Problem Statement Research Articles

INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN THE PROBLEM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SCATTERING ON A DIELECTRIC BODY COVERED WITH GRAPHENE

We consider the determination of resonance frequencies of dielectric bodies coated with graphene. In the addressed problem statement, the graphene nonlinearity is not taken into account. The initial boundary-value problem for Maxwell’s equations is reduced to a system of integro-differential equations on the graphene surface. We prove the Fredholm property of this system under certain sufficient conditions and establish the discreteness of the spectrum of an operator-valued function corresponding to this system in a certain region of the complex plane of the circular frequency spectral parameter.

Improvement of the Performance of An Industrial Wringer

Objective: To maximize the machine's availability through periodic monitoring and propose design improvements to prevent future issues. Context: Overview of the recycling process and the role of the wringer in filtering recycled plastic. Problem Statement: Description of mechanical defects affecting the wringer, including imbalance due to bearing and rotor shaft deformation. Theoretical Analysis: Root Cause Identification, Impact of Imbalance, System Modelling and Simulation Experimental Studies and Strategy: - Practical experiments validate the theoretical and numerical findings and enhance the vibration analysis approach.- Effective scheduling of interventions and repairs is based on the machine's condition, ensuring continuous monitoring through vibration analysis devices. Results and Discussion: Explanation of the proposed modification, including the specific angle adjustment, Discussion on how the adjustment would reduce rotational speed and maintain high wringing performance.

A Systematic Review of Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Reputation Systems for IoT Applications

With the growing popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of devices are anticipated to be deployed in various industries without establishing trust between them. In environments without pre-established trust, reputation systems provide an effective method of assessing the trustworthiness of IoT devices. There has been considerable literature on deploying reputation systems in industries that have not yet established trust among themselves. Therefore, the article reviews published studies on reputation systems for IoT applications to date, focusing on decentralised systems and decentralised systems using blockchain technology. These studies are evaluated regarding security (including integrity and privacy) and non-security requirements to highlight open research challenges. In alignment with this, an analysis and summary of the existing review studies on reputation systems for particular IoT applications are presented, demonstrating the need for a review article to consider all IoT applications and those that have not been explored. The IoT applications and sub-applications are described, and their problem statement, literature to date and research gap are comprehensively evaluated. Finally, the open research challenges concerning reputation systems are reviewed and addressed to provide the researcher with a road map of potential research directions.

THE ROLE OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING IN SHAPING THE PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS OF 5TH GRADE GYMNASIUM STUDENTS IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE LESSONS

The article delves into the pivotal role of project-based learning in shaping the professional interests of fifth-grade students in gymnasiums during Ukrainian language lessons. It underscores how project-based learning is a catalyst for the development of communication skills, critical thinking, and student responsibility, empowering students to take charge of their learning. The main stages of implementing project-based learning are detailed, from organization to presentation of projects. The influence of projects on students’ professional self-determination is scrutinized, underscoring the significance of applying knowledge in real-life contexts. The benefits of student collaboration in groups are also explored, as it fosters the development of social skills and an interest in various professions related to the Ukrainian language. The problem statement is based on the need to adapt the educational process to the demands of the modern world and the significance of career guidance activities for students during the active formation of their personalities. An analysis of traditional teaching methods demonstrates their inadequacy in providing practical knowledge application, leading to low student motivation. Project-based learning, which focuses on integrating knowledge and practical activities, can enhance students’ interest and engagement in learning while fostering essential competencies such as responsibility, critical thinking, and communication. This approach also highlights the crucial role of educators in guiding students through their learning journey, making them feel valued and integral to the process. The article also examines the historical aspects of project-based learning development, starting from the concepts of John Dewey and W. Kilpatrick, and discusses contemporary research that supports the effectiveness of this method. Implementing project-based learning in Ukrainian language instruction allows students to work on real projects, thereby promoting the development of their professional interests and skills needed for future professional activities. This not only prepares them for the challenges of the modern world but also instills a sense of optimism about their future prospects.

