State Transition Technique Research Articles

Black Box Testing for HIV AIDS Digital Counseling Website (D-Cohiva Apps) with State Transition Technique

The Al-Irsyad University Cilacap lecturer team has created the Digital Counseling HIV/AIDS (D-Cohiva) website with the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) stages. The D-Cohiva website provides internet-based interventions on HIV/AIDS counseling that can be used anywhere and anytime. In general this study attemps to analyze the related inputs and outputs, as well as to determine the suitability of the actual conditions with the expected conditions and ensure the quality and functionality of the D-Cohiva website, black box testing with the state transition technique was conducted. The research method used by researchers is the descriptive-qualitative method, namely by collecting data, then analyzing and describing the results of their observations. The system testing technique used is the black box with state transition technique. The study obtained eight test cases with 100% success, in accordance with the expected results. Conclusion: The D-Cohiva website is feasible to use and guaranteed according to the desired function.

Pengujian Black Box Dengan Teknik Transition Pada Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan Berbasis Web Dengan Metode Waterfall Pada SMC Foundation

Black box testing is so important because the technique is able to identify errors in functions, interfaces, information models and access to outside information sources. In the implementation often arises the problem of testers not being sure whether the software being tested has actually passed the testing stage. This happens because there may still be some untested execution paths. Testers should create every possible combination of input information for the test. Choosing input information to find errors is a problem for testers because it has a high probability, so the test case design can automatically be a solution. In this implementation, the web that will be tested using black-box testing is a Library Information System. The SMC Library website will be tested using black-box testing where the test only aims to see if the program is in accordance with the desired function of the program. This method is done by looking at the inputs and outputs of each system flow. Testers in this test method do not have to understand the flow of system code, but must know the flow of system expectations. One of the techniques of the black box testing method is the state transition technique. The state transition technique is performed by looking at the suitability of the flow from one pipeline to the next

Black Box Testing Dengan Teknik State Transition Testing Pada Inventori Alat-Alat Medis

South Tangerang General Hospital has an inventory system for medical devices that are used for recording incoming and outgoing medical devices. By the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia 2018, hospitals need a service system that can meet the requirements for quality, safety, and benefits of maintaining the quality of medical devices and health supplies. To determine the quality of a system, it is necessary to test the software to see the conditions directly. Black Box Testing is one of the most commonly used testing methods. This method is done by looking at the input and output of each system flow. Testers in this test method do not have to understand the flow of system code but must know the flow of system expectations. One technique of the black box testing method is the state transition technique. The state transition technique is done by looking at the suitability of the flow from one path to the next. The results of testing on the medical equipment inventory system at South Tangerang General Hospital were found to be 100% appropriate.

Iterative learning control for nonlinear nonaffine networked systems with stochastic noise in communication channels

This article investigates the convergence analysis of networked iterative learning control for nonlinear nonaffine systems firstly by considering stochastic noise introduced by the network channels. The convergence analysis is under a data-driven framework, which does not rely on any mechanism model information. To deal with the nonlinearity, both the state transition technique and the differential mean value principle are used to formulate the iterative dynamics of system states, tracking errors and input signals using a lifted matrix expression, respectively. In terms of the contraction mapping principle, the tracking error is shown to be iteratively convergent under the sense of mathematical expectation. Since the [Formula: see text]-norm is not used in the analysis, the convergence property of the tracking error is not affected by the operation interval and a good transient performance can be ensured in theory. Simulation studies test the theoretical results.

Precise Tracking for Continuous‐Time Non‐Minimum Phase Systems

AbstractStable inversion based precise tracking for continuous‐time square or nonsquare non‐minimum phase systems is studied. However, high precision trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems can be obtained by the stable inversion method but requiring large enough extended time interval. In order to solve this problem of large extended time restriction, a novel approach to precise trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems is proposed, it is called the improved stable inversion (ISI) method, using an optimal integration of the pre‐actuation and the optimal state transition (OST) techniques. The ISI method can obtain precise trajectory tracking with a smaller extended time interval as compared to the stable inversion method. The proposed method achieves better validation through numerical simulations for the non‐minimum phase system.

