Static Fluid Research Articles

Hierarchical Nanostructures as Acoustically Manipulatable Multifunctional Agents in Dynamic Fluid Flow.

Acoustic waves provide a biocompatible and deep-tissue-penetrating tool suitable for contactless manipulation in in vivo environments. Despite the prevalence of dynamic fluids within the body, previous studies have primarily focused on static fluids, and manipulatable agents in dynamic fluids are limited to gaseous core-shell particles. However, these gas-filled particles face challenges in fast-flow manipulation, complex setups, design versatility, and practical medical imaging, underscoring the need for effective alternatives. In this study, flower-like hierarchical nanostructures (HNS) into microparticles (MPs) are incorporated, and demonstrated that various materials fabricated as HNS-MPs exhibit effective and reproducible acoustic trapping within high-velocity fluid flows. Through simulations, it is validated that the HNS-MPs are drawn to the focal point by acoustic streaming and form a trap through secondary acoustic streaming at the tips of the nanosheets comprising the HNS-MPs. Furthermore, the wide range of materials and modification options for HNS, combined with their high surface area and biocompatibility, enable them to serve as acoustically manipulatable multimodal imaging contrast agents and microrobots. They can perform intravascular multi-trap maneuvering with real-time imaging, purification of wastewater flow, and highly-loaded drug delivery. Given the diverse HNS materials developed to date, this study extends their applications to acoustofluidic and biomedical fields.

Analysis of Student Problem-Solving Skills on Static Fluid Topics

Abstract Finding high school students’ Problem-Solving Skills (PSS) on static fluid is the aim of this study. A sample of 125 students from a high school in East Java, Indonesia, was employed in this quantitative study employing a survey methodology. The Problem-Solving Skills Test (Cronbarch’s Alpha reliability of 0.66), which consists of six essay questions with a scoring range of 1 to 5, was used to collect the study data. The research data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The average PSS of the students according to the research results was 20.54 with the conversion of the PSS Test score to a scale of 0-100, placing them in the beginner category. According to the PSS indicators, the rank of students from highest to lowest level is Useful Description, Specific Application of Physics, Mathematical Procedures, Physics Approach, and Logical Progression. Students find that Archimedes’ Law, Pascal’s Law, and Hydrostatic Pressure are the most difficult static fluid subtopic to go through. It is highly recommended that learning methods that can support students’ problem-solving skills, such as project-based learning in conjunction with Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics (STEAM), provide them with the skills to use logic in their thinking when solving problems.

Development of Static Fluid Demonstrators: Hydraulic Bridge to Improve Laboratory Skills

Abstract This research aims to develop a hydraulic bridge as a static fluid material prop. The development of these teaching aids focuses on improving students’ laboratory skills. This research is based on the need for students to have practical experience in the laboratory. This developed hydraulic bridge prop is expected to strengthen mastery of concepts in static fluid materials and improve students’ laboratory skills. The research method used is research and development with the resulting product in the form of hydraulic bridge props. Quantitative analysis techniques are used to measure the feasibility and effectiveness of teaching aids that have been developed, as well as to improve students’ laboratory skills. The results showed that the hydraulic bridge trainers that have been developed have excellent feasibility and effectiveness. The results showed a positive relationship between using hydraulic bridge props and improving student laboratory capabilities. The interactive nature of the developed teaching aids enhances technical abilities and fosters students’ critical thinking, problem-solving, and teamwork skills. This study concluded that the teaching aids in the form of hydraulic bridges that had been developed proved feasible and effective and were able to improve students’ laboratory skills. The implications of this research extend to curriculum improvement and advocating for the integration of practical teaching aids, such as hydraulic bridges, to optimize student learning outcomes. Future directions include improving the implementation of hydraulic bridges across engineering disciplines and conducting longitudinal studies to assess its long-term impact on student’s academic and professional development.