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Computational Thinking and Language Learning Attitudes in Higher Education Students

Computational thinking (CT) is recognized as a fundamental skill in the 21st century, potentially improving problem-solving and creative thinking abilities. Given its broad applicability, there is a growing emphasis on introducing CT in education. Additionally, Oman Vision 2040 underscores the importance of advancing education and nurturing a highly skilled workforce, emphasizing the need for computational thinking, problem-solving, critical thinking, and algorithmic reasoning skills. Thus, since previous research has primarily focused on middle and high school students, and the studies for higher education showed that students lack CT competencies, this study extends the investigation to higher education students. Moreover, integrating CT into the curriculum calls for innovative teaching methods, such as game-based learning, which promises to engage students in complex activities closely aligned with CT principles. This research endeavors to investigate the impact of game-based learning on the CT skills and attitudes towards language learning of higher education students with consideration of potential gender-based differences. The problem statement highlights CT's significance and the pressing need for improved CT competencies among students. A comprehensive methodology employed a quasi-experimental design, encompassing pre-and post-tests, interviews, and questionnaires, to gather data from 24 Sultan Qaboos University Foundation students. The findings showed a considerable positive impact on students’ CT skills as well as their language learning attitudes. In light of the research findings, it is recommended that game-based learning be incorporated into higher education curricula to enhance CT skills and engagement.

FORMATION OF MARKETING AUTOMATION SYSTEM

PROBLEM STATEMENT. This article highlights the main problems and prospects for the development of a marketing automation system through the lens of academic research. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE. The aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the main approaches to the formation of a marketing automation system through the lens of modern academic research, which will allow identifying the most promising approaches from the perspective of practical implementation. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS. It is hypothesized that the key method, regardless of the approach to the formation of a marketing automation system (MAS), is the approach known as project management. METHODS. The author utilized general scientific and specialized research methods. Systematic method and content analysis were used to define the key concepts of the marketing automation process. Comparative analysis was used to identify differences between approaches to forming MAS in B2B and B2C sectors. Case study method was used to investigate specific examples of MAS formation in various business organizations. RESULTS. It has been determined that scientists successfully highlight many of the key elements of of Marketing Automation Systems (MAS), particularly focusing on specific aspects of marketing automation functions. However, there remains a need for further research on the approaches, methods, and tools for MAS development. Specifically, when considering the effect of implementing comprehensive, multifunctional, and integrated systems, the impact is undoubtedly extensive, especially in the case of leading martech companies, as documented by researchers. The study of their experience in developing of MAS, not only in the context of advancing technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data, and others, but also the challenge of integrating the human component with the corresponding software in this process, should become one of the primary directions for future research. CONCLUSIONS. It has been shown that the problem of forming a marketing automation system is gradually moving beyond the scope of business activities of companies and becoming the subject of academic research. At the same time, specialized studies still predominantly focus on specific aspects of the application of marketing automation (MA) functions, which are potentially considered as components of a holistic MAS. It has been proven that the main practical approaches to forming MAS are independent development and implementation by the business organization itself; acquisition of a ready-made solutions; or a combination of both approaches with corresponding advantages and risks. KEYWORDS: marketing; marketing automation; marketing automation system; project management; business processes; marketing processes.

Leveraging CNNs for Automated Dermatological Diagnosis: Advancements in Skin Disease Prediction

Abstract: This is a research paper focused on skin disease prediction using CNN algorithms. Standing on eight classes of data this study accepts the challenge of proper diagnosis of multiple skin diseases. This problem statement supports the call for better and accurate ways of sorting the skin diseases so that dermatologists can diagnose the diseases appropriately and within the right time. With respect to the method, most of the data pre-processing are done on the collected dataset to improve its quality so as to develop a CNN model. Next, testing is performed with using the architecture of a CNN that is trained to search for features and patterns of the skin diseases’ photos. In this study, accuracy rates for each of the eight disease categories reach high figures, according to the results: so, it can be seen that the attainment of the CNN models is quite remarkable to classify diseases. For instance, the suggested method, stands as a fair one because it does not very much depend on the quality of the input image. The paper also examines the possibility of interpreting the CNN models concerning what kind of image features and area contribute to the classification process. This feature makes the model prediction more credible and yields useful information on the way the decision is made, possibly making doctors understand various aspects of pathophysiologic processes associated with different skin ailments. Furthermore, the study seeks to investigate the possibility of the proposed method in proximate actual clinical applications with identification always fast, and with massive data amount. In addition, solving these problems also contributes to the development of not only the dermatology as a branch of medicine, but also improves the understanding of the applicability of CNN based approaches for the analysis of medical images.

