State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale Research Articles

The role of resilience in the relationship between role stress and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundStress resistance resources, such as social support and resilience, have been found to be important in promoting psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, most prior research studies have conceptualized stress resistance resource variables as having a mediating or moderating role. Cooper (2018) proposed a model of the relationship between stress and health which posits that coping resources are always present and not only invoked in the face of adversity. Thus, we hypothesize that coping resources are causally antecedent to stressors and influence well-being indirectly via the stressor. We focused specifically on school teachers due to them being at the frontlines of service provision during the pandemic. Teaching was already identified as a highly stressful profession prior to COVID-19 and disease containment measures placed additional strain on teachers who had to adapt to emergency remote teaching.AimThe current study tests this hypothesis by examining the indirect effects of resilience on indices of psychological health via role stress.MethodsParticipants (N = 355) were teachers who completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, the Role Stress Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. An electronic version of the questionnaires was distributed to teachers via Facebook and to officials from the Department of Education, who assisted with distribution of the electronic link to the survey. Participants were mostly women (76.6%) and mean number of years in the teaching profession was 15.7.ResultsStructural equation modelling results demonstrated significant direct effects of resilience on life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression, which indicates that resilience is beneficial for psychological health even in the absence of stress. Resilience also had a significant indirect effect on indices of psychological well-being via role ambiguity but not role conflict.ConclusionThese findings have theoretical implications for the understanding of the role of resilience in promoting psychological health among educators. Practical implications include an empirical contribution to education policy and information that can inform interventions aimed to promote resilience among educators.

Validation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 in South Africa: Item Response Theory and Classical Test Theory.

PurposeDuring times of crisis, and in particular during the current COVID-19 pandemic, resistance resources, such as resilience, are key to managing the negative impacts of the crisis. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 has been extensively used to assess resilience. In the current study, we examined the reliability, validity and dimensionality of this instrument using Rasch analysis, Mokken analysis and classical test theory. Using both item response theory and classical test theory provides a more comprehensive overview of the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10.Participants and MethodsSchool teachers from South Africa (N = 355) constituted the sample for the study and they completed the following scales: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Sense of Coherence Scale.ResultsBoth item response theory and classical test theory provided strong evidence for the reliability and validity of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10. In addition, the analyses provided support for considering the scale as essentially unidimensional.ConclusionThe obtained results provide additional support for the reliability and validity, of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 for samples from diverse contexts.

The Moderating Role of Timespan since Parental Divorce on the Relationship between Self Compassion and Anxiety

This study aims to find out the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety on how young adults experience divorce from both parents. The total number of participants was 66 people and young adults aged 18-25 years. Compassion is measured using the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), anxiety is measured using the State-Trait anxiety Inventory Trait Scale (STAI-T). The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between self-compassion and anxiety in young adults who experienced divorce from both parents. Then it was found that anxiety was higher in participants who had taken an undergraduate or diploma education compared to participants who had just taken high school education and equivalent.

Behaviour is the Key in a Pandemic: The Direct and Indirect Effects of COVID-19-Related Variables on Psychological Wellbeing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of three COVID-19-related variables (i.e., risk perception, knowledge, and behaviour) on four indices of pandemic-related mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, loneliness, and hopelessness). In total, 337 participants completed four self-report questionnaires: selected subscales of the World Health Organisation's COVID-19 Behavioural Insights Tool, UCLA Loneliness Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. In addition to descriptive statistics and intercorrelations, structural equation modelling was used to compare three models of the potential role (predictor or moderator/mediator) that the three abovementioned COVID-19-related variables could play in psychological wellbeing. The results showed high levels of psychological distress among the current sample. Generally, better knowledge of COVID-19 and engaging in protective behaviours were found to be related to lower levels of psychological distress, whereas increased risk perception was found to be associated with increased feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and depression. It was also found that behaviour mediated the effect of knowledge on psychological wellbeing, suggesting that while publicising information about COVID-19 remains necessary, providing the public with a means to engage in protective behaviours is central for promoting psychological wellbeing.

Relevance of anxiety in the perinatal period: prospective study in a Hungarian sample

There is increasing evidence that anxiety occurs frequently during pregnancy and can be one of the most important risk factors and predictors of postpartum depression (PPD). The aim of our study was to investigate whether antenatal anxiety is an independent predictor of PPD. We used the data of 476 women enrolled in a prospective study in a single maternity unit. The first assessment was conducted between 22 and 40 weeks gestation and a second time 8–12 months postpartum. Symptoms were measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Based on our results, antenatal anxiety measured by a subscale of EPDS has predicted better PPD than the antenatal depressive subscale. However, the most relevant predictor of PPD might be the trait anxiety level of a women measured by STAI Trait Scale, whereas a cutoff value of 38 was identified to indicate higher risk of PPD.

Psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview for DSM–5 (PSSI–5).

Changes to the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) create a need for valid and reliable updated assessment tools. This study examined key psychometric properties (e.g., internal consistency, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity) of the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5), a modified version of the PSS-I (PTSD Symptom Scale)-Interview Version for the DSM-IV. Participants were 242 urban community residents, veterans, and college undergraduates, recruited from 3 study sites, who had experienced a DSM-5 Criterion A traumatic event. The PSSI-5 demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability (r = .87), as well as excellent interrater reliability for the total severity score (intraclass correlation = .98) and interrater agreement for PTSD diagnosis (κ = .84). The PSSI-5 also demonstrated convergent validity with 3 measures of PTSD (i.e., Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale for DSM-5, and PTSD Checklist-Specific Version; all rs > .72) and discriminant validity with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait scale. Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded a cutoff score of 23 for identifying a probable PTSD diagnosis. Together, these findings indicate that the PSSI-5 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing PTSD diagnosis and severity. (PsycINFO Database Record

Mood Differences Among Parkinson's Disease Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Studies with healthy elderly adults suggest that apathy, depression, and anxiety are more common among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study examined differences in mood/amotivational symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without MCI. Patients with PD (N=214) underwent neurocognitive evaluations including assessment of apathy (Apathy Scale), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait scale). Trait anxiety and depression were more severe in patients with PD with MCI. Delineation of MCI into amnestic and nonamnestic subtypes revealed greater depression, apathy, and anxiety among patients with PD with amnestic MCI relative to cognitively intact patients with PD. Patients with PD and MCI report greater mood symptoms compared to patients with PD who are cognitively intact.

Change in self-discrepancy, anxiety, and depression in individual therapy.

This study tested hypotheses of change in the real-ideal (RI) and real-ought (RO) self-discrepancies over the course of therapy, based on Rogers's (1959) theory of personality change in therapy. Before and after therapy with 20 therapists of diverse theoretical orientations at a university counseling center, 99 undergraduate and graduate students completed three instruments that measure both self-discrepancies: the Self-Concept Questionnaire--Personal Constructs, the Self-Concept Questionnaire--Conventional Constructs, and the Abstract Measures. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait scale, and the Symptom Checklist-90-R Anxiety and Depression scales. Therapy outcome showed substantial decreases on all measures. Changes in the RI and RO self-discrepancies were associated with changes in anxiety and depression. Change in the RI self-discrepancy was associated with change in the RO self-discrepancy. Decreases in self-discrepancy comprised increases in real self and decreases in ideal self and ought self. Findings were independent of therapist theoretical orientation. The findings support the use of the self-discrepancy instruments in future research on therapy process and outcome. The findings also provide a basis for incorporating the self-discrepancy constructs into theory and research on mechanisms of therapeutic change.

Anxiety in the management of localised prostate cancer by active surveillance.

To describe a range of anxieties in men on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer and determine which of these anxieties predicted health-related quality of life (HRQL). In all, 260 men with prostate cancer on AS were invited to complete psychological measures including the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale; the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale; the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer; and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale-Prostate. Overall, 86 men with a mean (sd, range) age of 65.7 (5.4, 51-75) years returned data, yielding a response rate of 33%. Outcome measures were standardised psychological measures. Pearson's correlations were used to examine bivariate relationships, while regression analyses were used to describe predictors of dependent variables. When compared with the findings of prior research, the men in our cohort had normal levels of general anxiety and illness-specific anxiety and high prostate cancer-related HRQL. Age, trait anxiety and fear of recurrence (FoR) were significant predictors of prostate cancer-related HRQL; trait anxiety and FoR were significant predictors of total HRQL. Results should be interpreted in context of sample characteristics and the correlational design of the study. Participants reported low levels of anxiety and high HRQL. Trait anxiety and FoR were significant predictors of both prostate cancer-related and total HRQL. The administration of a short trait-anxiety screening tool may help identify men with clinically significant levels of anxiety and those at risk of reduced HRQL.