The TPACK Physics Learning Video: Forming 21st Century Skills in Physics Learning

Abstract The 21st century learning process in schools emphasizes soft skills. To support the learning process in schools, learning videos are needed that present physics content in a learning process. This article publishes the results of research and development of physics learning videos. This physics learning video presents physics learning in stages that train creativity and critical thinking skills. The physics content is a Static Fluid presented with the TPACK framework. This physics learning video uses Lee & Owens research and development stages. Product feasibility is assessed using a questionnaire by experts. The components assessed are the suitability of physics content, the suitability of the learning process, the suitability of physics learning media on static fluid concepts. Sequentially, it received an assessment of 95.0% for physics content, 98.0% for the learning process, 100.0% for video media. The implementation of TPACK for the learning process in learning video products has made it easier for students to practice their critical thinking skills and increase their creativity.

Optimization of geological carbon storage operations with multimodal latent dynamic model and deep reinforcement learning

Identifying the time-varying control schemes that maximize storage performance is critical to the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage (GCS) projects. However, the optimization process typically demands extensive resource-intensive simulation evaluations, which poses significant computational challenges and practical limitations. In this study, we presented the multimodal latent dynamic (MLD) model, a novel deep learning framework for fast flow prediction and well control optimization in GCS operations. The MLD model implicitly characterizes the forward compositional simulation process through three components: a representation module that learns compressed latent representations of the system, a transition module that approximates the evolution of the system states in the low-dimensional latent space, and a prediction module that forecasts the flow responses for given well controls. A novel model training strategy combining a regression loss and a joint-embedding consistency loss was introduced to jointly optimize the three modules, which enhances the temporal consistency of the learned representations and ensures multi-step prediction accuracy. Unlike most existing deep learning models designed for systems with specific parameters, the MLD model supports arbitrary input modalities, thereby enabling comprehensive consideration of interactions between diverse types of data, including dynamic state variables, static spatial system parameters, rock and fluid properties, as well as external well settings. Since the MLD model mirrors the structure of a Markov decision process (MDP) that computes state transitions and rewards (i.e., economic calculation for flow responses) for given states and actions, it can serve as an interactive environment to train deep reinforcement learning agents. Specifically, the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm was employed to learn an optimal control policy that maximizes the net present value (NPV) from the experiences gained by continuous interactions with the MLD model. The efficacy of the proposed approach was first compared against commonly used simulation-based evolutionary algorithm and surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithm on a deterministic GCS optimization case, showing that the proposed approach achieves the highest NPV, while reducing the required computational resources by more than 60%. The framework was further applied to the generalizable GCS optimization case. The results indicate that the trained agent is capable of harnessing the knowledge learned from previous scenarios to provide improved decisions for newly encountered scenarios, demonstrating promising generalization performance.

The Effectiveness of E-Modules Based on Local Wisdom in the City of Palembang to Improve Thinking Skills High School Students' Criticism of Static Fluid Material

This research aims to determine the effect of implementing an e-module based on local wisdom in the city of Palembang on static fluid material on the critical thinking skills of high school students. This type of research is a quasi-experiment using the pretest-posttest method. The population of this study was class XI students of SMA Negeri 2 Palembang City. Data analysis techniques use quantitative data to analyze data collected from student achievement scores. The results of the pretest data analysis on critical thinking skills averaged 53, while the average post-test score was 82. This shows that students' critical thinking skills have improved after using the static fluid e-module based on local wisdom in Palembang. This is proven by the results of the N-gain test analysis showing that students with critical thinking skills scored 0.60 in the medium category.

Static perfect fluid spacetime on Riemannian manifolds admitting concurrent-recurrent vector field with Bach tensor

Abstract In this paper, we first consider the 𝕊 ⁢ ℙ ⁢ 𝔽 {\mathbb{SPF}} equation on a Riemannian CRVF-manifold M and show that either M is Einstein or the potential function is pointwise collinear with ζ on an open set U of M. Next, we show that if a Riemannian CRVF-manifold M is the spatial factor of a 𝕊 ⁢ ℙ ⁢ 𝔽 {\mathbb{SPF}} with a Batch tensor then it is a Batch flat space-time manifold.

