Static Position Research Articles

Testing selected movement patterns using the ohmbelt

Over the last two decades, interest and the resulting need for objectification has grown steadily in the regulation of intra-abdominal pressure, coactivation of trunk muscles and biomechanics of stabilization of the lumbar region. Raising awareness of the research issue contributes to improving the prevention and therapy of various pathologies related to core stabilization. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usability of Ohmbelt in practice with complex movement patterns to accelerate the diagnosis of stabilization strategy of the lumbar region. The Ohmbelt system is a relatively new, non-invasive method for examination intra-abdominal pressure. In our study, we found that the use of the Ohmbelt system is possible in the examination of the stabilization strategy of the lumbar region in both static and dynamic positions. Based on our results, it is possible to use Ohmbelt for other complex movement patterns.

Object detection and tracking for drones: A system design using dynamic visual SLAM

Abstract. Drones can play a quite crucial role in many walks of life today. Enhancing the visual perception ability of drones is crucial to their intelligence level. Among them, it is necessary to focus on strengthening the detection, tracking and mapping capabilities of drones for dynamic objects. However, the existing visual SLAM systems carried by drones do not perform well in dynamic environments. This project designs a monocular visual SLAM system specifically for drones, aiming to achieve efficient three-dimensional mapping and target tracking, surpassing the limitations of simple static mapping and positioning. Besides, this project constructs a drone dynamic SLAM system developed on the ORB-SLAM3 structure, uses drone images to detect, track and map object motion models, and reconstructs environmental maps to obtain motion parameters with real physical scales. This project strives to optimize the input pre-processing module, improve the validity of data and output environmental maps and raster maps. The outcomes demonstrate the system's strong accuracy and adaptability in dynamic installation procedures.

Analyze the physical interaction between the user and the furniture design to optimize comfort and functionality

The physical interaction between users and furniture is pivotal in determining comfort and functionality, particularly in environments where individuals spend extended periods, such as offices, homes, and public spaces. This study aims to analyze how different furniture designs impact user comfort, postural stability, and long-term usability. By employing a hybrid research framework combining observational studies, simulations, and advanced technological tools such as motion tracking, pressure mapping, and biomechanical sensors, the research provides a comprehensive evaluation of user-furniture interaction. The study involved 178 participants with diverse demographic backgrounds, allowing for a broad range of body types, ages, and activity levels to be examined. Key findings indicate that ergonomic features such as adjustable seat height, lumbar support, and reclining mechanisms significantly enhance comfort, particularly when customized to the user’s anthropometric profile. For example, adjustable seat height reduced pressure on the thighs, improving comfort by 8.5% over prolonged periods. Additionally, lumbar support was the most compelling feature in alleviating muscle strain, improving overall comfort by 9.0%. The analysis of long-term comfort revealed that postures supporting dynamic movements, such as using a standing desk, maintained higher comfort levels over time compared to static postures like leaning forward, which showed a marked increase in muscle fatigue. Postural stability analysis showed that sitting at a 90° angle provided the best balance of stability and long-term comfort, with a usability rating 8.4. In contrast, leaning forward exhibited the lowest postural stability and the highest discomfort, making it unsuitable for prolonged tasks.

Effects of Postural Conditions During Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Thigh Muscle Size.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for measuring muscle size. However, postural conditions for thigh musculature have not been standardized across studies, with some employing supine or prone positions and the thigh either placed on the examination table or suspended to avoid contact. In either case, the thigh is compressed or sagged by gravity, potentially affecting muscle size. This study aimed to examine the effects of postural conditions on thigh muscle size. Twenty Olympic-style weightlifters and 20 untrained controls (10 men and 10 women in each group) underwent 3-Tesla MRI in the supine and prone positions, with the thigh in compressed and suspended conditions to determine the maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and muscle volume of 15 thigh muscle groups/individual muscles. Postural conditions changed the ACSAmax of the quadriceps (range of postural-related changes: 1.0%-7.9%), hamstrings (0.8%-19.1%), and adductors (2.4%-19.2%). Regardless of measurement position, the total volume of thigh muscles decreased under compressed conditions (0.6%-3.8%). Quadriceps and adductors decreased in muscle volume under compressed conditions (0.9%-4.0% and 0.8%-6.6%), while hamstrings increased (1.4%-9.3%). Male weightlifters, who possessed the largest thigh muscle volume, showed greater postural-related changes in the muscle volume of quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductors than the other subgroups. Therefore, postural conditions during MRI substantially change thigh muscle size, and the magnitude of the change depends on muscle size. Our results provide invivo evidence of the compressive behavior of thigh muscles and a new technical perspective for assessing thigh muscle size.