A novel Approach to Maxillary Long Kennedy Class II RPD Crossing Midline

Statement of problem: Unilateral distal-extension removable partial dentures (RPD) have always posed a challenging situation to the clinician particularly when it crossed the midline and having a linear alignment of the abutments. In such cases, providing adequate retention and stability is problematic thus, the good selection of the direct and indirect retainers would ensure the long-term success of the prosthesis and the remaining abutments. Purpose: The aim of this study was to apply the idea of unilateral obturator Aramany class IV principles to the patients suffering from linearly aligned abutments long Kennedy class II RPD crossing the midline through using buccal retention and lingual retention with guiding plane composite build-ups clasp designs. Treatment Plan: Three patients were treated in this study. All the patients are fully dentate or with restored mandibular jaw and partially edentulous maxillary jaw (Kennedy class II) crossing the midline with a maximum of six teeth present in a linear alignment. Each patient received RPD that was retained through engaging the buccal undercut on anterior distal abutment and lingual undercut with composite build-up guiding plane on posterior distal abutment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that buccal retention on anterior abutments and lingual retention and guiding planes on posterior abutments for linear class II maxillary RPD provided better patient satisfaction and more retentive capability than RPD with regular buccal retention design.

A systematic review on WebRTC for potential applications and challenges beyond audio video streaming

AbstractVideo conferencing and live streaming are being used in various industries, such as healthcare, gaming, telecommunication, manufacturing and others. As technology progresses, the need for real-time data transmission with minimal latency has increased. Web Real-Time Communication () addresses this need effectively. WebRTC is a technology designed to provide real-time communication through web and mobile browsers. Its low latency and P2P communication capabilities make it a convenient technology for secure, efficient communication in real-time applications. This paper reviews the key features of WebRTC, discusses its strengths and weaknesses and investigates a detailed analysis of 83 existing studies. Moreover, It evaluates all use cases that can be adopted by WebRTC by examining their descriptions, problem statements, and research gaps based on literature to date. Finally, It highlights the open research directions for the emerging technologies and enhancements of WebRTC. to identify their potential applications.

Aspects on Social Egg Freezing – Current State in Bulgaria

Abstract Problem statement Oocyte cryopreservation for non-medical reasons has been widely promoted among young women who tend to delay their reproduction. As the methodology has proved its safety and efficiency in the field of assisted reproduction technology and the embryo laboratory, the interest in oocyte cryopreservation has increased highly. However, do social freezers ever come back and use these oocytes, or they keep them as a safety boat with no real near-future plans for reproduction? Methods The following study has been performed as a retrospective analysis of 296 women who had oocyte freezing procedure for non-medical (social) reasons, medical conditions (oncological treatment) and oocyte donation from January 2013 to June 2023 at Medical Complex Ob/Gyn “Dr Shterev” – Sofia, Bulgaria. Results Throughout the observed period, 190 women with 221 procedures vitrified their oocytes for future use. Only 9.47% of them had medical conditions and 7.36% were hindered to use their reproductive gametes at the day of the oocyte retrieval (absence of spermatozoa, sickness). The average age of the women in this group was 35.59 ± 1.5 years and the mean number of cryopreserved oocytes was 5.63 ± 1.4 per women. Compared to social cryopreserves, and bound to the Bulgarian legislation, the 106 women who donated their oocytes were younger (28.86 ± 1.5 years (p < 0.05)) with 7.34 ± 1.7 (p < 0.05) cryopreserved oocytes per donor. As the clinic has well represented program for oocyte donation 82.1% of the donors were used. In result, there were 37 clinical pregnancies with 47 children born. In the same period, only 46 (24.2%) women who stored their own gametes in our cryobank came back and claimed them for assisted reproduction. Nine clinical pregnancies had been registered and 10 children were born. An intriguing fact we can point from the medical history of the clear social freezers (SF) is the record of previous procedure(s) for abortion on demand. It was reported for 12% of the women in this group. Conclusion According to the results we observed as evident that patients need more clarity towards the procedures for oocyte cryopreservation and consequent fertility treatment. We should rise more awareness to the most preferable age for cryopreservation and number of oocytes to be stored.