On static perfect fluid spacetimes and almost co-Kähler manifolds

On static perfect fluid spacetimes and almost co-Kähler manifolds

Hodge Decomposition of Conformal Vector Fields on a Riemannian Manifold and Its Applications

For a compact Riemannian m-manifold (Mm,g),m>1, endowed with a nontrivial conformal vector field ζ with a conformal factor σ, there is an associated skew-symmetric tensor φ called the associated tensor, and also, ζ admits the Hodge decomposition ζ=ζ¯+∇ρ, where ζ¯ satisfies divζ¯=0, which is called the Hodge vector, and ρ is the Hodge potential of ζ. The main purpose of this article is to initiate a study on the impact of the Hodge vector and its potential on Mm. The first result of this article states that a compact Riemannian m-manifold Mm is an m-sphere Sm(c) if and only if (1) for a nonzero constant c, the function −σ/c is a solution of the Poisson equation Δρ=mσ, and (2) the Ricci curvature satisfies Ricζ¯,ζ¯≥φ2. The second result states that if Mm has constant scalar curvature τ=m(m−1)c>0, then it is an Sm(c) if and only if the Ricci curvature satisfies Ricζ¯,ζ¯≥φ2 and the Hodge potential ρ satisfies a certain static perfect fluid equation. The third result provides another new characterization of Sm(c) using the affinity tensor of the Hodge vector ζ¯ of a conformal vector field ζ on a compact Riemannian manifold Mm with positive Ricci curvature. The last result states that a complete, connected Riemannian manifold Mm, m>2, is a Euclidean m-space if and only if it admits a nontrivial conformal vector field ζ whose affinity tensor vanishes identically and ζ annihilates its associated tensor φ.

Study on the Structural Characteristics of Bulb Tubular Pumps Based on Fluid–Structure Interaction

As a special type of through-flow device, bulb turbine pumps have been widely used in the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project due to their compact structure, flexible installation process, easy maintenance, high efficiency, and strong adaptability. Therefore, structural improvements to enhance their safety and stability through fluid–structure interaction analysis have significant engineering value. This paper conducts static and transient fluid–structure interaction analyses of the bulb turbine pump structure. The results show that the rotor structure experiences the greatest deformation under low-flow conditions, with maximum deformation (2.13 mm) occurring at the leading edge of the impeller inlet and decreasing radially along a gradient distribution. The damping effect of water changes the mode shapes of the rotor structure, and although the vibration modes under wet conditions are similar to those in the air, the frequencies decrease to varying degrees. In transient analyses under different conditions, the total deformation of the rotor system is greater than in static analyses, showing significant regularity. Under low-flow conditions, the deformation of the pressure surface at the inlet and outlet of the blade tip is greater than that of the suction surface, with a maximum total deformation of 3.656 mm. The maximum total deformation under design flow is 3.337 mm; under high flow, it is 2.646 mm. The total deformation of the casing mainly occurs on both sides of the internal bulb body bottom support, with a maximum deformation of 2.0355 mm and an equivalent stress maximum of 44.848 MPa. The equivalent stress and total deformation distribution of the support structure are similar, located at the top support and trailing edge, with a maximum value of 22.94 MPa at the trailing edge. The research results provide technical references and theoretical foundations for the structural optimization of bulb turbine pumps.

Evaluation on different volume of fluid methods in unstructured solver under the optimized condition

We compared the accuracy of volume of fluid (VOF) methods in unstructured solvers using the following five different methods: 1 - the algebraically compressive VOF method, 2 – simple coupled VOF method with Level Set (S-CLSVOF) method, 3 - interface-compressing VOF method incorporated with Laplacian filter (VOFL), 4 - isoAdvector method, and 5 - isoAdvector method incorporated with Laplacian filter (isoAdvectorL) by incorporating them into OpenFOAM®, an open-source software. To evaluate these methods under proper conditions, we compared the calculation accuracy using the optimized parameters, which are explored by Bayesian optimization. The test cases for advection accuracy of volume fraction and for imbalance of surface tension force in static multiphase fluid fields were considered. In this study, we found that the compression parameters and maximum Courant number should be adjusted to obtain high accuracy simulation according to the simulation condition in VOF and S-CLSVOF method. In VOFL and isoAdvectorL methods, the spurious current can be extremely reduced, which means that these methods are suitable for slow flow with higher Laplace number conditions.

