Statistical Data Analysis Approach Research Articles

Evaluation of quality of life for women with breast cancer

Background/Aim: One of the therapeutic outcome metrics for women with breast cancer is quality of life (QoL). The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the QoL of women with breast cancer who were get-ting therapy or on follow-up at the Oncology Teaching Hospital in Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A convenient sample of 100 women was selected from the Teaching Oncology Hospital at Medical City in Baghdad City. For the purposes of the study, a questionnaire was constructed. Physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning were its five functional domains. Each study participant received a questionnaire explaining how to COM-plete it, along with a form requesting their approval to remain anonymous. They also got the opportunity to leave the study at any time without being provided an explanation. A panel of 10 experts determined the questionnaire's content validity and its internal consistency reliability was calculated using the split-half method and the Cronbach a correlation coefficient of r = 0.92. Data were collected using the study questionnaire and analyzed using a descriptive statistical data analysis approach based on frequency and percent. Results: The study findings depict that most of the women with breast cancer were 31-49 year old and they accounted for 43 % of the studied sample. Most of these women had problems with their emotional, social and role functioning. Conclusion: Breast cancer affects many elements of life, but it has the largest influence in modern culture on social and emotional functioning, as well as role functioning. A multidisciplinary team working with affected women would be advantageous in enhancing the QoL of breast cancer patients, particularly in the most compromised aspects of their health.

Comparative Analysis of Linearized Expressions for Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics Modeling of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Sulfuric Acid-Treated Rice Husk: A Statistical Data Analysis Approach

Comparative Analysis of Linearized Expressions for Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics Modeling of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Sulfuric Acid-Treated Rice Husk: A Statistical Data Analysis Approach

Effect of Dietary Patterns on Gastrointestinal Symptoms among Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Objective(s): to determine the effect of dietary pattern on gastrointestinal symptoms among children with autistic spectrum disorder. Methodology: A descriptive correlational study designed to determine the effect of dietary pattern on gastrointestinal symptoms among children with autistic spectrum disorder for the period of October 20th 2021 to May 15th 2023. A nonprobability, purposive , sample of (150) parent of children with autistic spectrum disorder is selected for the purpose of the study. All parents have signed consent form for their agreement to participate in the study and to ensure confidentiality, as well as to confirm the ethical considerations. A developed questionnaire is used for the purpose of the current study. The questionnaire is comprised of (4) parts that include: parents’ socio-demographic characteristics (15) item; children’s socio-demographic characteristics (12) item; dietary patterns (16) item and gastrointestinal symptoms (14) item. Content validity of the questionnaire is determined through panel of (20) expert in the fields of Pediatric Nursing, Pediatric Medicine and Community Health Nursing. Internal consistency reliability of the questionnaire is obtained through the use of split-half technique. Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient is computed for such reliability; (r=0.81) for dietary patterns and (r=0.78) for gastrointestinal symptoms. Data are collected through the use of the study questionnaire. Data are analyzed through the use of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach of frequency, percent, mean, standard deviation, total scores and range and inferential statistical data analysis approach of multiple linear regressions. Results: The study findings indicate that children have experienced problems with their dietary patterns and such patterns have highly significant effect on gastrointestinal symptoms among children with autistic spectrum disorder evidenced by highly significant p-value of (0.001). Conclusion: The study confirms that there is highly significant effect between dietary patterns and gastrointestinal symptoms among children with autistic spectrum disorder.

Suggested Scoring Scale for Nurse's Self as a Role Model in Health Promotion in Primary Health Care Centers