A modified grey-Markov fire accident model based on information turbulence indices and restricted residuals

This paper developed a forecasting correction model, the Modified grey-Markov model (MMSGM), for manufacturing and processing fire accident forecasts based on Mao and Sun’s 2011 grey-Markov model (MSGM). The existence of a restricted relative residual state width of equal magnitude having an infinite number of restricted relative residual bounds from which Markov-chain states are created was established. The Markov cyclic chain state (MCCS) transition technique and a capture mechanism were developed and employed to capture MSGM forecasts obtained from the state creation approach. Comparative results based on out-of-sample mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) evaluation showed the superiority of the model in more than 85 and 70% of 1080 simulated data runs employed relative to the grey and grey-Markov models, respectively. MAPE difference with standard deviations of 25.26 and 11.77 (10.42 and 7.02) were obtained for the grey (grey-Markov) models, respectively, indicating superior performance. For inferior performance, MAPE difference with standard deviations of 1.82 and 3.65 (3.09 and 3.77) for the grey (grey-Markov) models, respectively, were also observed. Fire accident data application showed that MMSGM performed well with simulated and real-time outcomes, establishing that the approach is effective and suitable for fire accident forecasting in the presence of limited historical data.

Thermally activated state transition technique for femto-Newton-level force measurement

We develop and test a thermally activated state transition technique for ultraweak force measurement. As a force sensor, the technique was demonstrated on a classical Brownian bead immersed in water and restrained by a bistable optical trap. A femto-Newton-level flow force imposed on this sensor was measured by monitoring changes in the transition rates of the bead hopping between two energy states. The treatment of thermal disturbances as a requirement instead of a limiting factor is the major feature of the technique, and provides a new strategy by which to measure other ultraweak forces beyond the thermal noise limit.

Mode Selecting Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Full Speed Range Operation

The paper presents a new method for mode selecting which includes constant torque mode and flux-weakening mode. The proposed method modifies the working modes not by LUT (look-up table), but by the size of T0. Attractive features of this state transition technique include no dependency on the machine parameters, the least calculated quantities, making full use of the source voltage of the battery, and smooth and fast transition into and out of the flux-weakening mode. Simulation results at various operating conditions are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed mode transition scheme.

Regulation Mechanism of Excitation Energy Transfer in Phycobilisome-Thylakoid Membrane Complexes

Regulation mechanism of excitation energy transfer between phycobilisomes (PBS) and the photosynthetic reaction centres was studied by the state transition techniques in PBS-thylakoid membrane complexes. DCMU, betaine, and N-ethylmaleimide were applied to search for the details of energy transfer properties based on the steady fluorescence measurement and individual deconvolution spectra at state 2 or state 1. The closure of photosystem (PS) 2 did not influence on fluorescence yields of PS1, i.e., energy could not spill to PS1 from PS2. When the energy transfer pathway from PBS to PS1 was disturbed, the relative fluorescence yield of PS2 was almost the same as that of PS2 in complexes without treatment. If PBSs were fixed by betaine, the state transition process was restrained. Hence PBS may detach from PS2 and become associated to PS1 at state 2. Our results contradict the proposed "spill-over" or "PBS detachment" models and support the mobile "PBS model".

Efficient loss-of-load cost evaluation by combined pseudo-sequential and state transition simulation

A new methodology to evaluate loss of load cost (LOLC) indices in composite generation and transmission systems is presented. The proposed approach is based on a combination of pseudo-sequential, state transition and conditional Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The approach can be easily implemented and it only requires models with stationary Markov transitions. Case studies with the IEEE Modified Reliability Test System and the Brazilian Southeastern System are presented and discussed.

The use of vector transition in the modelling of intraherd foot-and-mouth disease

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral infection of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, with complex epidemiological interactions. State-transition simulation models have traditionally catered for complex modelling, yielding detailed representations that are well suited as predictive scenarios. However, results of serological investigations show a variance in antibody levels between segregated age groups on managed farms, and this has further complicated an intraherd model to the extent that a state-transition technique would become cumbersome. Moreover, the distinction between the acute and milder forms of the disease adds three more states to a conventional SIR framework, creating an APRISM model. Consequently a vector-transition technique has been employed. Vector-transition combines daily changes (in both the viral output of infected animals and the antibody titres of susceptibles) with the transition of herd animals between disease states. This means that the probability and herd matrices used in the state-transition approach are no longer required; the model is thus simplified and the processing load reduced. Vector-transition has direct applicability to FMD but could also be used to model similar micropopulation diseases.

The Use of State-Transition Methodology for the Development of Factory Automation

A laboratory program is described that was developed in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Michigan Technological University. The program introduces undergraduate students to concepts of discrete-event control and the application to factory automation. The primary emphasis is placed on various programming concepts using state-transition techniques, and the utilization of this methodology is shown to produce a very understandable and systematic description of sequential control functions (that may include concurrent or hierarchical control). The students use computers and controllers to implement small versions of realistic manufacturing tasks.

