State Exports Research Articles

ФІНАНСОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ ІННОВАЦІЙНО ОРІЄНТОВАНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬЧИХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В УМОВАХ РИНКОВОГО ЦІНОУТВОРЕННЯ

The following trends characterize the economic development of innovatively oriented enterprises of agri-food socio-economic systems in the conditions of market pricing: there is an increase in the overall production of food products, beverages and tobacco products, in particular pork,poultry and canned goods from them, vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, cereals, non-carbonated mineral water, cigarettes; growth per person. In Ukraine, the production of the following food products and beverages increased: pork and poultry meat, canned vegetables, sunflower oil, liquid milk, butter, and non-carbonated mineral water. At the same time, there was a reduction in the production of sausage products, certain fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, flour, bread, flour products, chocolate, confectionery, and beverages. There is a decrease per capita in the production of such food products and beverages in Ukraine as sausages, juices, some other fruit products, margarine, cheese, certain dairy products, bread and bakery products, chocolate, sugar confectionery, carbonated mineral water, beverages non-alcoholic; growth of wholesale turnover of food products and the share of sales of domestic food products with a simultaneous reduction in the specific weight of food in the structure of wholesale turnover. There was a decrease in the volume of retail sales of certain food product groups, in particular, such as: meat and meat products, butter, vegetable oils, cheese, eggs, confectionery, tea, flour, bakery and pasta products, potatoes, vegetables, fruits , berries, grapes; positive dynamics of retail turnover of food products, which is obviously related to the dynamics of solvent demand of the population. We also observe an increase in the specific share of products of vegetable and animal origin, live animals, fats and oil in the structure of the state's exports, while the share of ready-made food products decreases. In general, the volume of food exports increased; the specific weight of ready-made food products, products of plant origin, fats and oils in the structure of national imports increased, while the share of live animals and products of animal origin decreased at the same time

Environmental impact of conventional vs. organic apples: A life cycle assessment of Washington state's exports to Mexico City

In recent decades, global agriculture has been dominated by conventional practices associated with negative impacts such as the loss of biodiversity, changes in land use, habitat degradation and pollution. Faced with the urgent need of a sustainable shift, the organic scheme has emerged as an alternative to minimize agriculture's environmental footprint, requiring an assessment of the real impacts of both production methods. By means of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the aim of this research is to evaluate the environmental impacts of conventional and organic apples with a cradle to grave approach. Apples grown in Washington state and consumed in Mexico City are considered as a case study and analyzed through seventeen impact categories. The results highlight five main findings. First, pesticides are identified as the main source of toxicity in the conventional model, underlining the relevance of biological pest control. Although the organic model does use authorized pesticides, these did not represent a significant impact. Second, the use of cardboard boxes for packaging implies changes in agricultural land occupation, as well as the use of plastic bags that impacts climate change, calling for no-waste or reduced packaging. Third, transportation is a key contributor to fossil depletion and climate change, noting the importance local production. Fourth, the final disposal of apples residues in landfills has implications for eutrophication, bringing out the importance of composting residues. Fifth, conventional apple production has a higher environmental footprint in most impact categories when compared to organic production for both surface-based and mass-based functional units. As such, this study recommends the production and consumption of local and in-season organic apples to reduce the negative environmental impacts and the effects on human health.

Определение перспективных отраслей Сирии для привлечения ПИИ

The paper is devoted to identifying promising sectors of the Syrian economy in order to attract foreign direct investment. In order to determine the attractive sectors of the Syrian economy, the statistical indicators of the state's exports were studied: in the pre-war and modern period of time. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded which sectors of the economy were the most resistant to the effects of negative factors. According to the results of the study, a conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of agriculture and the food industry in Syria (including statistics of foreign investors ' investments in these areas). The assessment of the state of the leading sectors of the Syrian economy (mining, tourism) is carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of investments in these areas are described. Based on the results of comparing the prospects of the industries, recommendations were made for foreign investors to choose the direction of investment.

THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT FROM OF USING NATURAL GAS IN CARS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL ENERGY

THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT FROM OF USING NATURAL GAS IN CARS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL ENERGY

Regional Effects of Exchange Rate Fluctuations

AbstractWe exploit differences across U.S. states' exposure to trade to study the effects of changes in the exchange rate on economic activity. Across states, trade‐weighted exchange rate depreciations are associated with increased state exports, reduced state unemployment, and higher state hours worked. The effects are particularly strong during periods of economic slack. A multiregion model with interstate trade and labor flows, calibrated to match state‐level trade data and migration flows, replicates the empirical relationship between exchange rates and unemployment. The high degree of interstate trade plays an important role in transmitting shocks across states in the first year, whereas interstate migration shapes cross‐sectional patterns in later years. We use the model to study the regional effects of tariffs in the United States. The model suggests that a 25% Chinese import tariff on U.S. goods would be felt throughout the United States, even in states with small direct linkages to China, raising unemployment rates by 0.2 to 0.7 percentage points in the short run.

Role of biogenic waste and residues as an important building block towards a successful energy transition and future bioeconomy – results of a site analysis

Renewable energies – especially wind and solar – have grown remarkably in recent years, but bioenergy is still the most important renewable resource worldwide and in Germany. In contrast to the situation in many other countries, bioenergy in Germany is often based on energy crops. As a result of changing political frameworks, the German bioenergy industry has to use alternative substrates as biogenic waste and residues and to implement more efficient utilization pathways. Biogenic waste and residues can cover in Germany 7 to 9% of the current total primary energy consumption. In the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, more electricity is produced than consumed. This means that the federal state exports electricity to other German regions or abroad, assuming grid bottlenecks do not prevent this. The share of fluctuating wind and solar power is still increasing. Without stabilization by coal power plants, the electrical network could be destabilized by those sources. The presented case study of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania shows that there are opportunities to contribute to a stable network through the use of bioenergy. Besides the supply of electricity, thermal energy at different temperature levels, as well as fuels for transportation, are also provided by biomass. Around 22% of the annual energy consumption of the federal state could be covered by biogenic waste and residues (based on the technical fuel potential). The figure is currently 7.3%. This shows that there is room to extend bioenergy generation and the use of biogenic waste and residues in the bioeconomy without impacting food production.

Exports of Russian Cereals: Analysis of the Current State and Development Prospects

Exports of Russian cereals have been growing for five years. In 2017, exports of Russian cereals came to the second rate in the world, and wheat exports came to the first rate. In near future, Russia intends to increase its export potential and maintain its leadership in the global cereals market. The authors have put forward the hypothesis that increasing exports of Russian cereals are not just the result of a favorable combination of weather, economic and political conditions, but it is an expected result of the development of Russian cereal farming. The purpose of the study is to examine the factors that could increase the volume of exports of Russian cereals, and elaborate perspective ways to develop the export potential to strengthen the Russian position in the world cereals market. Using the methods of theoretical analysis, the authors have revealed the peculiarities of Russian and world market development. Economic and statistical methods of analysis have allowed to determine the trends and the conditioning factors in the cereals market development. The authors have come to the conclusion that increasing exports of cereals are caused by growth in cereals production and changes in the expense side in the Russian cereals balance, as well as an active foreign economic activity to expand cereals supplies, and state exports support. Russia is able to increase the volume of food exports, augmenting not only exports of cereals, but also derivative products, which are characterized by high added value, that is the most promising way to develop the export potential.

THE DYNAMICS OF BRAZILIAN EXPORTS IN THE PERIODS PRIOR AND POST2008/2009 WORLD FINANCIAL CRISIS: A SHIFT-SHARE ANALYSIS

O crescimento das exportações induz ao aumento da produção, eleva os ganhos de produtividade, caso os retornos de escala sejam crescentes e, sob determinadas condições, os ganhos de produtividade reduzem os custos de mão-de-obra e reduzem os preços das me

An Application of the Decision Support Model to Louisiana’s Exports

Recognizing the relevance of exportation to the development and growth of many nations, government and business entities- mainly in the Louisiana State, the policymakers and other key stakeholders should be devoting more time to expand its export opportunities for more revenue generation. This current study revolved around the Export Decision Support Model (EDSM) propounded by Viviers and Cuyvers (2012). The time series data was sourced from the United States Census Bureau (2016) survey on State exports from Louisiana. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the modification of the EDSM for the development of the Louisiana State Exportation. The EDSM is designed and modified purposely for the State of Louisiana to enable it identifies the various export opportunities. The study used a time-series data across a variety of export commodities and import countries available in the State of Louisiana from 2013 to 2016. Based on the data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the International trade data between 2013 and 2016, it was underscored that the State’s gross export accounted for 80.4% , while the net export estimated around 8.8% of the Louisiana’s GDP in 2016 with a strong focus across Asia, and Europe. The study recommend that policymakers should pay more attention to the prioritize export commodities outline in the study.