OPTIMIZATION OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY AT CONSTRUCTION SITES: RESEARCH OF BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES

Problem statement. Problem Statement. This article provides a detailed examination of the importance of optimizing logistics management on construction sites, which serves as a key element for enhancing overall efficiency and productivity in the modern construction industry. In the context of increasing competition and complexity of construction projects, effective logistics management becomes a critical success factor. Significant budget overruns and delays in the execution of construction projects are often associated with inefficient logistics management, especially due to rework, errors in material supply, and deficiencies in coordination among different project participants. This leads to unnecessary expenses, loss of time, and a decrease in the quality of work performed. The purpose of this study. The article focuses on the development and implementation of new strategies and methods for optimizing logistics on construction sites. This includes effective management of material resources, improvement of storage and delivery processes of construction materials, as well as the integration of various aspects of the logistics chain using modern information technologies. The research involves an in-depth analysis of existing literature and current practices on construction sites, which allows identifying the main problems and determining key challenges and opportunities for improvement. Methodology. To achieve the set goal, methods of system analysis, comparative studies, and modeling of logistics processes are used. Real cases from construction practice are analyzed, and surveys of experts and specialists in the fields of logistics and construction are conducted. Conclusions. The research results can be useful for improving logistics management processes on construction sites, which will contribute to reducing resource losses and increasing efficiency in the construction industry. The article also makes an important contribution to understanding the critical importance of logistics management in modern construction and offers specific recommendations and practical tools for its improvement. This can promote the competitiveness of construction companies and the development of the industry as a whole.

ADAPTATION OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS PARTICIPANTS TO DISTANCE EDUCATION DURING THE PERIOD OF MARTIAL STATUS

Problem statement. The forced change in the form of education in higher education, which was first caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and then by the introduction of martial law, requires all participants in the educational process to respond effectively to the emergence of new challenges. The process of adaptation to the forced transformation of the form of education is complex, both from the point of view of the technical possibilities of ensuring the quality of education, and from the point of view of the psycho-emotional state of students and teachers. It is impossible to create a comfortable educational environment without monitoring the needs of students. These needs are dynamic due to constant changes in the forms of education. Adaptation of students to new forms of education (without loss of quality) will depend on understanding their attitude to innovations in the organization of education and taking into account their opinion when planning further changes. Purpose of the article. Determining the attitude of students to the organization of education in a higher educational institution in the conditions of martial law, taking into account psychological aspects. Conclusion. The results of an online survey among students of higher education indicate the gradual adaptation of all participants in the educational process to various forms of education. In general, students are satisfied with conducting online classes according to the schedule (synchronous mode using the Zoom platform). From a psychological point of view, there are problems with concentration of attention when studying, associated with threats to health and life. The results of the survey indicate that more attention should be paid to psychological support. This can be done by offering students to study a separate elective discipline, which is aimed at obtaining skills to ensure personal protection during armed and/or informational aggression, or add to the list of mandatory topics for curatorial hours. In general, students positively evaluate the changes in the distance learning method that took place after its introduction since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. The majority of students are satisfied with the organization and conduct of education in a distance format. After the abolition of martial law in the country, the majority of master's students would choose distance learning, most bachelor's − mixed.