Challenges in secondary school education: profile of physics students' critical thinking skills

For students to be able to compete and overcome challenges in the future, critical thinking is essential. The study’s descriptive methodology aims to describe the students’ critical thinking abilities. Every high school in a South Sulawesi district made up the research population. Based on school accreditation, with the use of a proportionate stratified random sampling technique, 150 students were chosen to comprise the research sample. The test instrument used is an essay distributed online. The indicators for the description questions are interpretation, analysis, and interpretation thinking skills. According to the study’s findings, students’ critical thinking abilities in static fluid material have an average score in the medium category of 73.09. In terms of school accreditation, students' physics critical thinking abilities average 73.87 for schools with A accreditation, 72.43 for schools with B accreditation, and 68.47 for schools with C accreditation. The percentage of each indicator of critical thinking skills is 34.58 in inference, 33.70 in analysis, and 31.71 in interpretation. It is anticipated that this study will give a broad picture of students’ critical thinking competencies for teachers to choose and implement the most suitable stimulus to aid students in developing their critical thinking abilities.

Preliminary Study of Dark-matter-dominated Systems: Further Analysis for Galactic Dark Matter Halos with Pressure

Low-surface-brightness galaxies are excellent laboratories, where stars and baryonic matter act as tracers of the gravitational potential of the dark matter halo. If dark matter is modeled as a perfect fluid, then spherically symmetric and static dark matter halos in hydrostatic equilibrium demand that dark matter should have an intrinsic pressure that counteracts the gravitational attraction that the dark matter halo exerts on itself. This static fluid (a dark-matter-dominated system, where the presence of baryons is negligible) has a specific equation of state for each rotational velocity profile of the stars in galaxies. In this work, we study the dark matter equation of state needed for the self-gravitating object to produce a gravitational potential such that the tracers follow the universal rotational velocity profile for stars of spiral galaxies proposed by Persic et al. and analyze the properties of the self-gravitating structures that emerge from this equation of state. The resulting configurations explaining the observed rotational speeds are found to be unstable. We conclude that the halo is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, it is nonspherically symmetric, or it is not static if the universal velocity profile should be valid for fitting the rotational velocity curve of the galaxies.

The Application of The Condition Construction Development Simulation Reflection (CCDSR) Learning Model Assisted by A Combination of Real-Virtual Experiments on Students' Science Process Skills on Static Fluid Material

The science process skills possessed by students are still in the low category. This is caused by a lack of learning activities that facilitate students to train and develop their existing science process skills in learning. This research aims to determine the improvement of science process skills through the application of the CCDSR learning model to static fluid material. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a one group pretest posttest research design involving class XI MIPA students with a total of 31 participants. Data collection was carried out using scientific process skills test instruments and then analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity tests, hypothesis tests and N-Gain tests assisted by IBM SPSS version 29 software. Based on the results of data processing, the significance value of the normality test for the pretest was obtained at 0, 10 < 0.05, while for the posttest it was 0.086 > 0.05. Then, the homogeneity test has a significance value of 0.555 > 0.05, and the t test is <0.001. Meanwhile, the average increase in science process skills obtained from the N-Gain test was 0.62 in the medium category. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that applying the CCDSR learning model in learning can improve students' science process skills in static fluid material.

Effects of dynamic versus static parameter-guided fluid resuscitation in patients with sepsis: A randomized controlled trial.

Fluid resuscitation is an essential component for sepsis treatment. Although several studies demonstrated that dynamic variables were more accurate than static variables for prediction of fluid responsiveness, fluid resuscitation guidance by dynamic variables is not standard for treatment. The objectives were to determine the effects of dynamic inferior vena cava (IVC)-guided versus (vs.) static central venous pressure (CVP)-guided fluid resuscitation in septic patients on mortality; and others, i.e., resuscitation targets, shock duration, fluid and vasopressor amount, invasive respiratory support, length of stay and adverse events. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted at Thammasat University Hospital between August 2016 and April 2020. Septic patients were stratified by acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation II (APACHEII) <25 or ≥25 and randomized by blocks of 2 and 4 to fluid resuscitation guidance by dynamic IVC or static CVP. Of 124 patients enrolled, 62 were randomized to each group, and one of each was excluded from mortality analysis. Baseline characteristics were comparable. The 30-day mortality rates between dynamic IVC vs. static CVP groups were not different (34.4% vs. 45.9%, p=0.196). Relative risk for 30-day mortality of dynamic IVC group was 0.8 (95%CI=0.5-1.2, p=0.201). Different outcomes were median (interquartile range) of shock duration (0.8 (0.4-1.6) vs. 1.5 (1.1-3.1) days, p=0.001) and norepinephrine (NE) dose (6.8 (3.9-17.8) vs. 16.1 (7.6-53.6) milligrams, p=0.008 and 0.1 (0.1-0.3) vs. 0.3 (0.1-0.8) milligram⋅kilogram -1, p=0.017). Others were not different. Dynamic IVC-guided fluid resuscitation does not affect mortality of septic patients. However, this may reduce shock duration and NE dose, compared with static CVP guidance.

