Static Equilibrium System Research Articles

Characterization of Cancer Cell Mechanics by Measuring Active Deformation Behavior.

Active deformation behavior reflects cell structural dynamics adapting to varying environmental constraints during malignancy progression. In most cases, cell mechanics is characterized by modeling using static equilibriumsystems, which fails to comprehend cell deformation behavior leading to inaccuracies in distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells. Here, a method is introduced to measure the active deformation behavior of cancer cells using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the newly developed deformation behavior cytometry (DBC). During the measurement, cells are deformed and allows a long timescale relaxation (≈5 s). Two parameters are derived to represent deformation behavior: apparent Poisson's ratio for adherent cells, which is measured with AFM and refers to the ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain of the cell, and shape recovery for suspended cells, which is measured with DBC. Active deformation behavior defines cancer cell mechanics better than traditional mechanical parameters (e.g., stiffness, diffusion, and viscosity). Additionally, aquaporins are essential for promoting the deformation behavior, while the actin cytoskeleton acts as a downstream effector. Therefore, the potential application of the cancer cell active deformation behavior as a biomechanical marker or therapeutic target in cancer treatment should be evaluated.

From Dynamics to Novelty: An Agent-Based Model of the Economic System.

The modern economy is both a complex self-organizing system and an innovative, evolving one. Contemporary theory, however, treats it essentially as a static equilibrium system. Here we propose a formal framework to capture its complex, evolving nature. We develop an agent-based model of an economic system in which firms interact with each other and with consumers through market transactions. Production functions are represented by a pair of von Neumann technology matrices, and firms implement production plans taking into account current price levels for their inputs and output. Prices are determined by the relation between aggregate demand and supply. In the absence of exogenous perturbations the system fluctuates around its equilibrium state. New firms are introduced when profits are above normal, and are ultimately eliminated when losses persist. The varying number of firms represents a recurrent perturbation. The system thus exhibits dynamics at two levels: the dynamics of prices and output, and the dynamics of system size. The model aims to be realistic in its fundamental structure, but is kept simple in order to be computationally efficient. The ultimate aim is to use it as a platform for modeling the structural evolution of an economic system. Currently the model includes one form of structural evolution, the ability to generate new technologies and new products.

Вдосконалення системи нахилу кузова для швидкісних поїздів з силовим приводом на базі лінійного двигуна

The short analysis of the power drives various types that used at high-speed trains tilting system are provided. The improvement ways for tilting system at the part of the kinematic scheme and power drive are defined. The improved tilting mechanisms kinematic scheme that allows to substantially reduce a size of necessary effort for car body tilt at the set corner is offered. The tilt mechanism’s calculation chart and corresponded to it mathematical model that based at the static equilibrium system equalizations for tilt system’s load characteristic receipt are used. The facilitated construction reversible linear motor with linear form hauling characteristic are got on the base of linear electromechanics converter’s electrophisics and geometrics parameters at it working properties influence laws. The bridge power supplyscheme for linear motors that provides its synchronously work and so allows to realize active system of the car body position management that influence on traveler comfort is developed. or; kinematic scheme; load characteristic

Measurement and Correlation of Citronellal and Methyl Anthranilate Solubilities in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Citronellal and methyl anthranilate (MA) are both nonpolar molecules with similar physical properties except for their molecular structures. The solubility of citronellal in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was measured using a static equilibrium system in the pressure range of (9.1 to 14.2) MPa and at (313.15 and 333.15) K. For MA, (9.1 to 24.3) MPa was used at the same temperatures. Solubility data of citronellal and MA in SC-CO2 were well correlated using the Chrastil equation and Peng–Robinson equation of state. Under comparable operating conditions, the linear-chained citronellal solubility in SC-CO2 was three to four times higher than its aromatic derivative MA. The acentric factor of citronellal (ω = 1.004) is higher than that of MA (ω = 0.577), indicating that citronellal has larger molecular asymmetry. This difference allows less intermolecular binding energy but gives higher vapor pressure to citronellal, making it more readily soluble in SC-CO2. The results suggest that the acentric factor...

Superficial Discussion on New Framework of Static Equilibrium

Statics is set up on the basis of 4 axioms of statics. Although these axioms are distillate and summarizing of the accumulated humankind's experience in long-range production and life, introduction of these axioms to statics seems a bit abrupt, especially the critical axiom "resultant of two forces" far fetched. This article was an attempt to present the embodying description of the effect of force and force system, based on the nature of effect of force and the equivalent and equilibrium of force systems. On this basis, theorem of two forces resultant and the theorem of two forces balance were proved, and the theorem of force systems equivalent was brought up. A new framework of static equilibrium system was built up to try to make a more perfect and more reasonable description for static equilibrium.