Static analysis of wind blades based on weight loads to the gravitation and the centrifugal forces Using Finite Element

Static analysis of wind turbine blades that convert kinetic energy using wind to electrical power has been analyzed using Ansys model. The geometry was imported in ANSYS workbench 2020R1, where the material was changed to Epoxy E-Glass Wet. The mesh independence that occurred at 800 and 600 element sizes and an element size of 800 was chosen for subsequent static analysis. The static analysis shows that the total deformation and von Mises stress of the wind turbine blade was improved at both the vertical position and the horizontal position by 40.0% and 38.61%, respectively. Besides, the static analysis showed an almost linear mode shape increased from mode lines. Nevertheless, Campbell's diagram showed that resonance vibration occurred at an amplitude of 5.5x106Pa with a corresponding frequency of 5Hz, which gave a rotational speed of 262.4x106 rpm. This shows that the impulse force is better applied in wind turbine blade transient analysis at a lower von Mises stress to attain a quicker damping response steady-state, which favors wind turbine blade analysis. Overall, the wind turbine blade is better designed at a vertical position to allow better deformation stress at a static position. Conversely, the von Mises stress showed 44.64% and 38.61% at horizontal and vertical positions. This also agrees with static total deformation, since stress is better managed at a lower percentage range.

Adaptive FPGA-Based Accelerators for Human-Robot Interaction in Indoor Environments.

This study addresses the challenges of human-robot interactions in real-time environments with adaptive field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based accelerators. Predicting human posture in indoor environments in confined areas is a significant challenge for service robots. The proposed approach works on two levels: the estimation of human location and the robot's intention to serve based on the human's location at static and adaptive positions. This paper presents three methodologies to address these challenges: binary classification to analyze static and adaptive postures for human localization in indoor environments using the sensor fusion method, adaptive Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) for the robot to deliver the task, and human-robot implicit communication. VLSI hardware schemes are developed for the proposed method. Initially, the control unit processes real-time sensor data through PIR sensors and multiple ultrasonic sensors to analyze the human posture. Subsequently, static and adaptive human posture data are communicated to the robot via Wi-Fi. Finally, the robot performs services for humans using an adaptive SLAM-based triangulation navigation method. The experimental validation was conducted in a hospital environment. The proposed algorithms were coded in Verilog HDL, simulated, and synthesized using VIVADO 2017.3. A Zed-board-based FPGA Xilinx board was used for experimental validation.

Head rotations follow those of a truncated Fick gimbal during an auditory guided visual search task.

Recent interest in dynamic sound localisation models has created a need to better understand the head movements made by humans. Previous studies have shown that static head positions and small oscillations of the head obey Donders' law: for each facing direction there is one unique three-dimensional orientation. It is unclear whether this same constraint applies to audiovisual localisation, where head movement is unrestricted and subjects may rotate their heads depending on the available auditory information. In an auditory guided visual search task, human subjects were instructed to localise an audiovisual target within a field of visual distractors in the frontal hemisphere. During this task, head and torso movements were monitored using a motion capture system. Head rotations were found to follow Donders' law during search tasks. Individual differences were present in the amount of roll that subjects deployed, though there was no statistically significant improvement in model performance when including these individual differences in a gimbal model. The roll component of head rotation could therefore be predicted with a truncated Fick gimbal, which consists of a pitch axis nested within a yaw axis. This led to a reduction from three to two degrees of freedom when modelling head movement during localisation tasks.

