, United States) for MS Windows. Results There is no significant agreement between plasma sampling versus gamma camera method and plasma sampling versus lateral posterior method for depth correction for GFR measurements; however, the evidence of systemic bias is lower for the gamma camera method compared with the lateral posterior method for depth correction as against the plasma sampling method. Conclusion The lateral posterior method for depth correction while using the gamma camera-based Gates protocol is not a reliable method for depth correction in the western Indian adult population with preserved renal function.

Sociodemographic Characteristics and Clinical Profile of Inpatients in the Psychiatry Unit of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Assam: A Retrospective Study

Objectives Recent years have seen a significant evolution in the understanding pertaining to mental health issues. The analysis of the intricate interplay between an individual’s sociodemographic factors, genetic makeup, the environment, and clinical profile (diagnosis and treatment) of patients will help us understand the prevalence and types of mental health disorders prevalent in Assam, which is a culturally, ethnically and socially diverse state. The pattern of utilization of electroconvulsive therapy has also been analyzed. The aims and objectives of the study is to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and clinical profile of patients admitted in Psychiatry ward, Assam Medical College and Hospital. Material and Methods An analysis on the case records of all individuals admitted to the hospital’s Psychiatry ward between August 1, 2022 and July 31, 2023 was done. Data on socio-demographic details such as age, gender, domicile and clinical profile (diagnosis, mode of discharge, duration of stay and treatment) was compiled using semi-structured format designed by authors. Information regarding patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy was also gathered from the records. Statistical analysis: The data were subjected to analysis utilizing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25.0). Results A total of 680 patients got admitted of which higher proportion constituted of male (77.58%) and majority individuals were aged between 30 and 39 years (29.65%). The predominant diagnosis among the inpatients was substance use disorders (39.09%). Out of all the psychotropic drugs, olanzapine (17.94%) was mostly prescribed on discharged followed by risperidone (10.15%). Escitalopram (3.97%) was the mostly prescribed antidepressant on discharge. Patients diagnosed as substance use disorders were mostly discharged on lorazepam (5%), baclofen (14.26%) and received an average number of 1.8 sessions of Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET). Whereas, schizophrenia and related disorders was the most common diagnosis among inpatients receiving ECT (51.52%). Conclusion Our study helped to understand the socio-demographic attributes and clinical profile of the inpatients to foster better management approaches.

Role of Stakeholders’ Collaboration in the Implementation of School Feeding Programme: A Case of Twelve Years Basic Education Schools in Nyabihu District, Rwanda (2020-2022)

This study was carried out to assess the role of stakeholders’ collaboration in the implementation of school feeding programme of twelve years basic education schools in Nyabihu District, Rwanda. The study utilized a convergent research strategy to collect both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously. Questionnaires, interviews, documentations and observation were the techniques employed to obtain the primary data and secondary data. The population of the study comprised of 75 stakeholders. Census sampling was used and samples of 75 stakeholders were drawn. For collecting data, researcher organized well-structured questionnaire; data were edited and sorted for the next stage. The data were presented in statistical tables, with frequencies and percentages for classifications of responses by statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) for easier analysis and interpretation. Data from interview sessions was obtained from 4 chairpersons of school general assembly committees. Data from documentation was obtained from school records whereas data from observation were obtained before and during lunch periods. The results indicated that there is positive and significant effect on the role of parents’ engagement on the implementation of school feeding program in twelve years basic education schools (R=.979, p<0.05). To make implementation of school feeding program very successful, parents should make timely payments for their school food donations. To administer the school feeding program, parents should collaborate closely with school administration. Parents must participate in the school meal program rather than believing that it should only be funded by the government.

Magnitude of intestinal parasitic infections and its determinants among HIV/AIDS patients attending at antiretroviral treatment centers in East and West Gojam Zones, Northwest, Ethiopia: institution based cross-sectional study