Formal specification and verification of a procedural protocol: case study

Techniques for specification and verification of computer network protocols have progressed significantly in the past decade. The progress is largely due to the development of the state transition approach to formal specification and to the greater automation of the verification process. Some ISO state event protocols have been specified and verified using the state transition technique. However, this approach has not been used for a non-state event-driven type of protocol. The ISO JTM protocol contains procedures specifying where work is to be done in open systems; hence it is a procedural-oriented type of protocol. The paper presents a case study using a state transition technique, numerical Petri nets and an automated tool, PROTEAN, to specify and verify a procedural protocol, JTM.

Introducing discrete-event control concepts and state-transition methodology into control system curricula

A significant academic concern is discussed in terms of introducing the study of methods of discrete-event control in hierarchical systems. This is an area with a blend of computer and control system concepts that is often avoided (or perhaps lost between areas) in undergraduate engineering programs. Applications to factory automation may involve very extensive and critical design considerations, and this area is often an important concern to practicing engineers. The techniques are applicable to a broad range of system design, including systems that provide both discrete and continuous actions such as robots and machine tools. Discrete-action concepts using state-transition techniques are readily assimilated into an undergraduate control systems program, and basic concepts are discussed in terms of introducing this type of program into both the classroom and laboratory. Several variations of state-transition techniques are described, and the various techniques are compared with examples utilizing state-transition diagrams, Petri nets, and state program tables. With the application of digital techniques expanding control concepts in various directions, this is an interdisciplinary area that should be considered to be a fundamentally important part of control system studies. >

Non-linear sampled-data control systems with arbitrary values of transportation lag

The effect of inherent finite delay which is not an integral multiple of the sampling period on the character of limit cycles in a second-order feedback control system with a relay type non-linearity is analysed. It is found that the addition of transportation log alters the character of the modes sustained by the system. All the modes that can be sustained for each fractional value of the delay which lies between zero and one and two and three sampling periods are determined by the discrete describing function method. In this connection the critical regions developed by the authors for periods ranging from 9T to 20T have been found to be very useful. The different sots of initial conditions which give rise to the various modes are also established via the state transition technique. It is observed that an increase in the transportation lag usually results in an increase in the amplitude as well as the period of oscillation. Square-wave dither is found to produce a large steady-state error for a step inpu...

State-Transition Programming Techniques and Their Use in Producing Teleprocessing Device-Control Programs

A method of using state-transition diagrams for writing and implementing control programs for teleprocessing devices is presented. Currently used techniques are briefly compared with this method. The simple example of reading a teletype is discussed. The technique is evaluated solely upon ease of program preparation and resource optimization is not considered. Generalizations and extensions of the technique are suggested. A detailed example of a state-transition program controlling an IBM S/360 channel-to-channel adapter is presented in the Appendix.

Analysis of non-linear sampled-data systems with transportation lag†

A detailed investigation is made into the effect of inherent transportation lag on the nature of limit cycles sustained in a second-order sampled-data system containing a relay type non-linearity. The effectiveness of the either signals of sinusoidal, triangular and square wave shape to suppress limit cycles is studied in detail and the advantages and disadvantages of each wave shape are discussed. The method of analysis is via the state transition technique and it is advantageously used to evaluate the response of the system until a final steady-state value is attained by the controlled variable. The results conclusively prove that the wave shape and the amplitude of the dithering signal have a pronounced influence on the manner of suppression of limit cycles and the final steady-state error. It is clearly shown that systems with larger values of transportation lag call for stronger dithering signals in order to quench the limit cycles that would otherwise persist with a time period which is an integral ...

Design of a digital controller for a tracking telescope

This paper discusses the application of certain aspects of modern control theory to the design of a large tracking telescope that is digitally controlled. Two of the most important criteria are tracking accuracy and response time. The system is also constrained by saturation effects on the control variable. State-transition techniques which have finite settling times over a broad class of inputs are used in conjunction with a suitable inequality condition to obtain a control with near minimum time response. Digital simulation has shown that the design obtained has high accuracy and does not exceed the saturation limitation on the control variable.

Synthesis of Nonlinear Digital Control Systems

This paper presents a new method for the synthesis of nonlinear digital control systems to fulfill an optimum performance criterion. The synthesis procedure is developed by use of the state variable and state transition techniques for the nonlinear digital control system with a ramp input. It is not necessary to assume that the sampling operations are synchronous, performed at constant rate and representable by means of an impulse modulator. The use of a digital computer allows this technique to carry out the design of the optimum system.