Statehood In Russia Research Articles

Республика Бурятия в панораме 100-летия: исторические вехи и достижения

Goals. The article aims to consider some key historical milestones and achievements in Buryatia’s nation-state building for over 100 years. The paper analyzes the conditions for the emergence of Buryat-Mongolian autonomy, and the factors that prompted reorganizations of the Republic’s political structure in the context of changes witnessed in the nationwide political agenda. Special attention is paid to the contribution of the Republic to the Great Victory, certain analytical emphases be laid on present-day challenges, achievements and development prospects. Materials and methods. The work examines unpublished documents stored at the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History, and State Archive of Buryatia. The principles of historicism and consistency prove instrumental enough in reconstructing the process of nation-state building in Buryatia, identifying specific features, and tracing general trends of state development in the Republic’s political life. Results. On 30 May 1923, the Presidium of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee decided to unite Siberian and Far Eastern autonomous domains (oblasts) of Buryat-Mongols into one autonomous socialist Soviet republic centered around the city of Verkhneudinsk. It is then and there that the statehood of Buryat-Mongols — consolidated by a single territory, economic integrity, and historical ties of all resident peoples — was proclaimed. The shaping and rapid development of industries in the Republic, transformations in agriculture, education and health care converted the territory of Buryatia into a strong supporting point that would render every possible assistance to the nation during the Great Patriotic War. The post-war years up to the 1960s and early 1970s became a period of progressive development in all spheres of life. At the all-Union level, merits of the Republic were distinguished with the Order of Lenin (1958), Order of Friendship of Peoples (1972), and Order of the October Revolution (1973). Events of the late 1980s and the subsequent collapse of the USSR served as a test of state viability to the Republic. The economic depression led to an unprecedented deterioration of the social situation which could actually result in a severest interethnic conflict. However, the accumulated experiences of cross-cultural interaction, flexible administrative and managerial systems, high educational and scientific levels of the population, and a unified language environment proved instrumental in neutralizing negative trends and strengthening constructive ones — as part of interethnic dialogue within the new statehood of Russia. Despite the complicated processes of the 1980s–1990s, Buryatia confirmed its loyalty to the principles of federalism and integrity of Russia. Another important milestone was the 1994 adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia. Over the past hundred years, the Republic has developed as a major political/legal entity of the Russian Federation — in cultural, economic, and other aspects. Nowadays, the peoples of Buryatia — regardless of faith and ethnic identity — join efforts to develop public economy and culture, shape a common destiny of the Republic and the country on the basis of friendship, harmony, and mutual understanding.

Constitutional Law, Philosophy and statehood of Russia. B.S. Ebzeev. The Philosophy of Russian constitutionalism: essays

The review highlights the main topics and problems of the new monograph by B.S. Ebzeev on the constitutional process in Russia, which has been taking place over the past 30 years. The work of the famous lawyer and statesman provides a dogmatic, historical, political-ideological, sociological and philosophical analysis of the problems of Russian statehood in connection with the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993. The book proves that the Constitution of the Russian Federation, with all its shortcomings, made it possible to prevent civil confrontation, get out of the most severe political crisis and preserve Russia as a sovereign state.

Appeals to God in the documents of the law enforcement system of Russia (from ancient times to 1917)

Documents of the domestic law enforcement system from the time of Kievan Rus to 1917 are considered for turning to God – the source of immutable moral values from the standpoint of the Orthodox religious tradition. The study of this topic is of particular importance for understanding Russian history, taking into account the factor that Orthodoxy occupied in the life of the state and the individual. It is noted that the origins of the Russian law enforcement sphere coincide with the emergence of Christianity and statehood in Russia. On the basis of the anthology, published on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Russian police, and through the study of documents from the 10th to the 19th centuries, the nature of such appeals is investigated, and their comparative analysis is carried out. Three periods are distinguished: the first – from the first treaty between Russia and the Greeks until the introduction of the post of St. Petersburg General Police Chief; the second – from the introduction of the post of St. Petersburg General Police Chief to the establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; the third is from the establishment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the disbandment of the Gendarme Corps in 1917. The documents of each of the periods analyze the forms and context of appeals to God, which made it possible to identify the trend of changes taking place in society in relation to the highest value for the Orthodox faith – the Triune God. The conclusion is made about the period of preservation of the traditional for the Orthodox faith concepts of God in the documents of the law enforcement system of Russia, as well as the time of the beginning of the loss of such concepts. A hypothesis has been put forward about the possibility of reviving the highest traditional religious values in Russia at the present stage.

