State Primary Standard Of Unit Research Articles

State primary standard of units of complex reflection coefficient and complex transmission coefficient in waveguide paths in the frequency range from 2.14 to 178.4 GHz GET 219-2024

Measurement of complex reflection coefficients and complex transmission coefficients of radio engineering devices in waveguide paths is widely used in radar and radio navigation in the development, production, testing and operation of microwave devices and components. These parameters characterize the quality of matching of transmit-receive paths at ultra-high frequencies. Before the introduction of the State primary standard of units of complex reflection coefficient and complex transmission coefficient in waveguide paths in the frequency range from 2.14 to 178.4 GHz GET 219-2024, metrological traceability of units of complex reflection coefficient and complex transmission coefficient in waveguide paths was ensured to the working standards developed in the 1980s. The operating frequency ranges and automation level of outdated standards did not meet modern requirements and did not fully provide a solution to modern measuring tasks. In order to ensure the uniformity of measurements of complex reflection coefficients and complex transmission coefficients, the State primary standard of units of complex reflection coefficient and complex transmission coefficient in waveguide paths in the frequency range from 2.14 to 178.4 GHz has been developed and approved. The standard provides reproduction, storage and transmission of units of complex reflection coefficient and complex transmission coefficient in 16 domestic and 22 foreign waveguide paths. The block diagram, technical and metrological characteristics of the standard are given. The research results confirmed that standard has comparable metrological characteristics with the standards of national metrological institutes of other countries.

Ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition

The modern concept of metrological assurance for gas analytical measuring instruments with the use of reference materials of gas mixtures composition in cylinders under pressure is presented. The reference materials of gas mixtures composition of approved type in cylinders under pressure, which are the most often means of mole fraction and mass concentration units transfer in gas analytical measurements, are considered. The certified value in these reference materials is the content of the target component (or components) in the gas medium (analytical matrix). All the produced reference materials of gas mixtures composition, which are used for ensuring the uniformity of measurements are traceable to the State primary standard of units of mole fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154-2019, which characteristics are confirmed on the international level by the results of about 90 international comparisons. The paper presents a methodology for ensuring metrological traceability of reference materials of gas mixtures composition using GET 154-2019, taking into account the constantly increasing park of gas analytical instruments and the emergence of new measuring tasks in various fields of industry and environmental control. Currently, a park of secondary and working standards has been created at enterprises producing reference materials of gas mixtures composition, and their traceability to GET 154-2019 has been implemented according to the state verification scheme. The paper presents the results of international comparisons with participation of GET 154-2019, confirming the comparability of the obtained and reference value of the target component content in reference gas mixtures at the international level. The variety and large number of relevant gas analytical measurement tasks in various industries and the social sphere determines the need to choose priority areas for improving the existing reference base, including the structure of the GET 154 Standard and the nomenclature of reference gas mixtures. The strategic program of the Gas Analysis working group of the Consultative Committee of the Amount of Substance of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures developed for the period up to 2030 has been analysed and a review of the long-term tasks of gas analytical measurements is given. The currently existing GET 154-2019 Standard of the latest generation provides reproduction, storage and transfer of the components’ mole fraction units in gas and gas condensate media in the range from 1.5·10 –8 to 99.99999 %, and mass concentration units in the range from 1.0·10–6 to 2.0·105 mg/m3, what is confirmed by the results of participation in international comparisons and published CMC positions in the International database of calibration and measurement capabilities (about 400 CMCs positions).

The state primary standard of units of time, frequency and the national time scale GET 1-2022: contribution to the formation of Coordinated Universal Time

Measurement of time and frequency is one of the most widespread types of measurements, information on the exact value of time, on the national time scale is extremely in demand by a wide variety of consumers, ranging from commercial electricity metering systems, where the required synchronization accuracy is a few seconds, to space navigation systems that impose requirements on synchronization at the level of units of nanoseconds. At the same time, consumer requirements for the accuracy of time and frequency measurements, as well as for the efficiency of obtaining time-frequency information, are steadily growing, which entails the need to modernize the means of reproducing, storing and transmitting units of time, frequency and time scale. To meet modern consumer requirements for the accuracy of time and frequency measurements, technical means of reproduction, storage and transmission of units have been introduced into the State primary standard of units of time, frequency and national time scale GET 1-2022, allowing to significantly increase the contribution of GET 1-2022 to the formation of the coordinated universal timescale UTC. A brief overview of the composition of GET 1-2022 is given, a comparative analysis of the contribution of time standards to the formation of the UTC timescale is carried out, as well as an analysis of the shifts of the time scales of the standards relative to UTC and the instability of the frequency standards. It is shown that from September 2022 to March 2023, the contribution of GET 1-2022 to the formation of the UTC increased significantly and exceeded that of the US Naval Observatory standard, and currently the contributions of these standards are comparable. In terms of frequency instability and average contribution to the formation of UTC, the atomic standards of GET 1-2022 are significantly superior to similar standard instruments from other countries. It has been established that the national coordinated time scale UTC(SU) is one of the best national implementations of UTC, and the national atomic time scale TA(SU) occupies a leading position among the time scales of leading foreign time laboratories in terms of instability.

