Statement Information Research Articles

The effect of disaggregated financial statements on potential nonprofit donors

PurposeThis study examines the effect that aggregated versus disaggregated financial statements has on a potential donor’s decision to donate to both large and small nonprofit organizations.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilizes 147 participants in a 2 × 2 design in which participants are placed in the role of potential donors.FindingsResults indicate that disaggregated financial statements increase the likelihood of donors donating. Findings suggest that trust serves as a mediating effect, as disaggregated information leads to increased organizational trust, which subsequently leads to an increased likelihood of donating.Research limitations/implicationsProviding participants with a fictitious scenario may not reflect true donor behavior. Participants also have no personal risk in deciding to donate because they are not actually making a financial donation.Practical implicationsOur results provide insight into the decision process of donors as this study suggests that disaggregated information leads to higher donations. As disaggregated information leads to higher trust, organizations are incentivized to provide disaggregated information because it increases the appearance of trustworthiness.Social implicationsFundraising campaigns can benefit from our findings. Nonprofit organizations should evaluate the impact on trust when considering best practices related to disaggregated information.Originality/valueThere is currently a trust crisis in America’s nonprofits, and this study aims to understand how the level of aggregation of financial statement information can increase trust and subsequent donor giving.

Distinct inhibitory neurons differently shape neuronal codes for sound intensity in the auditory cortex.

Cortical circuits contain multiple types of inhibitory neurons which shape how information is processed within neuronal networks. Here, we asked whether somatostatin-expressing (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) inhibitory neurons have distinct effects on population neuronal responses to noise bursts of varying intensities. We optogenetically stimulated SST or VIP neurons while simultaneously measuring the calcium responses of populations of hundreds of neurons in the auditory cortex of male and female awake, head-fixed mice to sounds. Upon SST neuronal activation, noise bursts representations became more discrete for different intensity levels, relying on cell identity rather than strength. By contrast, upon VIP neuronal activation, noise bursts of different intensity level activated overlapping neuronal populations, albeit at different response strengths. At the single-cell level, SST and VIP neuronal activation differentially modulated the response-level curves of monotonic and nonmonotonic neurons. SST neuronal activation effects were consistent with a shift of the neuronal population responses toward a more localist code with different cells responding to sounds of different intensity. By contrast, VIP neuronal activation shifted responses towards a more distributed code, in which sounds of different intensity level are encoded in the relative response of similar populations of cells. These results delineate how distinct inhibitory neurons in the auditory cortex dynamically control cortical population codes. Different inhibitory neuronal populations may be recruited under different behavioral demands, depending on whether categorical or invariant representations are advantageous for the task.Significance Statement Information about sounds is represented in the auditory cortex by neuronal population activity that has a characteristic sparse structure. Cortical neuronal populations comprise multiple types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Here, we find that activating different types of inhibitory neurons differentially controls population neuronal representations, with one type of inhibitory neurons increasing the differences in the identity of the cells recruited to represent the different sounds, and another inhibitory neuron type changing the relative activity level of overlapping neuronal populations. Such transformations may be beneficial for different types of auditory behaviors, suggesting that these different types of inhibitory neurons may be recruited under different behavioral constraints in optimizing neuronal representations of sounds.

Novel Clinical Practice Assessments: Informational Statements by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society.

Musculoskeletal oncology involves rare diseases. As a result, there is a paucity of literature to guide practitioners. Studies are often clinical experience, retrospective reviews, noncomparative studies, and involve small numbers of patients. However, technological advances consistently arise in this field. This article represents the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society efforts to improve multispecialty collaboration and research credibility. It involves brief systematic reviews of novel ideas and suggests high-quality research needed to provide and standardize best practices within this field.