ERGONOMICS AS A FACTOR IN ENSURING SAFETY DURING THE OPERATION OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINES ON THE EXAMPLE OF EXCAVATORS

Problem statement. To improve the safe working conditions of excavator operators, it is important to effectively manage ergonomic quality indicators, increase the reliability of excavators, and improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions and comfort of operators. The set of ergonomic indicators of the operator–excavator system, including controllability, occupancy, serviceability, masterability and manufacturability, defines the concept of ergonomics (a criterion category of quality management that is also considered as an object of management). Changes in construction affect the efficiency of the operator-excavator system, taking into account specific production and technical, natural and climatic, and socio-economic conditions. The re-equipment of construction sites with new generation excavators equipped with modern control, computer information and diagnostic systems, hardware and software for data transmission, processing and analysis not only improves the efficiency of construction work but also changes the safe nature of human-machine interaction. The purpose of the article. Ensuring safety during the operation of construction machines (excavators), taking into account ergonomics criteria, which is an urgent scientific task, the solution of which will improve working conditions and increase the efficiency of excavators. Conclusion. The conducted research has shown that the ergonomic component “man – machine – environment” on the example of improving excavators allows to increase the safety of machines and improve the working conditions of construction machine operators. The use of the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy set theory to evaluate and manage the ergonomics of excavators is due to the nature and specificity of the functioning of the elements of the “operator–excavator” system. Information about the system elements can be represented by subjective opinions or judgements, inaccurate data or errors in measurements and parameter calculations. Therefore, it is necessary to use mathematical tools that take into account quantitative and qualitative information presented in linguistic form.

APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR LOCALIZED THERMOREGULATION AND VENTILATION OF WORKERS AT JOBSITES OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE INDUSTRIES

Problem statement. In metallurgical and petrochemical industries using high-temperature technological processes, there exists an issue of overheating of workers due to significant heat loads. To prevent such hazard, large industrial fans are installed directly at production sites providing air circulation over a wide area. However, their performance characteristics, operation modes and placement schemes do not always ensure adequate cooling of employees. There is a need to study this problem in order to develop measures for improving efficiency of such devices through their enhancement and optimized application. The aim of the article is a comprehensive study of possibilities of applying unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for cooling of working zones at productions with high heat loads instead of traditional industrial fans. The main objectives include: Conducting analysis of modern workplace cooling systems and identifying their shortcomings; Exploring technical characteristics of drones that can be used for this purpose; Developing a concept of algorithm for drone-fan control system to ensure operation in automatic mode with preset parameters for a working post; Experimental verification of efficiency of such system on a laboratory model. Conclusion. Application of drones for localized cooling of working zones will increase efficiency and flexibility of ventilation systems compared to existing ones; Such a system will provide optimal microclimatic conditions directly for each employee; Energy efficiency of this approach will be higher as only necessary cooling power will be used; Expected improvement of occupational safety and reduction of professional risks due to lower heat loads.

RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH ON INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR DETECTING DEFECTS IN FLAT ROOFS