Objective(s): To identify Creating new Score for Nurse's Self as a role Model in Health Promotion. Methodology: A descriptive study design was carried out to measure the Suggested Scoring scale for Nurse's Self as a role Model in Health Promotion in Primary Health Care Centers and will be used to determine the nurses’ health their perceptions of self as role models for health promotion. The study was started from 8th September 2022 to 16th December 2022. A purposive sample of (127) nurses were selected according to the study that are actual working in Primary Health Care Centers. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire are determined through pilot study. The data were collected by direct interview using specific questionnaire that's composed of two parts (56) items. Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) package version 22. Descriptive data through determination of: Frequency, percentage, mean of score and standard deviation. Inferential statistical data analysis approach: used by enforcement of the Chi –square test used for determining the association between Socio-demographic characteristics and the Suggested Scoring scale for Nurse's Self as a role Model in Health Promotion, testing the significant of the contingency coefficient. For study significant P-value (≤ 0.05). Results: The findings indicate that (47.3%) of nurses are the last two age groups (45-49), (≥ 50), while (94.5%)of them are showing educational levels at the diploma. Health Promotion Training shows that about (65.4%), and (66.9%) the studied nurses are assigned exercising. and show a high positive relationship in the response of nurses as a role model in health promotion. Conclusions: The study concluded that a positive relationship between nurses' health practices and their self-perception as a role model for health promotion will be a highly significant positive relationship between the nurses' personality as a role model for health promotion and social and demographic characteristics. Recommendations: The present study recommends the need that periodic and regular evaluation of the health promotion program is required at health directorates, health care sectors and primary health care centers for the determination of monitoring its utility. that leads to changing their lifestyle and getting rid of wrong behaviors and habits. Keywords: Scoring scale, self as a model, nurse, health promotion, primary health care.

Statistical Data Analysis for Trackway Asset Management Using Low-Level Nonconformance Rates

Well-documented conditions of the country’s subway systems suggest that the development of a management strategy for aging infrastructure is an important asset management challenge. The purpose of this work is to address this challenge by developing a statistical data analysis approach for forecasting the aging effect on the time-dependent deterioration rate of an identified trackway cluster. The infrastructure database is the New York City subway system and the trackway that supports the delivery of service. While much focus has been given to the steel rail subcomponent of the trackway, little has been done in the way of statistical analysis on the low-level nonconformances in the support structure of those rails—namely, the invert, ties, fasteners, and plates. Though detectable, these conditions pose no risk to either safety or the serviceability of that asset, yet they do provide a certain degree of awareness that an entirely intuitive lifecycle deterioration process is underway. This paper illustrates the development of a statistical data analysis methodology using available trackway data sets for forecasting the aging effect on the system performance.

Association between Enhancing Learning Needs and Demographic Characteristic of Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Abstract 
 Objectives: To find out the association between enhancing learning needs and demographic characteristic of (gender, education level and age). 
 Methods: This study was conducted on purposive sample was selected to obtain representative and accurate data consisting of (90) patients who are in a peroid of recovering from myocardial infarction at Missan Center for Cardiac Diseases and Surgery, (10) patients were excluded for the pilot study, Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical data analysis approach of frequency, percentage, and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
 Results: The study finding shows, there was significant relationship between gender and patients’ learning needs in pretest and posttest at (P value > .000), while no significant relationship was found with patients’ age and level of education with their learning needs.
 Recommendations: The study recommend that the future research on perceived learning needs could focus at the needs of patients from other groups, such as individuals with cardiac arrhythmia but no MI. Further research into the perceived learning needs of these patient populations could be conducted.

Evaluation of Late Adulthood Knowledge about Social Frailty

Objective(s): Evaluation of late adulthood knowledge about social frailty, measure the level of knowledge about social frailty, and to find out the relationship between knowledge and socio-demographic characteristics. Methodology: A descriptive study design was carried out to measure the late adults' level of knowledge at Technical Institute-Suwaira in Middle Technical University and to find out the association between late adults' knowledge and their socio-demographic characteristic. The study was started from 28th April 2022 to 15th August 2022. The sample was Non-probability (convenience) sample of (100) late adults were selected according to the study that are working in Technical Institute-Suwaira. The data were collected by direct interview using specific questionnaire that’s composed of two parts (24) items which are: Part (1) Socio-demographic characteristics which included 9 items. Part (2) which deals with knowledge about social frailty and includes 15 items. Data were analyzed by using (SPSS) package version 25. Descriptive data through determination of: Frequency, percentage, mean of score and standard deviation. Inferential statistical data analysis approach: used by enforcement of the Chi –square test used for determining the association between Socio-demographic characteristics and late adults' knowledge. Results: (64%) of them were (49-56) years old, (61%) were male, the late adults' more than half evaluation of knowledge is moderate, more than half level of knowledge is moderate about social frailty (61%), and present high significant relationship between late adults' knowledge and age. Conclusions: The findings concluded that late adults need more awareness and information to support their knowledge about social frailty. Age, gender, job title, life style of late adults' socio-demographic characteristics that has a significant relationship with social frailty. Recommendations: The study recommend that need to developing educational programs, lectures, courses and seminars about frailty and domains of frailty to increase knowledge of late adults that lead to change their lifestyle and go away the wrong behaviors and habits.