BackgroundIntestinal parasitic infections (IP) are a major source of morbidity in people living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly in resource-limited settings, mostly as a result of high viral load. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the magnitude of intestinal parasitic infections and its determinants among patients with HIV/AIDS attending public health facilities in East and West Gojam Zones in Ethiopia.MethodsInstitution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 327 people living with HIV visiting public health facilities from December 2022 to May 2023. A simple random sampling technique was used to recruit participants. Face-to-face interviews were used to collect socio-demographics and determinants. The fresh stool was collected from each patient, transported, and tested in accordance with laboratory standard operating procedures of wet mount, formol-ether concentration technique, and modified acid-fast staining. Data were entered and analyzed in the statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. A 95% CI with p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe overall prevalence of IP in patients with HIV/AIDS was 19.3% (63/327). Hookworm was the most identified parasite 33.3% (21/63) followed by E.histolytica 17% (11/63) and G.lamblia 14.3% (9/63). Parasitic infections were significantly higher among viral load > 1000cps/ml (p = 0.035), WHO stage 4 (p = 0.002), CD4 < 200 cell/mm3 (p = 0.001), and bare foot walking (p = 0.001).ConclusionIP infections are moderately high among patients with HIV/AIDS in the study area. The proportion of parasites was greatly affected by high viral load, WHO stage 4, CD4 < 200 cell/mm3, and being barefoot; this gives valuable insight to health professionals, health planners and community health workers. As a result, viral load monitoring, and WHO stage controlling were periodically assessed in patients with HIV/AIDS. Health education, awareness creation, routine stool examination, and environmental hygiene were regularly advocated to increase the life of patients with HIV/AIDS.

Model for predicting the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after monopolar or bipolar radiofrequency ablation in patients with AF and mitral valve disease

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the risk factors for postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients with valvular atrial fibrillation, and establish predictive models of atrial fibrillation recurrence.MethodsOverall, 224 patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation from November 2014 to November 2020 were included. The statistical package for social sciences, X-tile, and R-studio were used for statistical analysis.ResultsPatients were divided into training and validation sets according to a ratio of 3:1. The training set was analysed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and showed that preoperative uric acid > 401 μmol/L (P = 0.006), B-type natriuretic peptide > 202 ng/L (P = 0.042), hypersensitivity C-reactive protein > 6.1 mg/L (P = 0.026), erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 7.0 mm/h (P = 0.016), preoperative left atrial diameter > 48 mm (P = 0.031) were significantly correlated with the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation in patients with valvular atrial fibrillation. In the training set, a Cox regression model of the five related factors was established using the R language. The C-index of the model was 0.82, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.831 (P < 0.001). Internal and external verification was performed in the training and validation sets, respectively, and both showed that the fit of the verification curve was relatively good at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years postoperatively. After calculating the weight of each related factor using the nomogram, a new risk predictive model (BLUCE) for postoperative atrial fibrillation was established.ConclusionsIn patients with atrial fibrillation, preoperative uric acid, B-type natriuretic peptide, hypersensitivity C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and left atrial diameter are risk factors for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. The BLUCE predictive model can distinguish high-risk groups of postoperative atrial fibrillation. High-risk patients in the BLUCE model were more likely to experience recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation and a low possibility of maintaining sinus rhythm.

Evaluation of CD4 Count in HIV Infected Pregnant Women at Kibagabaga Level Two Teaching Hospital

CD4 count measures the degree of immunosuppression in HIV-positive patients and is used to monitor HIV infection progression in human body. HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system and if not treated, can lead to AIDS The rate of CD4 cells destruction is directly proportional to progressive replication of HIV. Pregnant women infected with HIV have high risk of mother to child transmission of HIV infection and are prone to excessive immunosuppression and increased viral load if their CD4 cell count is not properly maintained. Pregnancy may influence CD4 cells count reduction or don’t, that’s why this study focused on evaluation of CD4 count in HIV infected pregnant women. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between pregnancy trimesters and CD4 count among HIV infected pregnant women at KDH. The study was a cross sectional study which included 46 patients who visited kibagabaga level two teaching hospital in 5 months. Data were obtained by collecting venous blood of patients, testing their CD4 count and use of a questionnaire to evaluate the risk factors associated with changes in CD4 count. Data collected were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 and Microsoft word, the presentation of results was done using tables. Variables with p-value less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The study showed that there is an association between pregnancy trimesters and CD4 count among HIV infected pregnant women where 21(45.6%) women were in third trimester and had the highest CD4 count compared to women in the 2nd trimester 14(30.4%) followed by women in 1st trimester 11(24%) with p-value of 0.04 which is statistically significant. In evaluated CD4 count changes, associated risk factors were, antiretroviral treatment intake, diet intake, education level, pregnancy trimester, and closely spaced pregnancies. Which were found to have p-values 0.00, 0.00, 0.04, 0.04 and 0.01 that were statistically significant respectively. Keywords: HIV, CD4 Count, Pregnant women