State primary standard of units for electric current intensity conversion coeffi cients GET 152-2023

The metrological support of measuring current converters as the main elements intended for measuring a large electric current is considered. Brief historical information about the creation of the State primary standard of units for electric current intensity conversion coeffi cients is given. The composition and metrological characteristics of the State primary standard of units for electric current intensity conversion coeffi cients GET 152-2023 are presented. The equations of measurements and the results of the studies of two standard measuring installations created as part of the improvement of GET 152-2023 from 2019 to 2022 are given. It is shown that the range of reproducible rated primary currents of a sinusoidal current installation is 1–1000 A in the frequency range of 40–2500 Hz, and the range of reproducible rated primary currents of a high direct current installation is 1000–10000 A. The data on the state verifi cation scheme for measuring instruments of the electric current conversion coeffi cients are given. Comparisons with the participation of UNIIM as a pilot for the period from 2019 to the present are listed. The prospects of further improvement of the GET 152-2023 to expand the measurement and calibration capabilities of this fi eld of measurement in the Russian Federation are described. The results of the work are relevant for metrological support of measuring converters of large electric current used in power engineering and industry.

State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023

The necessity of the development of metrological support for measurements of the content of gas components in metals and alloys, trace impurities in various industrial facilities (metallurgical, medical, etc.) is analyzed. The needs of industries in the development of more sensitive measurement methods and techniques, standard samples of expanded nomenclature with a lower error (uncertainty) of the certifi ed characteristics than the error of the certifi ed characteristics existing today are studied day of standard samples of the approved type of composition. The standard samples being developed for use in the fi eld of state regulation should be traced to the primary standards of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration: the State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods GET 196-2023, the State primary standard of units mass (molar, atomic) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on coulometry GET 176-2019, State primary standard of units of mass fraction and mass (molar) concentration of inorganic components in aqueous solutions based on gravimetric and spectral methods GET 217-2018, State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopic dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2019.The need and ways of developing and creating a system of metrological support for Raman spectrometry in the Russian Federation, including in order to confi rm the traceability of units of quantities for quantitative Raman analysis, are analyzed. To solve these issues, the GET 196-2023 includes sulfur, carbon and hydrogen analyzers, an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and a Raman complex. The composition and metrological characteristics of GET 196-2023 are presented. A draft state verifi cation scheme for measuring the mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration, as well as the fl uorescence of components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on spectral methods has been developed and presented. The draft of the state verifi cation scheme establishes the procedure and methods for transferring units of mass (molar) fraction of components (in absolute units), mass (molar) concentration of components (grams per cubic decimeter, mole per cubic decimeter) from GET 196-2023 to measuring instruments indicating the error and uncertainty of measurements. Also, with the help of secondary and working standards, relative units of fl uorescence are transmitted to measuring instruments.

State primary standard of unit of the mass concentration of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide in liquid media GET 212-2023

The accuracy of measurements of the mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and the requirements for the accuracy of such measurements, namely, the relative error of measurements of the mass concentration of carbon dioxide (about 10 %) at the enterprises of the Russian industry are investigated. The issues of ensuring the uniformity of measurements and achieving metrological traceability of the measurement results of the mass concentration of carbon dioxide in liquid media to the state primary standard are considered. The State primary standard of units of mass concentration of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide in liquid media GET 212-2023 is described. The GET 212-2023 includes new technical means: systems of gas supply and gas mixing of carbon dioxide, measurement system of dissolved carbon dioxide. Gas supply and gas mixing systems implement the reproduction method. A software-controlled measuring system is used to measure the mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide. A method of reproducing the unit of mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide based on the Henry-Dalton law is described. The results of studies of metrological characteristics of GET 212-2023 are presented. For the fi rst time, the fundamental possibility of reproducing the unit of mass concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide in the range from 0 to 15 g/dm3 with a relative non-excluded systematic error not exceeding 2.5% has been achieved in the Russian Federation. GET 212-2023 will ensure current requirements in various industries, such as food, pharmaceutical and chemical, as well as in the fi eld of environmental protection, electronics and semiconductor technologies.