Assessing the psychosocial needs of women with breast cancer in Baghdad city

The purpose of this descriptive study is to investigate the psychosocial needs of breast cancer patients in Baghdad City.A descriptive study was designed and data were collected during the period from 1sr of July to 30th of September 2022. The questionnaire consists of seven categories. The respondents had the option of answering ‘important’ or ‘not important’. Data were handled using descriptive statistical data analysis approach. Mean of scores is considered as a cut-off point low, moderate, and high for evaluation.The study findings indicate that 75 (63%) of patients have psychosocial needs according to the psychosocial needs inventory categories and items. The study's overall findings can help other breast cancer care facilities in Iraq provide supportive treatment that meets their psychological needs. The study recommends that information requirements should include service recommendations as well as treatment strategies, medications and side effects.

Nursing Practices toward Prevention of Indwelling Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection: An Interventional Study for nursing staff

Background: The placement of a urinary catheter is the single most important predisposing factor for Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections, which causes significant morbidity in hospitalized patients, including pain, fever, and malaise. Urinary tract infections are responsible for around 13,000 fatalities each year. Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections complications lead to an increase in length of stay, patient pain, higher healthcare expenses, and death. Urinary tract infections are the second most frequent illness after respiratory infections. This has an impact on patients' health outcomes and periods of hospital stay. The aim of this study is to improve nurses' practices by involving them in an interventional program after assessing nurses' practices regarding preventing male catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Methods: A pre-experimental design had been applied with the use of one group pre-test/post-test design of samples of 45 nurses to assess of nursing staff's practices toward the prevention of indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract infection in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in 15 items distributed on two domains in the observational checklist for nurses' practices. The data was collected by using the semi-structured interview and analyzed by the application of a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: there were highly significant statistical differences between pre and post-program at p<0.001for nurse’s practices about nursing staff practice about urinary catheter insertion and practice about catheterization follow up to preventing Indwelling Catheter-Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Pre and Post Program. And the results showed there is no significant statistical correlation between knowledge and practices with nurse's age and years of experience at a p-value of ˃ 0.05. Conclusions: The study results accepted the alternative hypotheses and an interventional program has a significant effect on nursing staffsꞌ practices about preventing Indwelling Catheter-Associated with Urinary Tract Infections. The study confirmed that prior to the interventional program; the nurses had erroneous practices about preventing indwelling catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The study showed that the interventional

Psychosocial Burdens among Caregivers of Patients with Renal Failure in Al-Diwaniyah Government

Objective(s): The purpose of this study is to assess the level of psychosocial burden among caregivers of patients with renal failure. The study began on October 13th, 2021 and will conclude on May 18th, 2022. Methodology: The design is carried out is A descriptive correlation design. The study is being conducted in Al Diwaniyah City's male and female caregivers of patients with renal failure. We select a non-probability convenience sample of (210) caregivers . The study will use a Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) questionnaire that is divided into two sections: part I will examine the sociodemographic characteristics of patients with renal failure and part II will examine the sociodemographic characteristics of caregivers and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) questionnaire that used to measure the degree of burden for caregiver during caring of Patients with Renal Failure.. A pilot study is used to determine the content validity and internal consistency reliability. The study instrument is used to collect data. The descriptive statistical data analysis approach is used to analyze the data, while the inferential statistical data analysis approach is used to analyze the data. The results of the study included that (74.8%) of the caregivers of patients with renal failure suffered from moderate to severe burden levels towards caring for their patients. Conclusion: the major psychosocial burdens of caregivers that results from caring of there patients with renal failure according to the study resulting that renal failure is a stress for each patients and there caregivers. Recommendations: in this study included that caregivers should be given more attention in terms of burden assessment and burden reduction measures.