Problem Statement. In Ukraine, the most numerous buildings are those constructed between 1960–1990. As of today, half of them require major repairs. According to current Ukrainian regulatory documents, comprehensive inspections of the entire building should be conducted every 10 years, and at least once every 5 years for buildings or separate elements of buildings that operate under adverse conditions, including roofs. During the full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine, the safety and health of workers are of paramount importance. Especially during air raids, when being on the roof is most dangerous—posing a threat to the life and health of specialists inspecting the roof [1]. The issue of preserving life and health is particularly significant during the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, the International Code Council, the main institution for standardizing building systems in the USA, issued recommendations during the Covid-19 pandemic regarding remote inspection of building structures. The authorities of Los Angeles at the municipal level proposed using this method for building structure inspections [2]. Objective. The article aims to analyze the needs and challenges associated with roof inspections in Ukraine, particularly in the Dnipropetrovsk region, in the context of the ongoing full-scale war. It is necessary to determine the overall volume of roofs requiring inspection, the main defects that arise, and the risks that may occur due to the lack of timely inspections. Additionally, the article needs to outline the main stages of the roof inspection process, identify the necessary knowledge and skills required by qualified specialists for comprehensive roof inspections. Conclusions. Analyzing the total number of buildings and the norms determining the frequency of roof inspections, considering all preparation stages and the skills needed by inspection specialists, as well as the conditions of the full-scale war in which our country finds itself today, it can be concluded that the preparation of such specialists is resource-intensive and requires significant investments of time and effort. Unfortunately, according to IMF data, the population of Ukraine is showing a tendency to decrease. According to statistics, in 2022 the population decreased to 35 million, and by 2023 – to 33.2 million. This leads to a decline in the number of sufficiently qualified specialists who will be able to comprehensively engage in roof inspections. The general review of aspects showed the need to introduce innovative solutions and new approaches in the field of comprehensive roof inspections. This particularly concerns the effective detection of roof defects, the preparation of comprehensive reports, and estimates with maximum savings of time, financial, and human resources.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RISKS OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Problem statement. In order to effectively increase the security of critical infrastructure in the energy sector, it is necessary to assess all threats and analyze threat scenarios for the facility itself. Threats to energy security are the possibility of short-term or long-term situations, real or potential factors, phenomena or events that may disrupt the stability and security of the country's energy sector. These threats can lead to restriction or disruption of energy supply to consumers, accidents and other negative consequences. In many cases, the failure of one facility or system will affect the ability of interconnected facilities or systems in the same or another sector to perform their functions. For a relatively stationary system, it is important to identify those components or critical nodes where the potential consequences will be highest and where security and resilience efforts need to be focused. The purpose of the article is to develop and implement an approach to determining the risks of an emergency situation at critical infrastructure facilities using the example of the Dolyna Gas Processing Plant (GPP). Conclusions. An approach to identifying and assessing the risks of the critical infrastructure of the energy sector was developed and implemented, with the help of which potential vulnerabilities of the object to various threats are revealed. A simulation model for cascading effects has been built, which allows obtaining probabilistic estimates of the development of events under defined scenarios for a critical infrastructure object.

IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR EXECUTION OF CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY WORK IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS

Problem statement. Being in a state of war since February 24, 2022, Ukraine is facing complex challenges and threats affecting various spheres of life, including the construction industry. Constant shelling and air strikes create dangerous conditions for construction workers and increase the risks to their lives and health. Carrying out construction and installation work in conditions of war requires the development of special strategies and technologies that will ensure the maximum level of safety of workers and continue construction projects in such difficult conditions. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to ensure the safety of construction workers during construction and assembly works in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical studies of the level of security at construction sites under martial law conditions, analysis and synthesis of available data, comparison of the level of construction and installation works in Ukraine, systemic and legal research of legislation in the field of labor protection. Research results. The danger of aerial alarms and missile threats is so serious that it forces businesses to look for effective ways to protect their employees. An important prospect is the conversion of existing building structures such as elevator shafts, underground rooms and other parts of buildings into safe shelters. It will save the time and effort normally spent on evacuating workers, and will also reduce the risks to life and health of workers. Creating safe working conditions on construction sites requires a comprehensive approach and the implementation of innovative technologies. Mobile shelters, conversion of existing structures and implementation of contingency plans are key steps in this direction. Scientific novelty. Offered solutions for ensuring the safety of construction workers in the conditions of a military conflict have been developed and presented. Practical significance. The results of this research can be used to develop new approaches and technologies that will ensure the safety of workers and the efficiency of construction work in risk conditions.