What Is Culture Made of? An Exploratory Study of Ethical Cultures and Provider Perspectives on the Care of Periviable Neonates

Objective Studies examining intercenter variation in neonatal intensive care unit practices at the limits of fetal viability have hypothesized that institutional “culture” can be one of many factors that impact patient care. This study aimed to describe institutional culture at a single, large academic center with regard to the antenatal consultation, resuscitation, and postnatal management of periviable neonates. Study Design Members of six clinical groups—attending and fellow maternal–fetal medicine physicians, attending and fellow neonatal–perinatal medicine physicians, neonatal nurses, advanced practiced neonatal nurses, pediatric hospitalist physicians, and neonatal respiratory therapists—were invited to complete qualitative, semi-structured interviews. All audio recordings were transcribed. Dedoose software was used to complete team-based coding and thematic analysis. Results Twenty-two interviews were completed. Thematic analysis revealed three central themes described by participants as contributory to institutional culture: Perception, referring to factors based on individual attitudes and insights, Statements of Information, referring to factors anchored in more objective concepts such as outcomes data and institutional policy, and Dynamic Factors, referring to the relatively fluid factors of institutional culture that interact with both Perception and Statements of Information. Participants were more likely to mention factors in the Perception category (n = 430) compared with factors in the Information category (n = 225), and although the latter were described as critical components of antenatal counseling and perinatal management, the philosophy of our unit appeared to be more heavily rooted in institutional memory and individual belief systems. Conclusion Our data demonstrate a personal undertone to institutional culture at the limits of viability, with an emphasis on individual attitudes and subjective interpretations of fact rather than empirical data. As the landscape of neonatology continues to change, understanding those factors that contribute to culture remains a necessary step toward deconstructing institutional belief systems and optimizing clinical care. Key Points

The impact of accounting disclosure according to the standard (IFRS-16) lease contracts on the efficiency of the finan

IFRS-16 standard showed changes in the quality of disclosure and accounting treatment of lease contracts, which was reflected in the information content of the financial statements. The research deals with the statement of the impact of applying IFRS-16 standard on the efficiency of the financial performance of banks by measuring the level of performance according to financial indicators. The research aims to evaluate the changes in reclassifying lease contracts to financing and operating on the financial position of banks. The financial analysis method was adopted, relying on some of the main financial indicators to evaluate the financial performance of Mansour Investment Bank, the research sample, such as the ratio of debt to equity, the ratio of fixed assets to equity, and some other indicators. The most important conclusions are that there is a clear impact in applying the standard on the efficiency of the bank's performance, the research sample. The most important recommendations are the necessity of applying the standard to all Iraqi banks in order to enhance the qualitative characteristics of accounting information in financial statements and increase the efficiency of these banks in the financial markets.

263 Public perspectives of calf handling: A survey of Canadians

Abstract In North American beef production handling and restraint of young calves is integral to animal welfare and management practices. This study used a mixed method approach to gather public perceptions of three handling and restraint methods common on beef operations in western Canada (RW - Roping and Wrestling, NF – roping and NordForks, and TT – Tilt Table). Canadian participants (n = 551) recruited by CloudResearch to represent the national demographics participated in an online survey that included videos of each handling method to ascertain preferences and acceptability. Prior to watching the videos, participants were given industry information about handling and restraint or generic information regarding hay as a control information statement within the topic of agriculture. The survey also collected information about knowledge of the beef industry, animal welfare, and empathy toward animals. The reasons for preferences were described as presence of a perceived positive attribute and absence of a perceived negative for most preferred methods, and inversely when explaining least preferred method. The findings focused on calf’s experience, perception of handler actions, and pragmatic balancing of handler needs and a good life for the calf. Methods were rated as more acceptable for participants that ate meat consistently, knew more about the beef industry, and, to a lesser extent, if the individual had a lower animal empathy score (Table 1). Acceptability was not affected by providing information about the practices; however, information about handling and restraint did elicit more pragmatic reasoning. Most participants preferred TT over NF and RW (P < 0.001) and found TT more acceptable as well (P < 0.001). The TT was the most preferred method due to calf experience and human handling, notably the absence of dragging a calf, which was predominant in why participants selected NF or RW as their least preferred method. Consistency of themes highlights that the Canadian public has a fundamental expectation of value for the quality of life of the calf, humane handling, and pragmatism which aligns with beef sustainability initiatives and represent points of connection for building trust between industry and the public.