Motion Tape Strain During Trunk Muscle Engagement in Young, Healthy Participants.

Motion Tape (MT) is a low-profile, disposable, self-adhesive wearable sensor that measures skin strain. Preliminary studies have validated MT for measuring lower back movement. However, further analysis is needed to determine if MT can be used to measure lower back muscle engagement. The purpose of this study was to measure differences in MT strain between conditions in which the lower back muscles were relaxed versus maximally activated. Ten participants without low back pain were tested. A matrix of six MTs was placed on the lower back, and strain data were captured under a series of conditions. The first condition was a baseline trial, in which participants lay prone and the muscles of the lower back were relaxed. The subsequent trials were maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), in which participants did not move, but resisted the examiner force in extension or rotational directions to maximally engage their lower back muscles. The mean MT strain was calculated for each condition. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to analyze the effects of conditions (baseline, extension, right rotation, and left rotation) and MT position (1-6) on the MT strain. Post hoc analyses were conducted for significant effects from the overall analysis. The results of the ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition (p < 0.001) and a significant interaction effect of sensor and condition (p = 0.01). There were significant differences in MT strain between the baseline condition and the extension and rotation MVIC conditions, respectively, for sensors 4, 5, and 6 (p = 0.01-0.04). The largest differences in MT strain were observed between baseline and rotation conditions for sensors 4, 5, and 6. MT can capture maximal lower back muscle engagement while the trunk remains in a stationary position. Lower sensors are better able to capture muscle engagement than upper sensors. Furthermore, MT captured muscle engagement during rotation conditions better than during extension.

Capture and catalytic conversion of CO2 from marine and offshore applications – A review

Abstract This contribution examines recent advances in modeling fluid dynamics and capture/conversion of CO2 from marine and offshore applications in packed-bed columns/trickle-bed reactors subjected to static inclination, externally-induced rolling and heaving motions. Breaking the axial symmetry of the two-phase flow once the packed bed system is tilted results in a significant decrease in process performance, the extent of which is determined by the magnitude of the tilt and the column/reactor diameter. Only the conversion of CO2 from marine engine emissions on-board large cargo ships via catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 to styrene oxide in multiphase large-diameter trickle-bed reactors increases slightly with increasing reactor inclination. Under the externally induced column/reactor oscillations, CO2 capture/conversion performance shifts toward the steady-state solution of the vertical column/reactor as the asymmetry between the two inclined positions decreases. Oscillating (between two inclined symmetrical positions) and heaving packed-bed columns/trickle-bed reactors generate an oscillating performance around the steady-state solution of the vertical static position, which is driven by the amplitude and period of the angular and heaving motions via the continuous evolution of the intensity of the reverse secondary flow and by the magnitude of the reactor/column diameter. The catalytic conversion of CO2 captured from marine emissions via an integrated process coupling reverse water-gas shift reaction and methanol synthesis in a fixed-bed reactors network system shows a remarkable enhancement with the addition of H2O adsorbent to the reaction systems in the sorption-enhanced process periods.

Affordable Real-Time PPP—Combining Low-Cost GNSS Receivers with Galileo HAS Corrections in Static, Pseudo-Kinematic, and UAV Experiments

The Galileo High Accuracy Service (HAS) is a free of charge Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) augmentation service provided by the European Union. It is designed to enable real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with a target accuracy (at the 95% confidence level) of 20 cm and 40 cm in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively, to be achieved within 300 s. The performance of the service has been confirmed with geodetic-grade receivers. However, mass market applications require low-cost GNSS receivers connected to low-cost antennae. This paper focuses on the performance of the real-time static and kinematic positioning achieved with Galileo HAS and low-cost GNSS receivers. The study is limited to GPS+Galileo dual-frequency positioning, thus exploiting the full potential of Galileo HAS SL1. We demonstrate that the target accuracy of Galileo HAS SL1 is reached with both geodetic-grade and low-cost receivers in dual-frequency static and kinematic applications in open-sky conditions. Precision of a few centimeters is reached for static positioning, while kinematic positioning results in subdecimeter precision. Vertical accuracy is limited by missing phase center offset models for low-cost antennas. In general, the performance of low-cost hardware using Galileo HAS for real-time PPP is comparable to that of geodetic-grade hardware. Therefore, combining low-cost GNSS receivers with Galileo HAS is feasible and justified.