Perceived Influence of Self-Perception on Self-Esteem among Undergraduate Students of Kabarak University in Nakuru County, Kenya

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived influence of self-perception on self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University, Nakuru County, Kenya. The researcher used questionnaire for undergraduate students, FGD guide for peer counsellors and interview schedule for university counsellors. Validation of research instruments was done through peer and expert review and through pilot testing, which was done at Kabarak City Campus. The pilot sample consisted of 10 undergraduate students, 5 peer counsellors and 1 student counsellor. The reliability and validity of items was established using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient. The pilot results of the variable self- esteem yielded 0.705 while body image yielded 0.937. The response rate was 96.39%. The data collected was analysed using frequencies, percentages and means (descriptive statistics). The data analysis used the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The researcher considered ethics of confidentiality and informed consent. The outcome indicated that most of the sampled students and staffs jointly agreed that self-perception influence self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University. The study concluded that self-perception has statistically significant perceived influence on self-esteem among undergraduate students of Kabarak University. Therefore, the study recommends that the key stakeholders in counselling department include in the policies and strategies ways on how to address concerns about self-perception and self-esteem. Such policies and strategies would help in improving the efficiency of interventions to address the adverse effects associated with negative self-perception for example depression, low self-esteem and eating disorders.

Year Five Pupils’ Perception Towards Higher Order Thinking Skills in Learning Mathematics

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) are the cognitive skills that mathematics should apply to fulfil current needs. Unfortunately, Mathematics achievement in Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) has shown that the thinking ability of Malaysian pupils still needs improvement. Identifying pupils' perceptions of implementing HOTS in mathematics is essential. Thus, this study was conducted to determine Year Five pupils' perception towards implementing HOTS in terms of attitude, readiness and belief in Mathematics learning, as well as the differences in these three aspects based on gender. The survey study involved 142 Year Five pupils at a Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina (SJKC) in Johor Bahru district. The instrument used in this study is a questionnaire. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 27. The descriptive statistical analysis results found that pupils’ perception towards HOTS in Mathematics in terms of Attitude and readiness are moderate. At the same time, pupils' perception towards HOTS in mathematics in terms of belief is high. The Mann-Whitney U test results found a significant difference in pupils’ attitudes towards HOTS in Mathematics based on gender. However, this study showed no significant difference in student’s readiness and belief towards HOTS in Mathematics based on gender. This study brings implications for educators in schools to realise the importance of modifying HOTS teaching practices by considering pupils’ perceptions.

Effect of Procurement Planning on Organizational Performance Within the Public Sector: A Case of Ruhengeri Referral Hospital in Musanze District, Rwanda

Public entities in Rwanda spend a significant amount of money on procurement. This is the process of acquiring goods, works, or services from a vendor. The general objective of this study was to assess the effect of procurement planning on organizational performance within the public sector. Specifically, the study assessed the effect of needs assessments in procurement planning on performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital, analyze the effect of quality specification in procurement planning on performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital, examine the effect of cost estimation in procurement planning on performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital and assess the effect of terms of payment in procurement planning on performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital. Research was guided by Resource Based viewpoint theory and Transaction Cost Economics theory. Descriptive research design was adopted in this research. This study has taken 106 populations who have direct works related to procurement planning functions from Ruhengeri referral hospital and reporting health centers (42 working at Ruhengeri referral hospital main location and 64 from 12 health centers under management of Ruhengeri referral hospital). The researcher has determined that due to the small population size, a census inquiry method employed instead of sampling. This study used both primary and secondary data, and each has its specific instruments for collection including questionnaire, documentary and interview. Here the researcher tends to interpret frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation, as results of Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 while content analysis used to analyze qualitative data. The Model Summary provides valuable observations into the effect of independent variables Terms of payment in procurement planning, Needs identification in procurement planning, Quality specification in procurement planning, Cost estimation in procurement planning on the dependent variable, organization performance. The findings revealed the coefficient of determination (R Square), which is 0.652, demonstrates that 65.2% of the variance in organizational performance of Ruhengeri Referral Hospital explained Terms of payment in procurement planning, Needs identification in procurement planning, Quality specification in procurement planning, Cost estimation in procurement planning. The results indicate the coefficient of needs identification in procurement planning (β: 0.399, p: 0.000), it shows the significant effect of needs assessments in procurement planning on organizational performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital. The results indicate the coefficient of quality specification in procurement planning (β: 0.387, p: 0.001), it shows the significant effect of quality specification in procurement planning on organizational performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital. The results indicate the coefficient of cost estimation in procurement planning (β: 0.152, p: 0.022), it shows the significant effect of cost estimation in procurement planning on organizational performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital. The results indicate the coefficient of terms of payment in procurement planning (β: 0.237, p: 0.021), it shows the significant effect of terms of payment in procurement planning on organizational performance of Ruhengeri referral hospital. It is recommended that Ruhengeri Referral Hospital continues to strengthen its needs assessment process by involving a wider range of stakeholders.