Истоки общественной взаимопомощи как формы социальной солидарности россиян

The aim of the study is to determine the role of the historical tradition of social mutual assistance of the Russians in promoting social cohesion of people and overcoming difficulties in the development of the state and society. The article examines the historical processes of the formation of the Russians’ important folk tradition - public mutual assistance, which from ancient times contributed to the development of ethnic groups on the territory of modern Russia, which significantly influenced the mental traits of people, performing important functions of social protection of people. The scientific originality of the research consists in the generalization of empirical material about history of the formation of mutual assistance traditions since ancient times, the Middle Ages and the New Age; the article presents well-grounded conclusions about the historical continuity of the traditions and mentality of the Russians. As a result, it was proved that the formation of the territory and statehood of Russia was initially accompanied by the active development of community and public mutual assistance of people, the formation of humanistic values and willingness to defend their native land. State structures at all stages of history have used the traditions of mutual assistance to strengthen the socio-economic position of the country, to develop people’s solidarity in the process of common creative activity.

Formation of the idea of strong statehood in Russia in the XI-XV centuries

In this scientific article the developing of the "strong state" idea on eastern slavic terretories is analized. The idea of this article is to show how deeply ingrained this idea is for eastern slavic people. The main problem being under discussion in this article is to find those things that are basics for a "strong state" ideology. The article is written based on "Ethnical self-consciosness of slavs in 15th century" book (part by B.N. Florya) and on "Birth of the state. Moskovia in 15th-16th centuries" by M. M. Kromm.

Евразийская идея и кино русского авангарда

The paper traces connections of the works by Eurasian and Russian avant-garde directors Dzigа Vertov and Vsevolod Pudovkin. With this purpose it addresses сinematic creations of mentioned authors and teachings of Eurasian movement, especially by N. S. Trubetskoy. In his opinion, to analyze Russian history, one must take into account the geographical, political and economic components. He paid special attention to the geographical factor. The population of Russia-Eurasia includes various “human races”: both Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as Turkic and Mongolian peoples. The Turan element occupies a significant part of the territory. Genghis-khan united all nomadic tribes under his sway and introduced Asian statehood in Russia. Moscow Rus form the basis of the Russian Empire after joining it former Golden Horde`s uluses. The views of N. S. Trubetskoy largely correlate with the ideas of avant-garde activists. The creations of the directors of the Russian avant-garde are also associated with the Asian theme. Eurasian ideas soaked up Soviet directors` minds and translated into culture, as well as into cinematic culture. Representatives of Russian avant-garde including D. Vetrov associated with futurists, LEF magazine and representatives of formal school, who in their turn were connected with Eurasians (R. Yakobson, for example). Eurasian teachings and avant-garde representatives` perceptions have common roots to be highlighted in Russian history. The scientific novelty of this study which involved comparative method is due to identifying similarities between them.

Statehood of Russia in the 16th‒17th Centuries: Power and Society

The results of study of the acts and office work of the central government system of Russia in the 16th–17th centuries are presented. It is shown that, due to the large territory, multiethnicity, and polyconfessionalism of Russia, a strong centralized power is an inevitable factor of its existence. In turn, the 17th century was a time of choice and the last attempt to restore the symphony, the joint making of the state and the Church, which had been violated in the era of Ivan the Terrible.

THE CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE SYSTEM OF THE RULE OF LAW IN RUSSIA

The article is devoted to the study of the conditions for the formation of a truly legal state in the Russian Federation. It is noted that the process of formation of the system of the rule of law requires signifi cant efforts both by the state and by society. It is also emphasised that the key conditions that can ensure the effective functioning of the rule of law in Russia are the respect of the provisions of the Constitution of 1993 by citizens and the willingness to comply with those provisions in cooperation with the state, the independence of the judiciary, the real and rational separation of powers, the functioning of legislative bodies in accordance with the interests of citizens of the Russian Federation. According to the author’s opinion, trust in the Constitution and its ability to ensure social progress in general is the basis for strengthening the legal statehood of the Russian Federation in the long term. The author concludes that the strength of the construction of legal statehood in Russia is based on the stability of the constitutional system and the supremacy of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, its ability to subordinate to its action all citizens of the country and offi cials of public authorities.