Exports, immigration and human capital in US states

ABSTRACTUsing a Bayesian approach we estimate a stochastic frontier model to measure the productivity effects of state-level exports and immigration to each of the 50 US states. The results show that state productivity is affected positively by both state exports and immigrants arriving with embodied human capital. The efficiency model also reveals that the interaction of incoming immigrants with previously accumulated human capital in the host state improves state efficiency.

CRESCIMENTO ECONÔMICO, EXPORTAÇÕES E TECNOLOGIA: O CASO PARANAENSE

O presente trabalho investigou a relação existente entre a estrutura da pauta exportadora paranaense e o seu crescimento econômico. Para isso, coletaram-se dados acerca de suas exportações no decorrer dos anos de 1989 a 2010 (siteAliceweb), classificando-as em níveis tecnológicos conforme a metodologia utilizada por Furtado e Carvalho (2005). Na sequência, foram calculados os índices de Diversificação, de Vantagem Comparativa Revelada – VCR e de Lawrence - L, visando analisar o comportamento das exportações do Estado ao longo do tempo. Na última parte deste trabalho, fez-se uma estimativa econométrica do Vetor Autor Regressivo - VAR a fim de verificar a relação entre a composição das exportações e o crescimento econômico do Paraná.

State Merchandise Export Trade Determinants

Our results demonstrate that economic freedom, trade value, national cultural distance and exchange rates impact state merchandise export trade. These findings add new determinants to the existing literature. The results remain robust even with the inclusion of prior known determinants such as geographic distance, international trade agreements and partner country gross domestic product (GDP). The data set for this study includes 100,000 observations from 1996 to 2013 ranging from one southern state to 181 different countries. World Institute for Strategic Economic Research (WISER) Trade compiles and distributes the data from the United States Census Bureau, Foreign Trade Division. Merchandise exports are goods, not services, but include commodities and agricultural crops. The associations described in this note are derived using multiple linear regression models. State exports positively associate with economic freedom and trade value, but negatively associate with national cultural distance and an appreciating dollar. We use a country-level measure of economic freedom to capture the extent to which a country relies on private property, limited government and free markets to guide economic activity. We affirm that state export sales will rise when trading partner countries exhibit a greater amount of economic freedom. Int Adv Econ Res (2016) 22:95–97 DOI 10.1007/s11294-015-9538-8

Diagnostics in animal health: How UC helps exclude and minimize impact of livestock pathogens

UC has a wide reach in the agriculture sector of the California economy and is well recognized for research expertise in plant diseases. Less well known is the role UC plays in animal agriculture. In 2012, the California Animal Health and Food Safety lab at UC Davis performed nearly 980,000 tests on samples from sick livestock, including cattle, horses, pigs, chickens and turkeys. The lab is prepared to respond rapidly to any disease outbreak or identification of a foreign disease. Researchers at the School of Veterinary Medicine at UC Davis are testing novel subunit vaccines to prevent pinkeye in cattle; UC ANR specialists and advisors and the staff at the Sierra Foothill Research and Extension Center were key to the development of best management practices that landowners and resource managers are using to protect their herds and public water sources against the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum; and UC veterinary scientists are part of a large team of experts, including state and federal agencies, determined to combat the endemic bluetongue virus, which can affect the state's exports.

Export Performance of Brazilian States to Mercosul and Non-Mercosul Partners

ABSTRACT We investigate the role of the trade-weighted real exchange rate and foreign income on the export performance of Brazilian states, differentiating between Mercosur and non-Mercosur partners. The results indicate that state exports are price and income inelastic. There are differences in the influence of the different trade factors between the two groups of partners. One crucial difference is the relevance of the real exchange rate effect for non-Mercosur partners. This might be associated with the existence of specific rules for Mercosur that can overcome the usual effect of relative competitiveness associated with movements in the real exchange rate.