High-precision comparison of time scales over fiber optic lines using satellite modems with additional tone modulation

The use of a new type of modems with pseudonoise coding and additional tone modulation designed to compare reference time scales over telecommunication geostationary satellites is considered. Experimental studies were carried out on the possibility of comparing time scales of hydrogen keepers from the State primary standard of unit of time, frequency and national time scale using these modems via an optical link. A fiber-optical lines of various lengths were used for a two-way signal transmission. The output radio-frequency signals of the modems connected to the optical transmitters at the ends of the fiber-optical lines were transmitted towards each other on an optical carrier with a wavelength of 1.55 μm. Demodulation of optical signals into the radio frequency range was carried out using optical receivers at the ends of fiber lines. The results of experimental evaluation of type A uncertainty by comparing time scales using fiber-optical lines with 50, 100, and 200 km of length are presented. For the 200 km line, the type A measurement uncertainty does not exceed 3 ps for one day of averaging interval. For the first time, it has been experimentally shown that the implementation of the method of time scales comparison using modems with pseudo-noise coding and additional tone modulation over 200 km of fiber line is possible without the intermediate optical amplifiers. The result opens up the prospect of creating cascaded systems for comparing time scales of remote standards via fiber-optic communication lines with a smaller number of intermediate optical amplifiers.

АНАЛІЗ ДЖЕРЕЛ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТЕЙ НА ШЛЯХУ СТВОРЕННЯ ЕТАЛОНА ОДИНИЦІ ЯСКРАВОСТІ

A situation, folded in Ukraine with measurements of brightness, is considered, in particular, absence from 1991 of the State primary standard of units of brightness, from after what reproducing of unit of brightness takes a place at the level of photometers - workings standards and workings facilities of measuring of illumination. On the example of the typical setting described in detail analysed a vagueness, arising up at reproducing units of brightness. The method of reproducing of unit of brightness is described. The basic a uncertainty, related to the sensitiveness of photometer, based on the harmonized document was analyzed. Additionally in theory appraised a uncertainty, arising up from the difference of geometry of distribution of rays at calibration of photometer and at reproducing of unit of brightness, and similarly from distinction in the temperature condition of lamp. On the basis of experimental researches appraised a uncertainty, arising up from unideality of diagram orientation of radiation from a diffuser. On the basis of the offered method, measurings are appraised a uncertainty, the arising up from inaccurate knowledge areas of diaphragms are got. On the basis of the conducted estimations of the budget of uncertainty is analysed. Consequences in which using will result for realization and calibration the use as a source of screen of monitor are analysed. Expedience of creation of separate branch of measurings of brightness is marked on basis.

Ensuring the unity of measurements of the neutron radiation rate absorbed dose in the field of clinical neutron radiation dosimetry

Development of neutron radiation therapy arises the question of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of the absorbed dose and the absorbed dose rate of neutron radiation. FGUP “VNIIFTRI” improved the primary method and means of reproducing the unit of neutron radiation absorbed dose rate within the framework of improving the State primary standard of units of absorbed dose rate and neutron dose equivalent rate GET 117-2010. A set of ionization chambers has been created and the upper value of the reproduction of the unit of absorbed dose rate of neutron radiation has been expanded. A hardware-methodical complex has also been developed for transferring a unit of absorbed dose rate of neutron radiation to nuclear physics facilities used in neutron radiation therapy. As a result the expanded relative uncertainty of reproduction of the unit of absorbed dose rate does not exceed 3%, the expanded relative uncertainty of the transmission method does not exceed 0.5%. The resulting level of accuracy is in line with the recommendations used in neutron beam therapy.

The State primary standard of units of the amplitude of ultrasonic displacement, the particle velocity of the surface of solid bodies and the coefficient of electroacoustic transformation GET 194-2022

The State primary standard of units of the amplitude of ultrasonic displacement, the particle velocity of the surface of solid bodies and the coefficient of electroacoustic transformation GET 194-2022

State primary standard of units of volumetric activity of radioactive aerosols, radon, thoron and radon flux density GET 39-2021

State primary standard of units of volumetric activity of radioactive aerosols, radon, thoron and radon flux density GET 39-2021

Traceability assurance of results of measurements for pollutant substances content in industrial emissions by automatic measuring systems

The results of the development of a gas mixing and analytical stand (reference complex) for testing in order to approve the type of automatic measuring systems (AMS) for determining the content of pollutants in industrial emissions are presented. During the use of the AMS test bench, the units of molar fraction and mass concentration are transferred from the State primary standard of units of molar fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate media GET 154 to the tested measuring gas channels of AMS, thereby ensuring traceability of AMS measurement results to the State primary standard GET 154.