Audit committee and the quality of financial reporting information - evidence in the new organisational structure of Vietnamese listed companies

The Audit Committee (AC) is a new part of organisational structure of a joint-stock company (JSCs), which has just been legislated in Vietnam since 2021. The AC aims to supervise activities to enhance the truthfulness and fairness of financial reporting information. The article aims to analyze and evaluate the actual effectiveness of the AC in improving the quality of financial statement information. The secondary data including 255 observations from listed companies that have established AC. We carried out analysis and forecast using the binary logistic model. The results show that the AC has played a primary role to improve the quality of financial statement information.

Research on the Impact of Digitalization on Bank Performance Based on BP Neural Network

With the promotion and development of digital finance, the degree of digitalization has an increasingly significant impact on the banking business, which cannot be ignored in the operation of commercial banks. Therefore, establishing a digitalization bank profitability system model is of great significance for the sustainable development of banks and digital finance. This article selects 6 Chinese state-owned banks from 57 listed banks in the A+H stock market as samples, constructs a digital indicator system and evaluation model for banks through the literature review method, and uses simulation training to explore the effectiveness of BP neural network in evaluating the impact of digitalization on bank profitability. The aim is to provide a reference for the evaluation of financial statement information of other banks and other factors affecting bank digitalization. The innovation of the article lies in the innovative use of the entropy weight coefficient of variation method to establish a digital evaluation system model, which utilizes the data itself to objectively establish an evaluation system, incorporate the established digital system into the black box model of the BP neural network model to study the impact of changes in digitalization on banking operations.

The presentation of income and other comprehensive income in the IAS Conceptual Framework

Introduction. The articulation of profit or loss and other comprehensive income increases the usefulness and faithfully represent information in financial statements. The IAS Conceptual Framework assigns primacy to the reflecting changes measurement assets and liabilities, expressed in terms of rights or requirements with respect to profit or loss. The result of this balance-sheet approach is that net income is determined as a by-product of the recognition and measurement of net assets in the balance sheet. At the same time recognized other comprehensive income. However, other comprehensive income, due to its lack of firm theoretical underpinnings, removes only the incoherencies related to capital- maintenance adjustments, is a debated question that remains unresolved what determines the relevance of the research and enables the formation of its purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of applying the balance-sheet approach in determining net income or loss and to study their impact on the accounting practice of non-financial companies. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the application of a systematic approach to improving the application of the balance-sheet model when determining net profit with the recognition of total income, comparative analysis, scientific generalization – for the study of the approaches proposed by scientists to the calculation of net profit and the use of the principle of matching between revenues and expenses, structural-logical and semantic analysis – to determine the shortcomings of the application of the balance-sheet model for non-financial companies, induction and deduction, abstract-logical – to improve the methodology of using the balance-sheet model taking into account the principles of accrual and compliance, tabular – to determine the list of transactions, as a result of which other aggregate income is recognized and establish the advantages of using the model balance. Results. The determined that the number of operations that require adjustment of assets and liabilities according to requirements IAS increases. As a consequence, profit conventional (realised) and other comprehensive income (unrealised) are recognized, which is not sufficiently represented by the Conceptual Framework. Taking the first step in the above, considered the merits of the concept of the balance-sheet approach: separate presentation of realized and unrealized income or losses (other comprehensive income), accounting for changes in the value of assets and liabilities in the longterm, control over adjustments of previously unrealized income and losses, separate presentation of revaluation results of assets and of articles that are to be reclassified, true presentation of the amount of net assets in the balance-sheet for each reporting date, separation of taxable and of nontaxable income, reduction of uncertainty. Conclusions and prospects. Installed, that the balance-sheet approach in the Framework is a good starting point for evaluating issues of recognition and measurement net assets, profit or loss. However, taking into the implications of а common practice, the of a pure balance-sheet approach cannot be used satisfactorily in non-financial companies without taking into account principles for accrual and matching in the part of the main operating activity. The informative income statement should convey a measure of profit from sales and that requires some form of matching. Mixed approach is more comprehensive, allowing for complementary roles for balance-sheet of an income statement. Common using in practice matching when determining income from operating activities and the balance-sheet method requires more detailed research in subsequent scientific work.