Country‐Specific Determinants of Horizontal and Vertical Intra‐industry Agri‐food Trade: The Case of the EU New Member States

AbstractIntra‐industry trade (IIT) has become a widespread phenomenon with a growing role in international trade, though agricultural trade is usually neglected in empirical works. This article identifies the determinants of horizontal and vertical intra‐industry agri‐food trade between New Member States (NMS) and the EU‐27 in 1999–2010, by applying static and dynamic models with different specifications to panel data. Results show that IIT is mainly of a vertical nature in the NMS, though the majority of NMS export low quality agri‐food products to EU‐27 markets. Factor endowments are negatively related to agri‐food horizontal intra‐industry trade (HIIT), but positively to vertical intra‐industry trade (VIIT). Economic size is positively and significantly related to both types of IIT, while distance and IIT are found to be negatively related in both cases. Results also suggest that HIIT and VIIT are greater if a New Member State exports agri‐food products to another NMS while EU accession has had positive and significant impacts on both HIIT and VIIT, suggesting that economic integration fosters IIT.

The effect of Confucius Institutes on US Exports to China: A state level analysis

This paper uses the trade gravity model to examine the effects of Confucius Institutes (CIs) on the exports of US states to China in 2006–2010. Overall, we detect a 5–6% increase in state exports for each additional CI branch established in a given state. This provides strong robust evidence that CIs provide direct economic benefits to the United States.

New Insights on US Aggregate and State Level Trade with the China Region

AbstractAggregate trade data with breakdown into related and non‐related party components show that US multinational enterprises use different trading strategies in the China region relative to other countries. US trade with the China region in 2002–2007 is characterized by arm's‐length transactions. State‐level trade data show great variability in state engagement with the region through trade: exports to the region range from 1 to 28 percent of state exports. In addition, compared to exports to other countries, exports to the region are highly concentrated. At the extreme, for some states, 96–98 percent of exports to the region are computer and electronic products. Finally, gravity regressions show that state exports to Hong Kong are positively associated with the relative size of the Hong Kong‐born population in the states. There is no evidence that stricter labor regimes lead to lower state exports.

State Foreign Export Patterns

The pattern of U.S. state exports to foreign destinations—which states export which goods to which destinations—has not been studied in detail despite the high profile of exports in the public consciousness. Currently there is not a unified description of facts characterizing exports for all states, destinations, and manufacturing subsectors. I combine research methods from plant- or firm-level and country-level empirical international trade on a cross section of state export data to list nine stylized facts. I also compare some of these facts to those in Eaton, Kortum, and Kramarz (2004, 2010) to show what differs.

An analysis of US State’s export performance in the Asian Market

Asia is the most populous continent in the world and has fast become one of the richest and fastest growing continents in the world, thus, making this region a very important market for all companies and countries in the world today and more so in the future. Using a panel data for exports from the 50 U.S. states to 20 Asian countries, this study attempts to estimate the manufacturing export performance of U.S. states in the Asian market. The study also seeks to investigate what determines whether a state under- or overperforms in manufacturing exports to the Asian market. Our results indicate that a state’s manufacturing union density, infrastructure, legal system, corporate tax rate, employment density, pollution abatement cost, and regional location significantly impact whether the state will under- or overperform its export potential in the Asian market. Further, our results show that there are regional differences in the impact of the growth of Chinese exports on U.S. state exports to the Asian region.

The Impact of U.S.-Sponsored Foreign Trade Office Activities

ABSTRACT Foreign trade offices (FTOs) are an important, little-understood element in the export promotion portfolio of U.S. state export promotion organizations. The value of these organizations is in dispute. In recent years California closed its FTOs in response to budgetary pressures, claiming that these organizations exist primarily to enhance the political standing of politicians rather than to act as effective export development tools. During the same period Washington State opened several new FTOs. Clearly the value of these organizations is in dispute. Another consideration in the effectiveness of U.S. exporters is the subnational contour of the American economic system. State business climates vary considerably, thereby influencing exporter success as well as those programs (such as FTOs) intended to improve firm performance. We hypothesize and find that (a) state entrepreneurial climate is positively related to state exports and (b) FTO network entry activities amplify the impact of state entrepreneurial climate on state exports. Implications for firms and policy makers are explored.