Tremor after solid organ transplantation: Results from the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort Study.

Tremor is a frequent complaint of solid organ transplant recipients. We report on the largest population investigated with clinical neurophysiological methods. Our aim is to objectively establish the tremor prevalence and syndrome in the largest population of solid organ transplant recipients. Tremor was measured in heart, kidney, liver, and lung recipients, using accelerometers during rest, postural, and weight-loaded conditions. The 95th percentile of healthy kidney donors' tremor amplitude was used as the cutoff to determine the presence of tremor in transplant recipients. Tremor frequency, frequency variability, and effect of loading were used to investigate enhanced physiological tremor as the likely tremor syndrome. Impact on activities of daily life was assessed, and correlations with tacrolimus blood levels were investigated. Tremor was present in 52% of 246 transplant recipients, typically in postural positions. Mean tremor frequency was 6.1 (±2.0) Hz; mean tremor variability was 2.6 (±1.8) Hz. A frequency decrease upon loading was found in 83% of patients with tremor. Sixty-five percent of patients met formal clinical neurophysiological criteria for enhanced physiological tremor. Tremor-related impairment was present in 55% and correlated with tremor amplitude (ρ = 0.23, p ≤ 0.001). In a binominal regression analysis, tacrolimus blood levels were independently associated with tremor prevalence (p = 0.009). More than half of solid organ transplant recipients experience a tremor that best fits the syndrome of enhanced physiological tremor. This is the first objective study on tremor that has established a better understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of tremor in a large population of solid organ transplant recipients.

Postural control among older adults with fear of falling and chronic low back pain

ObjectiveAltered Postural control could increase the risk of falling in older adults. Factors such as low back pain and fear of falling can be contributing factors to postural control instability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic low back pain (CLBP) and fear of falling (FOF) on postural control of older adults.MethodForty-one older adults were included (27 LBP and 14 control). Among the participants, 22 people had high FOF, and 19 had low FOF based on Falls efficacy scale cut-off of ≥ 26. For postural control evaluation Center of pressure parameters (COP) of Standard deviation (Sd) of velocity, Sd of amplitude, path length and mean velocity in both Medial–lateral (ML) and Anterior–Posterior (AP) directions were measured. Mixed-model anova with two between group factor (Health status; with and without CLBP, and with high and low FES-I groups) and one within factor postural condition (four conditions with and without vision and Achill tendon vibration) was used.ResultNo significant interaction between groups (health status and FES-I) and group with condition (health status and condition or FES-I and condition) was observed for all COP parameters in both AP and ML direction. There was main effect of FES-I for all COP parameters in ML direction, with greater Sd of velocity, Sd of amplitude, path length and mean velocity in older adults with high FES-I compared to low FES-I in the ML direction.ConclusionHigh levels of FOF influenced static postural control in the ML direction. Therefore, paying attention to the lateral stability of older adults is of great importance.

Determination of stability indicators as the main criteria for assessing the development of special endurance of cadets