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTIVE PHYSICS LEARNING VIDEOS BASED ON SCIENCE ENVIRONMENT TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY AT THE HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL

This research is motivated by the use of learning methods that are still monotonous and uninteresting, the discussion of one of the physics materials that is difficult for students to understand, namely static fluid materials. This results in students having difficulty understanding the concepts and equations contained in static fluid materials. To overcome this problem, an interactive physics learning video based on the Science Environment Technology Society (SETS) was developed in order to provide students with an understanding of static fluid materials and become a digital media that can be used in the long term because it is flexible so that it can be used anywhere to repeat static fluid materials. The objectives of this research are: (1) To design interactive physics learning videos based on SETS at the high school/MA level; (2) To find out the feasibility of interactive physics learning videos based on SETS at the high school/MA level and (3) To find out the practicality of interactive physics learning videos based on SETS at the high school/MA level. This study uses the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method based on the Alessi and Trollip development model. In this study, a product was produced in the form of interactive physics learning videos based on SETS. The results of the study show that SETS-based interactive physics learning videos have met the category of very feasible. This is determined based on the results of validation from media experts with a percentage of 90.4% included in the "very feasible" criteria and the validation results from material experts obtained a percentage of 91.2% with the "very feasible" criteria and user validation results with a percentage of 93.2% with the "very feasible" criteria. The results of the practicality assessment by students received a percentage of 95% with the category "very practical" used in the learning process. Thus, it can be concluded that SETS-based learning videos can be used in the learning process.

Single-phase static immersion-cooled battery thermal management system with finned heat pipes

Effective thermal management is of critical importance to the performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries. However, research on small and medium-sized battery packs remains scarce. This paper proposes a new immersion cooling method. It combines finned heat pipes with a single-phase static immersion fluid, achieving optimal battery pack homogeneity in existing studies while outperforming the performance of conventional immersion cooling. The method is particularly suitable for energy storage batteries and small and medium-sized battery pack cooling applications. This paper presents a verification of the cooling performance of the cooling method through a combination of simulation analysis and experimental validation. The results demonstrate that the cooling method can enable small and medium-sized battery packs to meet the heat dissipation requirements of 3C or even higher discharge rate under natural convection conditions. In the active cooling scenario, when the battery pack is discharged at a 3C multiplier, the cooling scheme of 9 finned heat pipes can reduce the maximum temperature of the flow-submerged cooled battery pack by 6.4 °C and the maximum temperature difference between cells by 5.3 °C. Even when the battery is discharged at an extreme multiplication rate of 6C, the maximum temperature of the battery pack can be maintained at approximately 60 °C, with a maximum temperature difference between cells of around 15 °C. Based on the aforementioned simulation and experimental results, this paper also validates and analyses the main factors affecting the cooling effect of the method, namely the type of submerged liquid and the number of finned heat pipes.