Sharia-compliant financial statements: Specifics of information disclosure

Subject. This article deals with the issues related to the disclosure of information in the financial statements by organizations providing partnership financing services. Objectives. The article aims to study the features of the Islamic model of accounting, its regulatory framework and the requirements for disclosure of information in financial statements in accordance with AAOIFI standards. Methods. The scientific works by contemporary foreign and domestic scientists engaged in the study of the Islamic model of accounting and the problems of disclosure of information in financial statements by Islamic financial institutions served as a methodological basis for the study. Results. The article finds that religion and ethical standards embedded in Islamic economics have a significant impact on accounting and the formation of Sharia-compliant financial statements. The article also describes the emergence and development of the Islamic accounting model and the distinctive features of information disclosure in accordance with RAS, IFRS and AAOIFI standards. The article provides examples of information disclosure in financial statements by Islamic financial institutions operating abroad and in Russia. Conclusions. The information disclosed in the financial statements of Islamic financial institutions in accordance with AAOIFI standards is much broader than under RAS and IFRS. The specifics of reflecting transactions on partnership financing are currently traced in the financial statements of companies operating in foreign countries, where partnership finance has been developing for many years. Financial institutions operating in the field of partnership finance in Russia prepare accounting (financial) statements in accordance with RAS, and when preparing internal management reporting, they are guided by IFRS and AAOIFI standards.

Keputusan Pemberian Kredit Kepada UMKM Dalam Peer-To-Peer Lending: Faktor-Faktor Apa Saja Yang Dipertimbangkan Investor?

This study aims to examine and demonstrate six factors influencing the decision to grant credit loans to MSMEs on the conventional Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platforms Investree and Koinworks. These six factors are loan amount, loan term, credit rating, loan purpose, business duration, and financial statement information. A quantitative approach and secondary data from the publications of the Investree and Koinworks applications or websites were utilized in this research. A sample of 225 MSMEs was selected from a population of 267 using purposive sampling. Logistic regression analysis revealed that loan amount, credit rating, and loan purpose affect MSMEs on the Investree and Koinworks P2P lending platforms, while loan term, business duration, and financial statement information do not. These findings suggest that both P2P lending platforms consider various factors when evaluating MSME borrowers. The differences between Investree and Koinworks indicate distinct characteristics and appeals to MSMEs on each platform, which are also discussed in this study. The results of this research can assist MSMEs in preparing loan proposals to enhance credibility with lenders, provide better insights to lenders in decision-making, and serve as a reference for other P2P lending platforms in evaluating factors necessary for credit loan decision-making processes.

Can the Fraud Hexagon Components Detect Fraudulent Financial Reporting?

Accounting information in financial statements is very important for users of financial statements when deciding. Management tries to make these financial statements perform well. Opportunistically, managers can manipulate financial statements to make them look good, which encourages companies to commit fraud on financial statements. This study uses the Fraud Hexagon component to examine the factors that influence financial statement fraud. Fraud hexagon theory is the latest six-dimensional fraud component developed by Vousinas by adding aspects of collusion. Sample selection is based on the purposive sampling method. The analysis method used in this research is panel data logistic regression analysis through the Eviews 10 application. The results showed that opportunity, rationalization, and capability did not affect financial statement fraud. The other three components of the fraud hexagon, namely pressure, arrogance, and conspiracy, significantly affect financial statement fraud.

Unresolved Financial Reporting Issues: Opportunities for International Accounting Research

ABSTRACT This article identifies unresolved financial reporting issues that research can help resolve and provides examples of how adopting an international perspective can deepen the insights obtained from the research. Some of the issues pertain to well-established literatures—intangible assets, risk and uncertainty, fair value accounting, conservatism, and earnings management. Others are relatively new—namely, sustainability, particularly climate change, and digital assets, particularly crypto assets. Addressing these issues could require a reconsideration of the concepts underlying accounting standards, including thinking more broadly about accounting information to encompass more than information in financial statements, including more nonfinancial information. Regardless, there are many opportunities for international accounting research to address open questions these issues raise to provide insights into how global financial accounting and reporting might be improved.