The paper investigates the main biomechanical indicators of the statokinesiogram to assess the coordination criteria of resistance before and after load in physical training classes of cadets of Military Higher Education Institutions (VHE), as well as the registration of posture indicators that characterize the development of the main muscles of the trunk, i.e.: amplitude- frequency, vector and integral indicators of oscillations of the general center of mass. Back in the 20th century, the Hungarian physician Romberg introduced into clinical practice the observation of the upright position of the body and developed a method for assessing the degree of body oscillation and tremor of the limbs. He found that the assessment of the vertical position of the body due to quantitative biomechanical stability criteria is an important indicator of the functional state of the cadets' body and their health [3; 4; 5;7;10]. In the practice of physical training, various static positions and postures are often encountered. Such static positions include various racks, hangs, stops in gymnastic exercises, starting positions in athletics, swimming and other sports, postures of weightlifters, shooters, etc. The role of these positions and postures as elements of sports technique can be completely different if we consider their main three phases - initial, intermediate and final. Depending on which of these phases the studied static posture belongs to, it is possible to specifically assess its role in the effective solution of the motor task. The significant role of static positions and postures in sports is also evidenced by the fact that in competitions for the court, the girls' rules regulate the fixation of static postures [ 1, 2, 8, 9, 11]. Object of research. Cadets of the main group of 1-4 courses with an average level of development of physical condition (Fig. 1). Subject of research. Oscillations of the CMR of the body during stabilometry, where the leading human sensory systems: vestibular, proprioceptive and visual systems unequally integrate their contribution. As a result of the research, the leading role of proprioceptive, amplitude-frequency characteristics of CMR oscillations in the control of equilibrium has been proved, which is confirmed by the studies of M.O. Bernstein (1947), V.S. Gurfinkel (1965-1980), Bretz (1993) and other specialists [3; 4; 6; 7; 9]. Thus, the stabilographic method can be useful in assessing the body's response to stress, as well as in assessing and predicting the effectiveness of the development of special endurance of cadets in various conditions of professional activity.

Analysis of poor work postures during morning care operations of intensive care unit nurses: a field research

BackgroundPoor working postures in morning care operations contribute significantly to work-related muscle fatigue and low back pain among ICU (Intensive Care Unit, ICU) nurses. However,there are few field studies on the relationship between Poor working postures and work-related muscle fatigue, low back pain among ICU nurses.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the frequency and degree of posture hazards associated with poor working postures during morning care operations of ICU nurses.MethodsTwo ICUs in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Hunan Province were randomly selected for the field study in May–June 2021 research. The image data of the participating nurses’ morning care work postures were collected by observation method and image recording method, and the postural hazard level was assessed by the two-person interpretation method of the work posture analysis system. The mean and standard deviation, frequency and percentage were used for the basic statistical description, and the general linear model multivariate Hotelling’s T2 test was used to calculate the Hotelling’s T2 and F statistics to explore the pattern of change in the postural hazard score curves.ResultsA total of 45 nurses were observed during morning care operations, resulting in 47.8 h of video data and 34,428 effective static operation posture pictures. Among these pictures, 21,166 (61.5%) depicted poor working postures. Nurses spent up to 7 min and 30 s maintaining a challenging posture during oral care, with the highest postural hazard score (M = 2.2, SD = 0.3) observed during defecation care. Each patient requires a total of 25–30 min of oral care per day.The Hotelling’s T2 test indicated that the change curve of the postural hazard score in each step revealed the largest second-order F value, F = 52.931, P < 0.001.DiscussionICU nurses frequently adopt poor working postures during morning care operations. Further research should focus on optimizing safe working postures to prevent or minimise detrimental occupational hazards resulting from poor working postures.Research on occupational low back pain among ICU nurses can help them work more efficiently, and thereby improving their nursing level.

Prevalence of Varicose Veins among Nurses in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Study

Abstract Introduction Millions of individuals worldwide spend significant portions of their workdays standing or in static positions, which can pose health risks such as varicose veins. Globally, varicose vein prevalence ranges from 20 to 60%, with women being at two to three times higher risk compared to men. Varicose veins are characterized by dilated, palpable veins with a diameter larger than 3 mm. Nurses face a 16% risk of developing varicose veins, highlighting the importance of health care professionals' well-being for the effective functioning of the health care system. Therefore, this study aimed to provide insights into the prevalence of varicose vein symptoms among nurses. Methods A descriptive prospective study was conducted among 210 nurses with more than 1 year of experience, using purposive sampling. Demographic information and varicose vein symptoms were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Results The study found that 8.6% of nurses were diagnosed with varicose veins. The majority of participants were female (97.6%) with a normal body mass index (86.7%). Prevalent symptoms included worsened leg pain (77.6%), night cramps (62.4%), and throbbing in lower legs (37.6%). Visible spider veins (19.5%) and other symptoms were reported less frequently. Conclusion A lower prevalence of varicose veins among nurses was identified, possibly due to demographic factors of the study population. It is recommended to conduct health education campaigns tailored for health care professionals, particularly nurses, and implement regular health checkups to screen for varicose veins. These proactive measures are essential for promoting occupational health and ensuring the well-being of the nursing workforce.