Workplace Related Violence among Nurses Staff in Nasiriyah Teaching Hospitals

Background: Workplace violence is a global public health issue that has put the physical and mental wellbeing of healthcare professionals in jeopardy. Furthermore, workplace violence has a negative impact on the conduct of healthcare employees. Therefore, the purpose of study is to assess the level of workplace related violence among nurses staff and determine the associated socio-demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted by simple random sample of 209 nurses is selected through the use a probability sampling approach. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 20-items for knowledge. The data was collected by using the interview method and analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: Out of 209 nurses participated in study and indicated that (50.2%) of the them exhibited a moderate workplace related violence. There were significant relationship between workplace related violence and nurses staff gender (p=0.015), current workplace (p=0.009) and work position (p=0.001). Conclusions: Workplace related violence, nurses staff expressed a moderate level due to influenced factors such as: nurses gender (female), current workplace (nurses who are work at critical care units) and work position (nurses who are directed with patients) are associated with higher workplace related violence. Nurses require post-qualification training in how to calm irate patients and relatives who may use violence, according to healthcare companies, professional groups, and policymakers

The effect of Deep Breathing Exercise on Oxygen Saturation of Patients with COVID-19

Coronavirus disease is a highly contagious respiratory disease that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Approximately 80% of people infected with COVID-19 get a moderate form of the disease, which includes a respiratory tract infection with or without pneumonia. Breathing exercises and chest physiotherapy may help post-COVID-19 patients improve their respiratory function and quality of life. Physical rehabilitation is utilized as an adjuvant treatment during the acute period. However, in discharge conditions or COVID-19 patients with a mild degree of infection, breathing exercises and chest therapy may be the primary treatment options to alleviate symptoms. The goal of this study was to see how deep breathing exercises affected oxygen saturation in COVID-19 patients in Thi Qar Province, Iraq. An experimental comparative study design was done for 30 patients to assess the effect of deep breathing exercises on the oxygen saturation of patients with COVID19 in Imam Hussein Teaching Hospital / Thi Qar. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items was 20-items in questionnaire and measure oxygen saturation for five days before and after deep breathing exercises. The data was collected by using simple random methods and analyzed by the application of a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. The results showed for 30 patients there was significant improvement in oxygen saturation values after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises from 82.3333 ± 2.78337 in first before intervention day to 93.5000 ±1.38340 in day five after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises at P < 0.05. Also there were no significant statistical correlation between patient's age and their oxygen saturation after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises at P ˃ 0.05. The results also showed there were no significant statistical differences between patient's gender, housing environment, and level of education, marital status and occupation with their oxygen saturation after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises at P ˃ 0.05. The results accepted the alternative hypothesis there is significant difference in oxygen saturation values after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises in five days for patients with COVID19. Conclude the study there was no statistically significant association between patient's socio-demographic characteristics with their oxygen saturation after chest breathing exercises and deep breathing exercises.

Educational Program for Nurses about Pain-Related Management for Children with Burns Injuries

Pain management is a very important aspect of nursing care. However, due to a lack of overall understanding, it is not uncommon to see inadequate pain management by health workers. Therefore, the knowledge of nurses are important factors for the effective management of pain in children. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program for nurses about pain-related management for children with burns injuries. This study adopted a pretest–posttest I and II a pre - experimental design. The sample consisted of 30 participants. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 45-items for knowledge. The data was collected by using the self-report method; and analysed by applying a descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. The results of the study indicated that the nurses expressed a good level of knowledge with regard pain management at the post-test period of measurement (M± SD= 4.27±0.720) after application of educational program as compared pre-test period of measurement (M± SD= 2.57± 0.568) were unsatisfactory knowledge. There were significant differences in nurse’s knowledge between pre-test and post-test I scores (P <0.05); and there were no significant differences in nurse’s knowledge between post-test I and post-test II (P > 0.05). An educational training program is effective in improving nurses' knowledge about pain-related management for children with burns injuries. Findings from this study showed that after the training, nurses' knowledge toward pain management were enhanced and not affected by time. There is a need for burn training program that should be provided to nurses in order to improve their knowledge regarding burn management is recommended, and all nurses should be exposed to pain management training to equip them with necessary knowledge with which to provide better quality of nursing care in the health-care setting. Further research need to be under taken to involve national level and investigate the influencing factors of knowledge of pain management in paediatric hospitals.