Financial statements vs. FinTech: A discussion of Minnis, Sutherland, and Vetter

Minnis, Sutherland, and Vetter (MSV) documents a sharp decline in lenders’ collection of attested financial statements (including unqualified audits, reviews, and compilations) over the period 2002 to 2017. They attribute this change to lenders adopting new technology and new non-bank lenders entering the lending market. In this discussion, I explore several dimensions of their findings. First, I provide a framework for usefulness of financial statement information in debt contracting. Using this framework, I consider how financial statements may be useful for the small and medium loans the authors study, and how this role could be disrupted. Second, I consider how financial technology (FinTech) has disrupted traditional lending and potentially changed the role of financial statements. Finally, I consider the implications for this change on the accounting profession.

Inclusive Education and Rehabilitation of Students with Neurological and Developmental Disabilities: A Case of Pakistani Schools- Community Collaboration

The study was carried out to explore the nature of collaboration between the schools of students with neurological and developmental disabilities(SWNDDs)and the community institutions including family, health, general education, and social welfare. The study is carried out through a quantitative survey. The population of the study was teachers, and the parents of students with neurological and developmental disabilities studying in different schools in Punjab. A total number of 100 teachers (both male and female) and 31 parents(Mothers & fathers ) were selected through a simple random sampling technique. Two structured questionnaires, one for teachers and one for parents, were used to collect the data. Each questionnaire consisted of two sections; demographic information and close-ended statements. The validity of the questionnaires was estimated from experts in special education. The reliability of the questionnaires was .83 and .80(Cronbach’s Alpha). The data analysis shows that schools had a low level of collaboration with health and social welfare departments but a moderate level of collaboration with regular education and families of students with NDDs.The need for strong and effective school-community collaboration for the welfare and uplift of students with neurological and developmental disabilities and their parents is recommended.

ANALISIS PENGUNGKAPAN INFORMASI LINGKUNGAN DALAM LAPORAN KEUANGAN PDAM KABUPATEN BONDOWOSO : PERSPEKTIF GREEN ECONOMI DAN TANGGUNGJAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN

This research aims to analyze the disclosure of environmental information in the financial statements of the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) of Bondowoso Regency, considering the perspectives of green economy and corporate social responsibility. The disclosure of environmental information is increasingly important in the context of environmental protection and business sustainability. A qualitative approach is used to analyze the financial statements of PDAM Bondowoso Regency with a focus on environmental information disclosure elements. Findings from this research are expected to provide new insights into environmental information disclosure practices in the public sector, especially in regional companies such as PDAM. The implications of this analysis can contribute to the development of green economy and corporate social responsibility in Bondowoso Regency and encourage other companies to improve transparency and accountability in disclosing environmental information in the financial statements of PDAM Bondowoso Regency. In conclusion, the management of waste by PDAM Bondowoso Regency still has shortcomings, such as suboptimal waste treatment, gaps in handling various types of waste, technological limitations, and lack of awareness or understanding. The disclosure of environmental information in financial statements is also constrained by factors such as lack of awareness, resource constraints, and regulatory uncertainty. This results in suboptimal disclosure of prevention and detection cost allocations and environmental failure costs. Steps are needed to enhance transparency, such as improvements in disclosing cost allocations and detailed operating costs for waste management. Thus, stakeholders can better understand PDAM's efforts to maintain environmental sustainability and public health

Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Ungku Abdul Hamid (1922–2020): The Thinking and Worldview of an Illustrious Malaysian Muslim

This article seeks to examine the worldview of almarḥūm Royal Professor Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Ungku Abdul Hamid of Malaysia (1922–2020) as reflected in his scholarship and intellectual journey, which would be instructive in giving more insight into the mind of a learned Muslim in the context of a post-colonial Muslim nation. To gain a clearer idea of how Ungku Aziz’s mind was shaped and to better understand his thought process, this article examines the discussions, sources, and influences that left impressions on him, and how he focused his mind throughout his life in chronological order. The methodology adopted for this purpose is primarily a creative use of the archival or documentary research method which involves analysing the usage of key terms by the subject related to the question of “worldview” or “thinking framework,” “belief,” “thought,” and the “mind” in selected documents and records. In addition, verbal statements of relevant information were also utilised to furnish certain details. Finally, this article argues that while there are areas of Ungku Aziz’s discussions and statements which could be more informed by insights from the intellectual tradition of Islam, Ungku Aziz generally held a more nuanced and learned view of Islam as a religion and civilisation—different from many other economists or Muslim Western-trained academics of his time.