Alterations in magnitude and spatial distribution of erector spinae muscle activity in cyclists with a recent history of low back pain.

While cycling offers several health benefits, repetitive loading and maintenance of static postures for prolonged periods expose cyclists to low back pain (LBP). Despite high LBP prevalence in cyclists, underlying pathomechanics and specific lumbar region muscle activation patterns during cycling are unclear. Here, we compared lumbar erector spinae (ES) muscles activation and spatial distribution activity in cyclists with and without recent LBP history. Ten cyclists with recent LBP history (LBPG; Oswestry Disability Index score ~ 17.8%) and 11 healthy cyclists (CG) were recruited. After assessing the Functional Threshold Power (FTP), participants underwent an incremental cycling test with 4 × 3min steps at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% of their FTP. High-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) signals were recorded from both lumbar ES using two 64-channel grids. Information about ES activation levels (root-mean-square, RMS), degree of homogeneity (entropy), and cranio-caudal displacement of muscle activity (Y-axis coordinate of the barycenter of RMS maps) was extracted from each grid separately and then grand-averaged across both grids. Repeated-measure 2-way ANOVAs showed a significant intensity by group interaction for RMS amplitude (p = 0.003), entropy (p = 0.038), and Y-bar displacement (p = 0.033). LBPG increased RMS amplitude between 70-100% (+ 19%, p = 0.010) and 80-100% FTP (+ 21%, p = 0.004) and decreased entropy between 70-100% FTP (-8.4%, p = 0.003) and 80-100% FTP (-8.5%, p = 0.002). Between-group differences emerged only at 100% FTP (+ 9.6%, p = 0.049) for RMS amplitude. Our findings suggest that cyclists with recent LBP history exhibit higher ES muscles activation and less homogeneous activity compared to healthy controls, suggesting potential inefficient muscle recruitment strategy. HEC-DSB/09-2023.

Lumbar spine marker placement errors and soft tissue artifact during dynamic flexion/extension and lateral bending in individuals with chronic low back pain

Quantitative in vivo biomechanical assessments are typically performed with optoelectronic motion capture (MoCap) using retroreflective markers attached to skin. This technique inherently contains measurement errors from both marker placement on palpated bony landmarks and skin motion relative to the underlying bone (i.e., soft tissue artifact (STA)). Research on lumbar spine STA is scarce and limited to young, healthy participants in static positions. This study aimed to evaluate static placement errors, lumbar spine STA from MoCap marker clusters (MMC), and linear relationships between STA and patient characteristics. Thirty-nine participants with cLBP performed three trials each of flexion/extension and lateral bending while imaged simultaneously by MoCap (120 Hz) and dynamic biplane radiography DBR (20 Hz). MMCs were placed 29.5 ± 18.0 mm and 27.1 ± 13.4 mm superior to the most prominent aspect of the L1 and L5 spinous process, respectively. L1 relative to L5 STA was larger during flexion/extension (8.6 ± 5.7°) than lateral bending (4.5 ± 2.1°) (p < 0.001). After correcting for marker placement errors, components of the L1 and L5 STA averaged as much as 16.3 mm and 11.4° during flexion/extension, but only 4.0 mm and 4.8° or less during lateral bending. On average, STA for individual L1 and L5 vertebrae increased as participants moved away from the upright neutral position. STA was participant-dependent, however, age and BMI did not model STA well. Given the inaccuracy in marker placement and wide range of patterns of STA, caution is urged when making clinical decisions or when using computational models to estimate spine tissue loading based upon lumbar spine kinematics obtained from skin-mounted markers.