Federal statehood of Russia and Germany in the mirror of constitutional and judicial law enforcement: the importance of German experience for Russian practice

Federal statehood of Russia and Germany in the mirror of constitutional and judicial law enforcement: the importance of German experience for Russian practice

Public services and digital technologies: legal registration in constitutional law

The purpose of the article is to identify the role and place of digital technologies in public services. Considering the content and importance of the constitutional and legal regulation of public services using digital technologies in the context of the implementation of the constitutionally enshrined social statehood of Russia, the author draws the following conclusion: the objective of the modern State is to fully ensure enforcement of the needs of citizens and the provision of public services using digital technologies.The analysis of doctrinal approaches and normative consolidation of information and technological organization of interaction between citizens and public authorities showed that the innovative way of digital technologies has been chosen and normatively consolidated in modern Russia as the basis for economic development — the basis of Social Statehood. This requires scientific understanding and development of mechanisms for its implementation in social issues in the legal context.Also, the author gives a brief overview of the main risks of introduction of digital technologies in Russian constitutional law at the present stage of development. The paper reveals topical issues in heoretical and practical contexts; the author suggests the ways how they can be resolved.

Research of court evidence of the time of Kievan Rus accomplished by professor O. I. Paliumbetskyi (1811-1897)

The objective of the article is to highlight the scientific work of Professor O. I. Paliumbetskyi in the field of the history of Old Russian law. This objective is specified in the following tasks: to show how the witnesses testimonies were evaluated by scholars; what significance he gave to probations in the system of court evidence of the time of Kievan Rus; where he saw the peculiarities of the Russian legislation regarding court evidence in comparison with the German one.
 The scientific novelty of the article is the fact that it first reveals the essence of the scientific contribution of O. I. Paliumbetskyi to the study of the judicial process of the Kievan Rus period.
 The author has demonstrated what kind of court evidence of this time he considered the basic, in particular, the author has revealed his understanding of the value of witness testimony (including outcomes and obituaries), probations and oaths. The scholar has stressed that the development of justice largely depended on the formation of statehood in Russia – there was the evolution of the legal process with its genesis. O. I. Paliumbetskyi drew attention to the fact that the distinctive feature of the most ancient laws of many peoples was the identity of private and criminal law, according to which all decisions regarding private relations between individuals were at the same time criminal law, and certain punishment was provided for their violation. The researcher has shown that the testimony of witnesses in Old Russian law served as the basis of the whole system, and all other evidence was related to it. Considering the significance of the oath in legal proceedings of that period, O. I. Paliumbetskyi noted that the right to prove by the oath in the old Russian laws equally belonged to both the indictor and the accused. The first used it when he was not able to provide any evidence, even imperfect, and the latter used the oath as a mean of purging from the evidence against him. The scholar pointed out that the fight between the parties, according to the Russian law, was used in the absence of evidence of a plaintiff and, moreover, served as evidence for a defendant, who could replace it with other means of defense, except for the oath. O. I. Paliumbetskyi came to the conclusion that the influence of German legislation on the Old Russian one in relation to the system of court evidence was insignificant.

STATEHOOD OF RUSSIA 1917. - 2017: FACTS AND PARALLELS

The article is devoted to the consideration of such a phenomenon as a revolution in the development of Russian statehood. The main purpose of the article is to reflect on the historical parallels of a revolution, regular shifts in the resultant political changes in the country, and the transformation of Russia’s role in the world arena. So it happened, but the statehood of Russia was built on revolutions and coups. From a historical point of view, the revolutionary actions of 1917, which brought about the collapse of Russian capitalism, are a result of the domestic political situation in Russia in those years. Such a radical transformation as a revolution is always accompanied by an uncontrolled and at the same time rapid reorientation of the entire course of the country and, hence, the predetermination of its future for the years to come. The social strata, and sometimes even whole estates, which to some extent did not suit the state of affairs within the country has always been the driving force of the revolution. The spirit of rebelliousness and emotional upheaval for his Fatherland in the years of hardships has always been in the nature of a Russian person. Any state like a structure has a critical safety margin. Russia with its rich heritage and diverse internal political currents will always be at risk of a revolution. Careful attention should be paid to the obsolescence of state structures, which, in view of their strategic importance, must be preserved. It is necessary not only to preserve the unshakable, but also to improve from considerations of temporary changes the institutions of social assistance, electivity, democracy, family values, freedom of opinions, personal inviolability, etc.