Characteristics and Skills of Forensic Accountants for Effective Financial Fraud Control in Nigeria

The study examined forensic accountants’ relevant characteristics and financial fraud control and investigated the extent to which traits, characteristics, core skills, and enhanced skills of forensic accountants are effective in fraud control. The study adopted the survey method and placed emphasis on the public and private sectors in Delta and Edo states in the south-south of Nigeria, where potential forensic accountants, academics, and users of forensic accounting services were considered respondents through a well-structured questionnaire. A total of 250 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to these respondents, while 214 copies were successfully retrieved. The successfully retrieved questionnaire was also subjected to a pre-test using Cronbach-Alpha test. The collected data were tested and analyzed using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, correlation matrix, descriptive statistics, and tables. Based on the outcome of the test and analysis, the traits, core, and enhanced skills of forensic accountants have a significant positive effect on financial fraud control. These traits and core and enhanced skills include analytical proficiency, detail orientation, deductive analysis, strategic thinking, analyzing and interpreting financial statement information, interviewing skills. We recommended among others, that the government approve the practice of forensic accounting in Nigeria to aid government agencies in fighting fraud.

Principles versus rules based standards: Differential impact on accounting quality and relevance

AbstractThis research explores the transition from rules‐based to principles‐based accounting standards, particularly focusing on the implementation of ASC 606, and its impact on the quality and value relevance of financial reporting. The study draws on the debate between the detailed, prescriptive nature of rules‐based standards versus the flexible, judgment‐reliant principles‐based standards. Through a comprehensive empirical analysis, it finds that the adoption of ASC 606 has led to a significant improvement in accounting quality, supporting the theory that principles‐based standards, which emphasize reflecting the economic substance of transactions, result in more accurate and informative financial statements. Additionally, the paper reveals that this transition has varied effects across different industries, with the most pronounced improvements in sectors characterized by complex customer contracts and multiple performance obligations. The research further indicates an increase in the value relevance of financial reporting post‐ASC 606 adoption, suggesting that financial statements now provide more relevant information for investors, thereby enhancing market efficiency. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on the optimal approach to financial reporting standards, highlighting the benefits of principles‐based standards while also acknowledging the need for strong regulatory frameworks and professional judgment to mitigate the risks of earnings management and ensure high‐quality financial reporting.

Accounting of foreign economic activities: impact on current aspects of currency operations supervision and financial monitoring during the period of martial state in Ukraine

Introduction. Accounting for foreign economic activity was and remains a relevant area of accounting support for business entities, which is associated with an increased risk of errors in connection with changes in regulatory documents on such activities, different conditions for carrying out activities due to the variability of the terms of foreign economic contracts, the need to take into account different exchange rates and the correct submission and presentation of information in financial statements. It is important for business entities to comply with the requirements of legislation, to organize proper internal control/internal audit to prevent errors in reflected transactions in the conditions of foreign economic activity. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the features of accounting for foreign economic activity, taking into account the latest changes and the impact on currency supervision and financial monitoring. Results. Subjects of foreign economic activity must also comply with the rules of currency exchange, import and export licensing, as well as customs procedures. Starting from 2019, currency supervision replaced currency control, a risk-oriented approach was introduced. Correct accounting is affected by the control of settlement deadlines, i.e. the time between the customs declaration and the payment. The experience of regulating foreign economic activity in Ukraine was the mandatory sale of proceeds by exporters under foreign economic contracts, which was canceled in 2019 by the NBU Resolution of February 6, 2019, №. 3. During the martial law, it was not restored. Funds, before entering the current account, may first be credited to a distribution account in the bank, which is in transit, and the operations of crediting to the distribution account and transferring to the current account may take place both during the same day and on different days. Based on the set of criteria for risky operations of foreign economic activity and taking into account internal documents, the bank can make a decision to break up the operation and violate the deadlines even if formal criteria are observed in export-import operations. Conclusion. Under the conditions of extraordinary events, there is a need to establish new currency regulation and control measures. Currency supervision is based on a risk-oriented approach and certain indicators of violations of currency legislation should be taken into account when implementing internal control measures.