Impact of Psychological Distress in Women upon Coping with Breast Cancer

Objective(s): To determine the impact of psychological distress in women upon coping with breast cancer.&#x0D; Methodology: A descriptive design is carried throughout the present study. Convenient sample of (60) woman with breast cancer is recruited from the community. Two instruments, psychological distress scale and coping scale are developed for the study. Internal consistency reliability and content validity are obtained for the study instruments. Data are collect through the application of the study instruments. Data are analyzed through the use of descriptive statistical data analysis approach and inferential statistical data analysis approach.&#x0D; Results: The study findings depict that women with breast cancer have experienced psychological distress and negative coping strategies.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study confirms that psychological distress has an impact upon women’s coping with breast cancer.&#x0D; Recommendations: The study recommends that screening for psychological distress among high-risk breast cancer patients could facilitate timely referral to appropriate psychosocial services.

Gender difference about superficial Fungl infections among immunocompromised patients in Dhi Qar governorate 2021-2022

Superficial fungal infections are caused by many fungi, which can invade various aspects of the human body which effect the skin, hair, and nails, are widely observed in the world. Causative agents are Candida species, dermatophytes, and Malassezia species. This study aims to knowledge gender difference about superficial fungal infections among immune compromised patients in Dhi Qar Governorate. A non-probability (convenience sample) of 500 sample were selected throughout the use of non-probability sampling approach. The study was conducted in six health institutions affiliated to the Dhi Qar Health Department, in addition to the medical clinics in the governorate. A questionnaire as a means for data collection, it consist of four parts include demographic data, diseases that weaken the immune system (Diabetes, cancer, leukemia, genetic blood diseases and kidney failure) , locations of the superficial fungal infection and risk factors. Through questionnaire the, data were collected and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Most of the study sample aged 44 years, 310 (62%) of them were males, 190(38%) of them were female, about 346(69.2%) of them were from urban residence, about 227(45.4%) of them were not working, most of them were married 309(61.8%).

Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program Process at Primary Health Care Centers in Salah Al-Dean Governorate

Background: The evaluation of routine childhood immunization program for under five years are important for global health.&#x0D; Objectives: The study aims at evaluating the Routine Childhood Immunization Program Process at Primary Health Care Centers in Salah Al-Dean Governorate&#x0D; Methodology: A descriptive design, which is using the evaluation approach, has been conducted at Primary Health Care Centers in Salah Al-Dean Governorate in order to evaluate the Routine Childhood Immunization Program Process from January 10th to November 1st, 2021. A multistage sample "non -probability" convenient sample of (32) primary health care centers (16 main and 16 sub main) distributed in Salah Al-Dean Health Directorate. An instrument is developed of the Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization for the purpose of the present study (PAHO &amp;WHO, 2013). The study instrument is consisted of the evaluation of Routine Childhood Immunization Program Process at Primary Health Care Centers. Instrument content validity is determined by a panel of (18) experts. Internal consistency reliability is determined through Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient. Data are gathered throughout the utilization of the study instrument and the structured interview technique as data collection method. The Data of the study have been analyzed by the utilization of descriptive statistical data analysis approach which includes (frequencies, percentages, total scores and ranges).&#x0D; Results: The study results indicate that all of the main primary health care centers and majority of the sub primary health care centers have good level of overall evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program process (100%) (81.25%) respectively.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study concludes that the Routine Childhood Immunization Program process is well sufficiently and efficiently implemented at all of the Main Primary Health Care Centers and most of the sub primary health care centers in Salah Al-Dean Governorate.&#x0D; Recommendation: The Routine Childhood Immunization Program process should be monitored and valued periodically and on regular base.

Knowledge of mothers towards management of children with fever

Background: Fever is a typical reason for youngsters to visit the doctor. Fever and its consequences alarm parents, and there is a disconnect between their comprehension and actual behavior in controlling fever, which is influenced by a range of circumstances and attitudes. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess mothers knowledge towards management of children with fever and determine the associated socio-demographic variables in Karbala Province/ Iraq. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Karbala Hospitals/ Iraq by purposive sample of 200 mothers was selected through the use a non-probability sampling approach. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 14-items for knowledge. The data was collected by using the interview method and analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: Out of 200 mothers studied in study and indicated that (47.5%) of the mothers exhibited a poor knowledge towards management of children fever. There were significant association in knowledge with regards mothers age (p=0.000), education level (p=0.049) and sources of information (p=0.000).

Psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 among women in Hilla general population

Background: We are in the middle of a global health crisis unlike any other in the United Nations' 75-year existence, one that is killing people, inflicting human suffering, and upsetting lives. This isn't just a medical emergency, though. It's a disaster on a humanitarian, economic, and sociological level. The Coronavirus disease (Covid-19), which the World Health Organization has classed as a pandemic, is wreaking devastation in society on medical, psychological, and social levels. Therefore, this study aimed at investigate the psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 among women and associated factors. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted by non probability (convenience) sample of 250 women was selected through attended the primary health care centers. The reliability of the questionnaire was achieved through a pilot study and then presented to experts to prove its validity. The total number of items included in the questionnaire was 22-items to investigate psychological aspects and 20-items to social aspects. The data was collected by using the interview method and analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis approach. Results: The results of the study indicated that (72.40%) of the women exhibited a significant psychological aspects and (59.20%) exhibited a moderate social burden.

Influence of an Interventional Health Education in Enhancing the Perceived Learning Needs of Patients with Myocardial Infarction

Background: Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of coronary heart disease and death. Because post-MI patients are more likely to have another attack, it is vital that they have enough knowledge about their health and the appropriate self-care. post-MI patients, it is critical for post-MI patients to have adequate health information and self-care, especially if they have risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and a lack of exercise. Objectives: To evaluate influence of an interventional health education in enhancing the perceived learning needs of patients with myocardial infarction. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used with the application of pre and post-test approach for both studied and controlled groups. This study was conducted at cardiac advisory department on purposive sample was selected to obtain representative and accurate data consisting of (90) patients at Missan Center for Cardiac Diseases and Surgery, (10) patients were excluded for the pilot study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical data analysis approach of frequency, percentage, mean, mean of scores, a total of scores, range and standard deviation and inferential statistical data analysis approach T-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: highly significant difference between pre and posttests responses at (P value &lt; .05) in the study group related to all domains of the study. Conclusions: Less than one-quarter of patients in the study group were institute graduate level, and more than one-quarter of patients in the control group were secondary level graduate, one quarter of patients in the study group were within employee level; and more than one quarters in control group were within the retired level. more than half of patients in the study group and more than two-thirds of patients in the control group were married. In pretest and posttest, there is a significant influence of an interventional health education in enhancing the perceived learning needs of patients with myocardial infarction. Recommendations: The study recommend that it is critical to update patient learning needs by encouraging and inspiring patients to participate in particular interventional health education on the perceived learning needs of patients with Myocardial Infarction. Patients should have access to continued education and resources that enhance patient's learning needs during their hospitalization. Keyword: Myocardial Infarction, Influence, Interventional, Enhance.

Determination of the Incidence and Prevalence Rates of Chronic Diseases among Old age at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and prevalence rates of chronic diseases among old age at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City. Methodology: A descriptive design, using the evaluation approach, is employed to determine of the incidence and prevalence rates of chronic diseases among old age at al-Russafa District in Baghdad City from October10th 2021 to April 2nd 2022. A non-probability, convenient sample of (672214) old age, is selected for the purpose of the study. All subjects have signed consent form to present their agreement for participation in the study. The confidentiality of the data is also safeguard and they will be securely maintained during and after conducting the study. A questionnaire is constructed for the purpose of the study through review of related literature. It is consisted of (3) main parts; old age demographic characteristics, old age chronic diseases and the incidence and the prevalence of old age chronic diseases. Content validity is determined for the study instrument through panel of experts and internal consistency reliability is obtained for the study instrument through split-half technique and the computation of Cronbach alpha correlation coefficient in a pilot study. Data are gathered through the use of the study instrument as mean of data collection and analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical data analysis and inferential statistical data analysis approaches. Results: The study results depict that old age chronic diseases are accounted for cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City. Males old age have been prominently at greater risk to the incidence and the prevalence of such diseases more than females at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City. Conclusion: The study concludes that high incidence rates are accounted for chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus and arthritis at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City and high prevalence rates are accounted for chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, kidney diseases and diabetes mellitus at Al-Russafa District in Baghdad City. Recommendations: The study recommends that screening and early detection programs should be planned and implemented on regular base for the finding of such subpopulation-based health problems. Further and nation-wide research can be conducted on large scale sample size and different settings. Keywords: Determination, Incidence Rate, Prevalence Rate, Chronic Diseases, Old age