1342 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE FOR LOCALISED LOW RISK PROSTATE CANCER

You have accessJournal of UrologyProstate Cancer: Localized (VI)1 Apr 20131342 PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE FOR LOCALISED LOW RISK PROSTATE CANCER Mark Frydenberg, Jake Anderson, Lina Ricciardelli, Susan Burney, Joanne Brooker, and Jane Fletcher Mark FrydenbergMark Frydenberg Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author , Jake AndersonJake Anderson Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author , Lina RicciardelliLina Ricciardelli Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author , Susan BurneySusan Burney Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author , Joanne BrookerJoanne Brooker Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author , and Jane FletcherJane Fletcher Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.03.053AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer is a major cause of mortality in Australian men. One treatment for low risk prostate cancer, is active surveillance (AS). Anectdotal evidence suggests that some men on AS are vulnerable to anxiety which may have an impact on health related quality of life (HRQOL) and may also impact on the mens ability to remain on AS. The objectives of this study were to describe a range of anxieties in men on AS, and which of these anxieties predicted HRQOL in these men. Our final aim was to examine the satisfaction that these men reported in the information provided to them about AS by their treating urologist. METHODS 265 men with prostate cancer on an AS database from a single urologist were invited to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria for the AS database were in accord with the PRIAS protocol. Sociodemographic information was collected, and patients completed the Hospital and Anxiety depression scale (HADS), State-trait anxiety inventory-trait scale (STAT), memorial anxiety scale for prostate cancer (MAX-PC), Functional assessment of cancer therapy - prostate version 4 (FACT-P), illness perception questionnaire-revised (IPQ-R) and Likert scale analysis questionnaire regarding information provision. All data was analysed using SPSS version 19. RESULTS 104 men agreed to participate in the study. 91% of men did not demonstrate anxiety on HADS, 98% demonstrated low levels of PSA anxiety and 87% low levels of prostate cancer anxiety on MAX-PC. However 81% of men demonstrated higher levels regarding fear of recurrence on MAX-PC. General (state/trait) anxieties and younger age were significantly associated with illness specific prostate cancer and fear of recurrence anxieties. 92% of men were satisfied with the information received from their urologist regarding prostate cancer and AS specifically. CONCLUSIONS Men experience low levels of anxiety and high HRQOL on AS for localised prostate cancer but still experience some concerns regarding fear of recurrence. Younger age and underlying trait anxiety emerged as significant predictors of overall HRQOL suggesting that these men may indeed be vulnerable psychologically on AS, and consideration could be given to urologists administering a short trait anxiety screening tool to help identify these men and consider them for active therapy. High levels of patient education as seen in this study may explain the low levels of anxiety seen in men on AS, underlying the importance of the provision of detailed verbal and written information about AS and its risks and benefits in real terms. © 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 189Issue 4SApril 2013Page: e548 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2013 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Mark Frydenberg Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Jake Anderson Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Lina Ricciardelli Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Susan Burney Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Joanne Brooker Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Jane Fletcher Melbourne, Australia More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Prevalence of bipolar disorder in panic disorder patients in the Japanese population

BackgroundWe examined the rate of bipolar I (BPD-I) and bipolar II disorders (BPD-II) in panic disorder (PD) patients, and compared clinical and psychological variables between PD patients with and without bipolar disorders (BPD). MethodsParticipants were 649 Japanese patients with PD (215 men and 434 women, 38.49±10.40 years) at outpatient clinics for anxiety disorders. Constructive interviews using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were conducted to confirm the diagnosis of PD, agoraphobia, and BPD, as well as the presence and severity of suicide risk in each subject. Clinical records were also reviewed to confirm the diagnosis of PD and BPD. Participants then completed several questionnaires, including the State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait scale, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and the Revised Neuroticism-Extraversion- Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). ResultsWe found that 22.34% of the PD patients had BPD (BPD-I: 5.24%, BPD-II: 17.10%). PD patients with BPD-I showed higher prevalence and severity of suicide risk, trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and neuroticism, and lower agreeableness (subscales of the NEO-PI-R) than those with BPD-II and those without BPD. LimitationFirst, we could not investigate the order of the onset of PD and BPD. Second, BPD patients without PD were not studied as another control group for PD patients with BPD. ConclusionPD patients had high prevalence of BPD. Both PD patients with BPD-I and those with BPD-II had high severity of suicide risk, trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, neuroticism, and agreeableness, though these characteristics were more prominent in patients with BPD-I.