Solubility measurement of methyl anthranilate in supercritical carbon dioxide using dynamic and static equilibrium systems

AbstractThe solubility of methyl anthranilate in supercritical carbon dioxide was determined using dynamic and static equilibrium systems. Three temperatures (40, 60 and 80 °C) and a pressure range between 160 and 340 atm were applied for the dynamic solubility measurements. The flow rate was maintained at 0.5 mL min−1 in the dynamic solubility measurements, where the solute solubility was claimed to be independent of the flow‐rate factor. Two temperatures (40 and 60 °C) and the pressure range between 100 and 265 atm were used in the static equilibrium system. The crossover pressure region was observed between 220 and 240 atm in the static system, but was not seen in the dynamic system. The solubility of methyl anthranilate determined by the static system was consistently higher than the dynamic solubility measurement, indicating that the static technique provided more reliable solubility data for methyl anthranilate than the dynamic technique. The solubility data obtained with the static system were in good agreement with the predictive models based on the Chrastil equation and the Peng–Robinson equation of state with the Panagiotopoulos and Reid mixing rule. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry

マウスガードの装着が顎口腔系に与える影響 第１報 筋活動ならびに下顎位について

Mouth guards or mouth pieces have been considered to be effective for preventing traumatic injury in the maxillofacial region. Influence of wearing these appliances on the stomatognathic system, however, have been little investigated. In this study, four volunteer adults were asked to wear two types of resilient mouth guard and one hard type maxillary full arch bite plane, to examine their influence on muscle activities (masseter and tempolaris) and maxillo-mandibular relation during maximum voluntary clenching.The following results were obtained.1. Wearing a resilient mouth guard caused an increase in masseter activities while a hard one caused a decrease in the temporal muscle in general, though a great deal of individual difference was observed.2. Significant difference in mandibular positional change was not found between the two types of mouth guards with different resilience.3. Close relation between muscle activities and changes in mandibular position, which could be explained by the static equilibrium system, was observed.

Fluid motions and compositional gradients produced by crystallization or melting at vertical boundaries

The results of a continuing series of laboratory experiments, designed to model the fluid motions which accompany crystallization, are both described and related in a preliminary way to prototype flows in magma chambers. Previous experiments have demonstrated the importance of compositional inhomogeneity, produced by crystallization and melting in a thermal gradient and coupled with double-diffusive effects, in driving convective flows which result in thermal and compositional stratification in an originally homogeneous fluid. The present experiments examine effects produced in tanks cooled at the side, by the upward flow of a less dense boundary layer depleted in the crystallizing component as crystals grow on the side wall. These processes are examined in simple two and three component aqueous systems (H 2O-Na 2CO 3, H 2O-Na 2CO 3-K 2CO 3, H 2O-CuSO 4-Na 2SO 4) with one and two crystallizing phases. In each of these systems, an initially downward flow of a cooled boundary layer against the side wall is reversed as crystallization commences and depletes the boundary layer in the crystallizing component. Accumulation of this cooler but lighter depleted fluid at the top of the chamber produces thermal and compositional layering by a “filling box” mechanism, partly modified by interchange between the boundary layer and the convecting layers outside. When more than one component is present in the solution, the crystallization process produces a differentiated fluid column, i.e. one with compositional gradients which are different for each of the components. The compositional and thermal distributions within the fluid change with time, but finally appear to reach a steady state. These distributions are the integrated result of compositional changes produced by crystallization from a thin boundary layer, a small proportion of the bulk fluid which evolves in composition and temperature independently of the bulk fluid, in a manner controlled by the dynamics of the system. The paths of fluid evolution, and the resulting sequence and abundance of crystalline products, are very different from those predicted on the basis of simple thermally-driven crystallization in the static system. Disequilibrium effects, probably involving different kinetics of crystallization of different crystals, in part determine crystallization in the experimental system; these may or may not be important in real magmatic systems. There is still much to learn before even the behaviour in these simple experimental systems is understood fully, and the application of the results to the interpretation of the behaviour in real magma chambers in even further away. However, it is apparent that dynamic effects provide an additional degree of freedom in crystallization processes, and allow evolution of small increments of solution to compositions much further along crystallization paths than that allowed in static equilibrium systems. Petrologists will have to free their thinking from classical constraints of static systems in order to interpret many magmatic phenomena.

Three dimensional equilibria in the magnetohydrodynamic approximation

By introducing field line potentials for the magnetic induction and current line potentials for the current density, it is shown that the equations which describe a static equilibrium system, in the ideally conducting magnetohydrodynamic approximation, may be derived from two equivalent variational principles. The problem of integration is essentially that of finding a transformation of the potentials which changes one of the associated Lagrangian functions into the other. The assumption that the current density has no component in one direction of a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system leads to a new class of fully three dimensional equilibria having a plane symmetry.