Evaluation of Alterations That May Occur on Root Surfaces after Root Planing Procedures with a Scanning Electron Microscope

Background: The aim of root debridement procedures in non-surgical periodontal treatment is the elimination of etiologic factors that cause periodontal disease, as well as the removal of cement affected by the disease. However, root debridement procedures for the treatment of periodontal diseases produce root surface irregularities that can adversely affect the healing of periodontal tissues. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the surface texture of a root after instrumentation, including an ultrasonic instrument, a Gracey curette, or a double Gracey curette. Methods: A total of 26 single-rooted teeth were used in this study; two specimens were used as controls, and the remaining 24 specimens were equally divided into three groups. Specimens from each group were then subjected to root planing using one of the following instruments: (1) an ultrasonic instrument; (2) a Gracey curette; or (3) a double Gracey curette. The control group was treated with no instrumentation. The extracted teeth were analyzed under a scanning electron microscope and graded in terms of the “roughness and loss of tooth substance index” and the “exposed dentin tubule index.” The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) V.21 program was used to conduct a statistical analysis of the data obtained in this study. While evaluating the data, in addition to descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation), a one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was carried out to compare the quantitative data and evaluate normally distributed parameters between groups, while a post hoc multiple comparison test was carried out for subgroup comparisons. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the roughness and material loss on the root surfaces in the samples treated with the ultrasonic instrument or the Gracey curette, and no exposed dentine tubules were observed. Meanwhile, it was observed that the double Gracey curette caused more roughness and material loss on the root surface, and exposed dentine tubules were observed in some samples. The time required for treatment using a double Gracey curette was significantly shorter than that required with the Gracey curette and ultrasonic instruments. Conclusions: The double Gracey curettes produced a relatively rougher root surface than the Gracey curettes or the ultrasonic instrument.

Antioxidant vitamins in Benin bronze casters and their environmental cohorts: A preliminary nutritional assessment

The process of bronze casting often leads to prolonged exposure to air pollutants, heavy metals, and potentially hazardous working conditions. Understanding the levels of antioxidant vitamins among the Benin bronze casters is vital because their exposure to environmental pollutants and potential occupational hazards may increase their oxidative stress levels. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the levels of antioxidant vitamins; A, C, and E in Benin bronze casters. A total of ninety (90) consenting participants were recruited for this study; They included foundry workers (bronze casters), randomly selected individuals around the foundry site (environmental), and healthy unexposed individuals (control). Vitamins A, C, and E levels were determined using pectrophotometry. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. The findings revealed that vitamin A levels were significantly lower in bronze casters (36.06±9.15) when compared to environmental (58.57±41.05) and control groups (62.61±51.12) (p&lt;0.05). Vitamin C levels were significantly lower in bronze casters (0.53±0.14) when compared to the environmental group (1.02±0.53) and the control group (1.55±0.37) (p&lt;0.05). Also, there was a significant reduction in vitamin C levels in the environmental group when compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). Vitamin E levels were significantly lower in bronze casters (5.14±1.92) and environmental (6.28±3.32) groups when compared to the control group (11.49±3.75) (p&lt;0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between vitamin A and vitamin C (r=-0.589, p=0.001). Vitamin C showed a strong positive correlation with vitamin E levels (r=0.562, p=0.001). In conclusion, the lower vitamin levels suggest an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, which occupational hazards and environmental factors, such as exposure to metal toxins and pollutants may exacerbate.