Армия военного времени в политическом процессе России 1917 года

The crisis of the statehood in Russia in 1917 revealed the inability of traditional political institutions to execute its primary responsibilities which allowed new participants into the arena of the political struggle. One of these was the new army having appeared as a result of mass mobilization, however much different from a typical pre-war full-time army with its personnel, structure and its place in state life. In early 1917 the state and attitude of the army was similar to that of the general societal population, in particular the unpopularity of both the war and the political leadership of the country. The army participation was essential to the February Revolution victory. The Petrograd infantry revolt within military ranks defined the final success of the coup in the capital, and the Supreme Commander’s Headquarters agreed with the opposition and became an organizer of the Emperor recantation. Revolutionary changes gave an impulse to the politicization of army life. Soldiers’ and sailors’ anti-military ambition growth led to the rapid decline of discipline and fighting efficiency. In the summer of 1917, a number of generals headed by general L. G. Kornilov offered the government a number of proposed strong measures directed towards the recovery of discipline within the country and army. The intention to put in place a steady regime in the interests of continuing the war could not be coordinated openly, therefore it obtained a conspiracy nature between the Provisional Government and the Supreme Commander’s Headquarters. The realization of it became impossible in the absence of the participants’ mutual confidence and respect. The breakdown between them became the cause of the August political crisis and future radicalization of internal conflict. Military contingents became the main military power of the October Revolution in Petrograd. Soldiers’ and sailors’ conviction in justice of revolutionary reorganizations and waiting for the coming peace resulted in their increased influence for determining political direction.

The State Program for Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots: Ideals of Citizenship, Membership, and Statehood in the Russian Federation

The State Program for Voluntary Resettlement of Compatriots Abroad was launched in 2006/2007 as a strategy to attract new citizens who were already fluent in Russian and accustomed to Russian culture, in a situation of gloomy demographic prospects. During its first years of existence the program proved quite inefficient, but in 2012–13 it was revised to become more attractive and extended to include more Federal Subjects (now 58). Whereas in September 2012 RIA Novosti reported that there had been 80,000 repatriates since the start of the program, the FMS (the Federal Migration Service) stated in 2014 that more than 200,000 compatriots had been resettled. The paper focuses on this period of revival and investigates what the discussions and representations of the State Program in Russian public discourse reveal about ideals of citizenship, membership, and statehood in Russia. Discourse analysis is combined with references to theoretical debates on states’ policies of inclusion and exclusion. Researchers have already pointed to the concept of “compatriots” as ambiguous, because it only vaguely defines who the program is open for. Even though the initial aim of the program was to secure economic development in the regions and improve the demographic situation in the country, it clearly intervenes in other discourses that relate to the image of the Russian nation and the boundaries of the imagined “we.” One is the idea of Russia as the historical homeland of “compatriots,” and connected to this the idea that “compatriots” are discriminated against in other countries and therefore implicitly want to return to Russia. The debates also bear witness to an explicit dichotomy between “compatriots” and “migrants,” where “migrants” are construed as unqualified, unwanted and not rightfully belonging in the country, whereas “compatriots” are skilled and desired labor, easy to include into the Russian “community of value.” From spring 2014 onwards, the State Program became an issue also in relation to refugees from Ukraine who fled to Russia during the escalating conflict and war. This study shows how at that point the State Program suddenly turned into a means of effective integration of Ukrainian refugees–“compatriots.” I argue that although in the media representations the program acquires several other functions, the pragmatic aspect–Russia wanting to attract skilled labor–is present throughout and stands out as the most important.

Civic and Ethnic Identity and Images of Desirable Statehood in Russia

Civic and Ethnic Identity and Images of Desirable Statehood in Russia

Правовое или полицейское государство – выбор современной России

In the contemporary world the concept of the constitutional state is very popular and recognized as the most humane and just society. It is considered to be the antithesis of a police state. The author performed analytical study of the current model of political, social and economic development of the Russian Federation and of the problems of formation and functioning of the legal, institutional and legal, humanitarian and legal aspects of the statehood in Russia. On the base of the analyses the author has drawn the conclusion substantiating the current Russian statehood.

State: Typological Analysis of Evolutionary Forms

In this article, the authors propose a new approach to the concept and content the typology the state. In particular, draws attention to the fact that the historical-typological approach to the state assumes the need for genetic analysis, the learning the state in a dynamic position, namely the permanent transition to the most advanced forms. It is known that Siberia initially had been inhabitated by Russian immigrants from North districts European part Moscow Rus – from Novgorod, Arckhagelsk, Vologda, Vyatka regions from Perm the Great. The Russian government also has an interesting and complex history in terms formation and typology. (Karabulatova, Sayfulina, Ahmetova, 2013: 139). Organized settlement was followed by unauthorized inhabitation. Peasants went to Siberia not only forced by “pribor”, order but independently secretly. This could not but affect the character the evolution statehood in Russia. Statehood in Russia is closely related to evolutionary processes in the personality the Russians. As rightly emphasizes I.S. Karabulatova, we see that the complexity the process cultural texts (which is most characteristic the culture the European type) has the character entropy at observed primitivization forms, the abundance a variety of remakes , typing motifs and images. Virtualization consciousness, provoking introvertiveness character development the world, contributes to the design new virtual cultural spaces with its internal logic and perception system para-reality, specific cultural codes and identification codes, their history and mythology [Karabulatova, 2013: 794]. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s4p83