A comparative study of the water based drilling fluid viscoelasticity versus shear viscosity effects on the filtration loss control

Drilling fluid shear viscosity and the elasticity are two of the most influential factors controlling the volume of fluid invasion into reservoir and the resultant formation damage. Previous studies were inconclusive regarding individual effects of the fluid shear viscosity vs elasticity, mainly because of the difficulty to separate and measure their impacts independently. In this study, two groups of fluids were formulated: one group with the same shear viscosity and variable elasticity and the other group with the same elasticity and variable shear viscosity. Detailed rheological characterizations were carried out by conducting amplitude sweep and controlled shear rate tests. Viscoelastic properties were quantified in terms of the energy dissipation. Static filtration tests and core flooding experiments were conducted to determine the static fluid loss, pressure drop across the core at different fluid flow rates, and the resultant formation damage induced by each fluid. The observations from this study provided several key insights: i-) The static filtration rate can be more effectively controlled by altering fluid viscoelasticity than the fluid shear viscosity; ii-) Both the shear viscosity and the elasticity strongly influence the pressure drop across the core, however, the effect of the fluid elasticity on the pressure drop is more pronounced; iii-) Increasing the fluid elasticity inhibits fluid invasion into the formation more effectively than increasing the fluid shear viscosity; iv-) The fluid elasticity can be effectively used for developing non-invasive fluids, which would reduce static filtration rate, increase pressure drop, and minimize formation damage by effectively reducing fluid invasion.

Model Pengembangan Desain Instruksional Pada Materi Fluida Statik

The research carried out is related to assessing the use of learning models. The learning model used is the Instructional Design development model on Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru. This model requires students to be more active in class. The use of this model will be combined with the use of modules as a learning resource, so that it can become an alternative for implementing learning. The aims of this research are 1) to describe learning using modules as an effective learning resource, 2) to describe student activities while using the Instructional Design Development Model in Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as a learning resource, 3) to describe the results student learning while using the Instructional Design development model in Static Fluid material in Class Learning Resources.This research is action research which is developmental and pre-eliminary in nature, so it only uses one class. The research design uses Kemmis MC Taggart's cycle model with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design learning pattern. This research was carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru class XI MIPA1, with 34 students. This learning consists of three cycles. The implementation of learning in each cycle uses different syntax, so that you can find out which cycle is most effective. Student learning activities are divided into three stages, Instruction stage, Doing stage, and Evaluating stage. Student learning activities increase in each cycle. Student activities are in the active to very active category. The highest student activity is in cycle 3 with the very active category. Student scores increase from pretest to posttest in each cycle. The highest posttest average score was in cycle 2. The highest n-gain was also in cycle 2 with the medium category. Student learning retention is included in the very strong category. The most effective learning uses the Instructional Design development model in Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as learning resources located in cycle 2. Based on the analysis of research data results, it can be concluded that the Instructional Design development model for Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as learning resources is suitable for use in Static Fluid material in Class This model can be an alternative learning model implemented by teachers. This research requires thorough preparation, so that further research can be better prepared

Integrasi Sifat Mekanik dan Optik yang dimiliki Beton terhadap Pembelajaran Fisika dengan Penerapan Kurikulum Merdeka

The research carried out is related to assessing the use of learning models. The learning model used is the Instructional Design development model on Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru. This model requires students to be more active in class. The use of this model will be combined with the use of modules as a learning resource, so that it can become an alternative for implementing learning. The aims of this research are 1) to describe learning using modules as an effective learning resource, 2) to describe student activities while using the Instructional Design Development Model in Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as a learning resource, 3) to describe the results student learning while using the Instructional Design development model in Static Fluid material in Class Learning Resources.This research is action research which is developmental and pre-eliminary in nature, so it only uses one class. The research design uses Kemmis MC Taggart's cycle model with a One Group Pretest-Posttest Design learning pattern. This research was carried out at SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru class XI MIPA1, with 34 students. This learning consists of three cycles. The implementation of learning in each cycle uses different syntax, so that you can find out which cycle is most effective. Student learning activities are divided into three stages, Instruction stage, Doing stage, and Evaluating stage. Student learning activities increase in each cycle. Student activities are in the active to very active category. The highest student activity is in cycle 3 with the very active category. Student scores increase from pretest to posttest in each cycle. The highest posttest average score was in cycle 2. The highest n-gain was also in cycle 2 with the medium category. Student learning retention is included in the very strong category. The most effective learning uses the Instructional Design development model in Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as learning resources located in cycle 2. Based on the analysis of research data results, it can be concluded that the Instructional Design development model for Static Fluid material in Class XI SMA Negeri 1 Batangtoru with modules as learning resources is suitable for use in Static Fluid material in Class This model can be an alternative learning model implemented by teachers. This research requires thorough preparation, so that further research can be better prepared.