State primary standard of units of molar part, mass part and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate environs GET 154-2019

The history of formation of the system of units of gas analytic measurements in the Russian Federation and the results of works carried out in 2015-2019 within the framework of improvement of the State primary standard of units of molar fraction, mass fraction and mass concentration of components in gas and gas condensate environs GET 154-2016 are presented. The new equipment included in the GET 154-2016 based on the results of the work and the composition of the newly approved GET 154-2019 are described. Information on international key comparisons is given.

CALIBRATION OF A FLUORESCENT PULSE LASER ENERGY METER

Fluorescent energy meters of pulsed laser radiation are meters of throughput type and have a number of unique characteristics - high resistance to powerful optical radiation, speed, a wide dynamic range of measured energies, a large linear aperture. These qualities have led to the widespread use of fluorescent energy meters for the certification of various laser systems ground and airborne.The article describes the procedure for calibration of an upgraded fluorescent laser energy meter, i.e. the process of experimental determination of the design constant of the meter and the magnitude of its uncertainty.Calibration was performed according to the calibration method MKU 11-375: 2016 on the state primary standard of units of average power and energy of laser radiation DETU 11-04-12 using an additional pulsed laser emitter and receivers type PVDC-2, which is part of the standard. Statistical processing of experimental results for an upgraded fluorescent energy meter determined the constant of the meter, the uncertainty of which at a coverage factor of 2 is not more than 5%.

Research on expanding the range of reproduction of magnetic flux density of the DC field of the state primary standard GET12-2011

The results of works aimed at increasing the level of uniformity of measurements of the magnetic induction of a constant field – the basic value in the field of magnetic measurements. A set of equipment for reproducing a unit of magnetic induction of a constant field in the range of 1–25 mT was created and described. The inclusion of this complex in the State primary standard of units of magnetic induction, magnetic flux, magnetic moment and magnetic induction gradient GET 12-2011 will ensure the reproduction and direct transmission of the unit of permanent magnetic induction in the ranges of not only weak (10–3–1 mT), but medium (1–25 mT) and strong (0.025–1 T) magnetic fields. A quantum cesium magnetometer based on the resolved structure of cesium atoms was created to transmit the unit of magnetic induction to the region of medium fields. The procedure for calculating the frequency conversion coefficients to magnetic induction of the created quantum cesium magnetometer is described. The uncertainty budget for reproducing a unit of magnetic induction of a constant field using the created complex is estimated.

Creation of certified reference material of ascorbic acid composition

The article presents the application of the “one hundred minus amount of impurities” approach in the development of a reference material of ascorbic acid composition using state primary and secondary measurement standards. The method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a detector on a diode array is used for the quantitative content of impurities of similar structure, with the highest content compared to other impurities. Traceability of certified values was provided using the calibration method of the State primary standard of units of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of organic components in liquid and solid substances and materials based on liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope dilution and gravimetry GET 208-2019. The paper presents the use of the reference material of ascorbic acid composition to test the qualifications of laboratories, satisfactory results of the participants confirmed the applicability of the reference material for various measurement methods.

State primary standard of units of specific adsorption of gases, specific surface area, specific pore volume, pore size, open porosity and gas permeability coefficient of solids and materials GET 210-2019

Methods and instruments the characteristics of porosity and permeability of solids and materials are described, which are part of the improved GET 210-2014. The metrological characteristics of the GET 210-2014 are compared and after its improvement the GET 210-2019. Certified reference materials of approved types based on micro-, meso- and macroporous solids are considered. The results of international comparisons, confirmed measuring and calibration capabilities, as well as a comparison of the metrological characteristics of the GET 210-2019 with the standards of foreign countries are presented.

State primary standard of units of activity and volume activity of nuclides in beta active gases GET 20-2014

State primary standard of units of activity and volume activity of nuclides in beta active gases GET 20-2014

The state primary standard of units of spectral coefficients of directional transmission, diffuse and mirror reflections in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 µm GET 156-2015

The state primary standard of units of spectral coefficients of directional transmission, diffuse and mirror reflections in the wavelength range from 0.2 to 20.0 µm GET 156-2015

State primary standard of units of mass (mole) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of a component in liquid and solid substances and synthetic materials on the basis of coulometric titration

Results from the development of State Primary Standard GET 176–2010 based on the method of coulometric titration are presented. The physical principles of the method, composition, metrological characteristics, and results of international comparisons of the new standard are considered.