Locomotion and Postural Control in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Novel Kinesiological Assessment.

Background/Objectives: The purposes of the present study were to assess gait by using a novel approach that plots two adjacent joint angles and the postural control in individuals with autism (ASD) and individuals with typical neurodevelopmental (TD). Methods: The surface electromyography (sEMG) activity was measured synchronously with the other variables. Twenty young adult men, 10 with TD and 10 with a diagnosis of ASD, took part in this study. Results: There was a significant difference between ASD and TD groups in the area described by the knee-ankle diagram (p < 0.05). The sEMG activity recorded from the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) during the contact phase of gait was significantly lower in the ASD group compared with the TD group (p < 0.05). The sEMG activity recorded in the different postural conditions showed differences in LG and tibialis anterior (TA) between the ASD and TD groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The knee-ankle diagram provided a sensitive and specific movement descriptor to differentiate individuals with ASD from individuals with TD. The reduced LG activation is responsible for the reduced area in the knee-ankle diagram and 'toe-walking' in individuals with ASD and represents the common denominator of an altered ankle strategy during locomotion and postural control.

The relationship between static and dynamic postural deformities with pain and quality of life in non-athletic women

BackgroundThe assessment of the postural condition with functional tests are used with the least facilities in the shortest time, for a wide the range of movements for different parts of the body. Both static and dynamic posture measurements are predictive of injury. These two assessments provide different information regarding posture control. Also, with the advancement of this technology, the speed of posture assessment and deformity diagnosis can be increased and done with the minimum facilities. This can signal a new method for the quick diagnosis of abnormalities and ultimately prevent or correct psychological effects and musculoskeletal pain in the future. Because as seen according to the citations, abnormalities cause musculoskeletal pains, movement restrictions and ultimately affect the quality of life.MethodsThe current research is of the applied and semi-experimental type, and in terms of the results it is of the relational and correlational type. In this research, 148 non-Athletic women from Fardis City participated, in which the results obtained from the static evaluation was analyzed by the Posture Screen application after taking photos from four directions using a smartphone, and also the dynamic evaluation was identified and analyzed by the researcher using the overhead squat test of compensatory movements, with the data that from Cornell pain and quality of life SF-36 questionnaires was. Data description and correlation between variables were done with the η coefficient method.ResultsAccording to the findings there is a positive and significant correlation between the prevalence of uneven pelvic deformity and the amount of pain in non-athletic women (P = 0.036, η (148) = 0.17). In other words, pain increased significantly when the pelvis was changed from a normal position to a lateral deviation position. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between the prevalence of deformity of knee movement, back arch, straight back, heel lift and the quality of life in non-athletic women (P = 0.020, η (148) = 0.19).ConclusionsAccording to the results, deformities have an effect on pain and the frequency of pain, on the other hand, in the present study, dynamic evaluations showed deformities more accurately than static evaluations.

Research on AIS algorithm based on factor graph inference in Doppler localization

Abstract In this paper, an adaptive incremental smoothing (AIS) algorithm based on factor graph inference is proposed to solve the problem of improving the Doppler positioning accuracy of low-Earth orbit communication satellites. Traditional methods such as iterative least squares (ILS) algorithm and Extended Kalman filter (EKF) have certain limitations in real-time Doppler localization. The AIS algorithm uses factor graph inference to identify interference factors, and adopts adaptive smoothing to reduce the impact of estimation errors and promote adaptive noise estimation. The ground station Starlink satellite constellation static positioning was taken as an example, and the simulation was carried out on the STK software simulation platform to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of the AIS algorithm based on factor graph inference is significantly improved compared with the ILS and EKF algorithms in real-time Doppler positioning solutions. The aim of this research is to improve the positioning accuracy of low-orbit satellites and provide a reference for practical applications.