Personality predicts perceived availability of social support and satisfaction with social support in women with early stage breast cancer

This study examines the relationships between personality, on the one hand, and perceived availability of social support (PASS) and satisfaction with received social support (SRSS), on the other hand, in women with early stage breast cancer (BC). In addition, this study examined whether a stressful event (i.e., diagnosis) is associated with quality of life (QOL), when controlling for PASS and SRSS. Women were assessed on PASS and SRSS (World Health Organization QOL assessment instrument-100) before diagnosis (time 1) and 1 (time 2), 3 (time 3), 6 (time 4), 12 (time 5), and 24 months (time 6) after surgical treatment. Personality (neuroticism extraversion openness five-factor inventory and state trait anxiety inventory-trait scale) and fatigue (fatigue assessment scale) were assessed at time 1. Agreeableness and fatigue predicted PASS and SRSS at time 5 and time 6. Trait anxiety had a negative effect on SRSS (ss = -0.22, p < .05). In addition, having a job was negatively associated with SRSS (time 6, ss = -0.28, p < .05). Across time, women reported a decrease in PASS and SRSS. Path models, used to test whether PASS and/or SRSS functioned as mediators of the link between diagnosis and QOL, reached adequate fit. Besides factors, like fatigue and having a job, personality factors substantially influence the way women with early stage BC perceive social support. Knowledge about these underlying mechanisms of social support is useful for the development of tailor-made interventions. Professionals should be aware of the importance of social support. They should check whether patients have sufficient significant others in their social environment and be sensitive to potential discrepancies patients might experience between availability and adequacy of social support.

Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity

Objective. Fear of childbirth (FOC) or what is historically referred to as tokophobia (a phobic state where a woman avoids childbirth despite desperately wanting a baby), is known to complicate the delivery process. In this study, the relationship of Anxiety Sensitivity (AS) to FOC was examined given that AS is a risk factor for other fears. Specifically, the contribution of three AS dimensions (physical, psychological or social concerns) relative to other factors (e.g., parity of the mother, trait anxiety) in accounting for FOC was explored.Methods. Women in their final 4 months of pregnancy (n = 110) completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale and the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire.Results. Most demographic variables were non-significant in predicting FOC with the exception of participants' parity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that AS-physical concerns significantly predicted elevated FOC even after controlling for parity and trait anxiety; higher levels of AS-physical concerns, higher trait anxiety, and expecting a first child all independently predicted greater FOC.Conclusion. Variance in FOC is explained, in part, by AS-physical concerns. Further, AS-physical concerns are distinct from trait anxiety in predicting FOC. Similar to other fears, the results support the possibility that AS may be a risk factor for elevated FOC.

Psychopathy is related to negative affectivity but not to anxiety sensitivity

Although the hypothesis that psychopathic individuals are characterized by a reduced capacity for experiencing anxiety is central to many theories of psychopathy, most prior studies have examined anxiety and fear measures generally considered outdated in the literature. Moreover, prior findings are mixed, with several studies reporting no relationships between psychopathy and anxiety, and others suggesting negative relationships for the affective, interpersonal aspects of the disorder and positive relationships for the antisocial behavior dimension. To examine whether psychopathy dimensions are associated with contemporary measures of anxiety, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index and State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait scale were administered to 157 male inmates. Participants also completed the MMPI-derived Welsh Anxiety Scale (WAS), commonly used in psychopathy studies. Analyses provide no evidence for a negative relationship between psychopathy’s affective, interpersonal factor and anxiety sensitivity after controlling for trait anxiety. Trait anxiety and WAS scores were positively associated with the antisocial behavior dimension of psychopathy. Findings do replicate prior relationships between the WAS and psychopathy, suggesting the WAS may measure aspects of negative affectivity that differ from anxiety.

The influence of personality traits on neuropsychological test performance and self-reported health and social context in women

The relationship between on the one hand personality traits and, on the other hand, neuropsychological test performance, self-rated distress symptoms, psychosocial work exposure, and social interaction patterns, was studied in a group of healthy women ( N=101). All subjects completed the Karolinska Scales of Personality inventory (KSP) and the majority of the subjects ( n=88) completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Scale (STAI-T). Few relationships between personality traits and neuropsychological test results were observed. According to expectations age and education influenced neuropsychological test performance. As for the rating inventories, the high-anxiety half of the subjects typically reported more symptoms and lower social interaction scores than the low-anxiety half. The results suggest that reporting in Euro-Quest (EQ), General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30), Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90), Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI) and the Job Content Questionnaire are sensitive to differences in trait anxiety levels as defined by STAI-T or the psychic anxiety scale in the KSP inventory. The broad impact of trait anxiety on symptom reporting indicates the importance of checking for and possibly controlling for this dimension. Furthermore, the ISSI and JCQ inventories should not be thought of as assessing social circumstances independently from personality traits such as social desirability.