RADIATION PROTECTION WHEN USING SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION IN MEDICINE

Problem statement. The use of sources of ionizing radiation (SIR) in medicine is necessary for establishing diagnoses and treating patients, as well as measures for visualization and localization of various formations when using radiopharmaceuticals to study the functions and structure of organs. But when using sources of ionizing radiation, risks from radiation exposure to patients and staff are possible. Such risks are safety concerns in nuclear medicine procedures. The application of SIR requires proper radiation protection in accordance with the norms and rules of nuclear and radiation safety. Purpose of the article is to develop recommendations for improving radiation safety measures in medical institutions of Ukraine on the basis of an analytical review of regulatory and scientific and technical literature on radiation safety when using ionizing radiation in nuclear medicine in the countries of the world. Conclusions. During medical research using sources of ionizing radiation, risks from radiation exposure to patients and staff are possible. Radiation safety should consider: duration of exposure, distance of patients and staff from the source of radiation and use of appropriate protection. Dosimeters for measuring the total radiation dose must be worn by all personnel of the radiology department of the hospital. For interventional radiologists, lead aprons and thyroid shields are the primary means of radiation protection that must be worn at all times during the procedure. It is recommended that criteria for clinical audits be included in standards and accreditation and certification programs related to medical practice using ionizing radiation. It is advisable to introduce the teaching of clinical audit into the initial and continuing education and curricula of the professional training of medical workers, including administrative and managerial profiles. In the radiological laboratories of Ukraine, it is expedient to implement the recommendations of the EU Atomic Energy Commission in accordance with Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom. Clinical audit of medical radiological procedures will provide an opportunity to improve the quality and safety of medical services, as well as patient health care.

CASCADE BOILER PLANTS AS A LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Problem statement. Destruction and damage to the energy infrastructure as a result of military operations lead to the shutdown of life support systems, which affects the lives of the population and the economy. The study of heating systems in modern realities is gaining great relevance and requires scientific substantiation, new strategic solutions, as well as organizational, economic and technological developments to overcome new challenges. The study points to the need to find energy-efficient and easily renewable alternative heating systems. Purpose of the study. The research objective is to identify alternative, individual building life support systems that are more energy-efficient, modern, and quickly recoverable. This includes systems that can be restored and used independently of other power sources. Methods. Analytical studies of the heat supply system load, technological study of the heat supply system of buildings and structures, analysis and synthesis of available data, comparison of the efficiency of cascade boiler houses with other heating systems. Research results. Cascade boiler systems have demonstrated significant potential for fuel savings, reduced emissions, and optimized operational costs. These systems have proven to be versatile, finding applications in various sectors, from residential buildings to large industrial complexes. Notably, cascade boiler systems have shown to be highly resilient in the face of modern challenges, such as natural disasters, economic crises, and conflicts, ensuring a reliable and efficient heat supply. Scientific novelty. The study explores the implementation of cascade boiler systems as an alternative heating solution for buildings in Ukrainian cities affected by the conflict, highlighting their advantages and potential to address challenges associated with the destruction of traditional energy infrastructure. Practical significance. The search for innovative heating solutions for buildings is highly relevant, especially as we approach the completion of construction projects and prepare for the upcoming heating season.

FORMING HYDRATE COMPOUNDS SYSTEM 3СaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32H2O DURING THE ALUMINATE CEMENT MINERALS HYDRATION

Problem statement. The use of modifying additives and research of their influence on the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic stability of the solidification structure of 3СaOAl2O3·3CaSO432H2O ettringite will lead to an increase in water resistance, improvement of technological factors, which in turn will contribute to the expansion of the scope of application of composites based on such additives. By means of adjusting the water-solid ratio, you can control properties of the initial composite: you can obtain the necessary structure and water resistance. Research of the effect caused by additives on the composites of the CaO–Al2O3–SO3–H2O system and the subsequent development of their compositions will provide an opportunity to control the hydration processes, form highly basic ettringite with the amount of chemically bound water in it reaching 46 %. Purpose of the article – to conduct a research on modification of the ettringite phase aimed at increasing its stability. Conclusions. Stabilization of ettringite composite of optimal composition (70 % of alumina cement and 30 % of gypsum) was determined based on the results of toponymic reactions of transition of the system from the macro-system to the micro- and nanosystem when changing time, by conducting X-ray phase analysis after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. According to the selected research methodology, semi-aqueous gypsum was modified with alumina cement. Experimentally determined was optimal amount of the modifier (70 % of alumina cement) which is necessary to increase physical and mechanical properties, as well as to form necessary mineralogical composition of the modified binder. During hydration of modified binders based on alumina cement and gypsum, formation of ettringite occurs, which makes it possible to form the necessary structure and basic physical and mechanical properties.