Depression and its associated factors among adult hypertensive patients attending follow-up in South Gondar zone public hospitals, Ethiopia, 2023

IntroductionDepression is the most common public health issue affecting the world's population. Like patients with other chronic medical diseases, hypertensive patients experience many intense emotions which increase their risk for the development of depression. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of depression and its associated factors among hypertensive patients in South Gondar zone governmental hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, 2023.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was used in government hospitals of South Gondar Zone. A total of 311 patients were sampled randomly and included in the study. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 was used for analysis. Data were analyzed mainly by using descriptive statistics and binary logistics regression.ResultsA total of 311 patients participated with a 100% response rate. Almost half of the participants were female. The mean age of the respondents was 58.85 years. More than 60% of the respondents had a co-morbid illness. Among participants, 83 (26.7%) of hypertensive patients had depression. Being female, age, uneducated, having poor social support, the presence of co-morbid illness and complications, uncontrolled hypertension, having less than or equal to two dietary regimen and duration of hypertension greater than ten years were significantly associated with depression.ConclusionThe magnitude of depression was found to be high. This indicated that depression is a common co-morbid illness among hypertensive patients. Healthcare professionals and other stakeholders should consider and diagnose co-morbid diseases like depression among hypertensive patients. It is also better to give particular emphasis to highly vulnerable groups like females, elders, uneducated and those who have poor social support.

Pattern Of Breast Feeding, Weaning And Nutritional Status Of Under Five Children Of Working Mothers Of Bangladesh Armed Forces

Background: Adequate nutrition is essential in early childhood to ensure healthy growth, proper organ formation and function, a strong immune system, and neurological and cognitive development. The objective of the study is to assess the pattern of breast feeding, weaning and dietary behavior of under-five children of working mothers attended Child Welfare Centre (CWC), Malobika and Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at CWC, Malobika and Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka over a period of six months from July 2017 to December 2017. All under-five years old sick children of employed mothers of Bangladesh Armed Forces attended CWC Malobika and CMH, Dhaka were included in the study and mothers were the respondents. Total 130 children were selected purposively for the study. Data were analyzed by using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences), version 25.0. The level of significance was set at 5% and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Majority (92.3%) of the children was nutritionally normal in terms Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). Only 10(7.7%) children was malnourished; of them 6(4.6%) were severely malnourished and 4(3.1%) were moderately malnourished. In terms of Weight for Age Z score (WAZ) 3.1% were severe underweight and another 3.1% were moderate underweight. In terms of Height for Age Z score (HAZ), 5.4% were severely stunted and 6.2% were moderately stunted, while with respect to Weight for Height Z score (WHZ), 2.3% were severely wasted and 7.7% were moderately wasted. Conclusion: Nutritional status in children of working mothers of Armed Forces at Dhaka Garrison was high compared to the national figure. Bangladesh Armed Forces Med J Vol 56 No (1) June 2023, pp 35-41

Prevalence and associated factors of psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy in the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco: A cross-sectional study.

To determine the estimated prevalence of anxiety, depression, and anxiety-depression syndrome (ADS) and to identify the associated factors in Moroccan people with epilepsy (PWE). A cross-sectional study was conducted among adult PWE (June 2021-December 2022) in the Casablanca-Settat region. PWE were interviewed by completing a questionnaire collecting sociodemographic and clinical data. Anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Out of 21 points, a score ≥8 is in favor of considerable anxiety/depression symptoms and a sum of the two scores ≥15 indicates the presence of ADS. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.0. p-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant and logistic regression was performed to determine the associated factors. Among 294 PWE, the median age was 39 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 25.75-54.00). The median anxiety, depression, and ADS scores were 8 (IQR: 5.00-10.00), 7 (IQR: 4.00-10.00), and 15 (IQR: 10.00-20.00), respectively. Anxiety, depression, and ADS were revealed in 51.4%, 44.9%, and 51.0% of PWE, respectively. Depression was the only predictor for anxiety (aOR = 24.20; 95%CI: 12.45-47.01). Antiseizure polytherapy (aOR = 3.35; 95%CI: 1.72-6.54) and anxiety (aOR = 24.04; 95%CI: 12.12-47.67) were the factors associated with depression. The risk of ADS was increased by female gender (aOR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.68-4.78), antiseizure polytherapy (aOR = 2.75; 95%CI: 1.62-4.65), structural epilepsy (aOR = 1.73; 95%CI: 1.01-2.94), and the presence of concomitant conditions with epilepsy (aOR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.16-3.31). Our study reports high psychiatric comorbidity prevalence in epilepsy, which supports the bidirectional link hypothesis. Associated factors found are important in the prognosis and prevention. The neural mechanisms underlying epilepsy tend to expose PWE to psychiatric disorders. Our study aims to quantify the rate of psychiatric comorbidities and their predictive factors in Moroccan PWE. The estimated prevalences of significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, and ADS were 51.4%, 44.9%, and 51.0%, respectively. Depression was the predictor of anxiety. Antiseizure polymedication and anxiety were the associated factors with depression. The risk of SAD was increased by female gender, antiseizure polymedication, structural epilepsy, and concomitant diseases with epilepsy. Our results are important for considering the psychiatric aspect of PWE and improving their care and quality of life.

Relationship of Vitamin D Deficiency with Non-Motor Functions of Parkinson’s disease

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder is associated with substantial public health and economic burdens. Low levels of vitamin D are a common finding in patients of PD. This study was conducted to assess the serum vitamin D level in PD patients and to investigate the relationship of the vitamin D level with non motor functions of Parkinson’s disease. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Department of Neurology, BIRDEM General Hospital, Dhaka for a period of 12 months. A total of 120 participants, 60 patients with PD and 60 age and sex matched sample of healthy controls were enrolled and informed written consent was taken. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical features, laboratory parameters and neurological examinations were assessed. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and data was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0. Results: Age and gender was not significantly different between PD cases and controls. Mean vitamin D level was significantly lower among the patients with PD compared to controls (25.97±3.44 ng/ml vs38.47±5.08 ng/ml, (p&lt;0.01). Among all the cases of PD, 45% had akathisia, 36.7% had depression and 40% had insomnia. According to Modified Hoehn and Yahr score 53.3% patients were in stage 1-2, 26.7% in stage 2-3 and 20% in stage &gt;3.The mean vitamin-D level was 28.43±2.43, 24.06±1.57 and 21.92±1.62 in stage 1-2, stage 2.5-3 and stage&gt;3 respectively and vitamin D level decreased significantly with advancement in stages of PD(p&lt;0.01). While assessing the depression in patients with PD, it was observed that stages of PD was significantly associated with severity of depression, patients with &gt;3 stage of PD was moderately severe (16.7%) and severely depressed (16.7%) than patients with &lt;3 stage PD (p=0.009). Conclusion: Importance should also be given for recognition of non- motor symptoms in PD patients, since these symptoms have an impact on patient’s quality of life. Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; 35: 82-87

Profile and Prevalence of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Among Armed Forces Personnel and Their Families in Military Dental Centre, Cumilla

Background: Oral and maxillofacial diseases encompass a wide range of conditions in and around oral cavity and in maxillofacial region. It includes maxillofacial trauma, cyst and tumour of jaw bones, conditions involving impacted wisdom teeth, oral premalignant and malignant lesions, fascial space infection around maxillofacial region, temporomandibular joint disorder, dental implantology, salivary gland disorder and congenital defects of jaw bones. Maxillofacial region is more vulnerable to sustain injuries in the battlefield. In peace time, various maxillofacial diseases reduce the overall performances of the troops. The aim of this study is to delineate rank wise distribution of armed forces personnel reported with maxillofacial diseases, gender distribution, types of maxillofacial diseases, different types of surgical procedures performed and types of anesthesia used. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of maxillofacial diseases among the armed forces personnel and their entitled family members during the period of 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019 in Military Dental Centre, Cumilla. Purposive sampling technique and semi structured questionnaire was used to include the patients in this study.Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: A total of 170 cases were evaluated and treated. Male patients were 110(65%) and female were 60(35%). Among the military personnel numbers of sainik (privates) were highest 32(35%). Impacted wisdom teeth cases were mostly found 80(47%). In case of impacted teeth mesio angular impactions were most 35(35%). In case of maxillofacial pathological conditions cystic lesions were most in number 22(39%) (n=56). Maxillofacial soft tissue laceration cases were highest 05(29%) (n=17) among all trauma patients. Surgical extraction of wisdom teeth were mostly performed surgery 80(59%) (n=138). In regards to administration of anesthesia, 128(93%) cases were performed under local anesthesia and 10(7%) were under general anesthesia. Conclusion: The present study imparts valuable perception about the types and prevalence of maxillofacial diseases and the treatment modalities among the armed forces personnel and their families in Cumilla area. Bangladesh Armed Forces Med J Vol 56 No (2) December 2023, pp 24-30