State Of Oaxaca In Mexico Research Articles

Influence of taste sensitivity on preference and sensory perception of mezcal

The perception of orosensory stimuli, which includes flavor, can vary between individuals. These individual variations in oral sensations can be due to genetic factors and it would appear that they can predict food liking and consumption. The most studied source of variation is related to bitter taste perception associated with 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) responsiveness. In this context, humans can be classified as non-tasters (NT), medium tasters (MT) and supertasters (ST). Evidence suggests that genetic variation in bitter taste perception contributes to differences in the level of irritation caused by alcohol perception in solutions. The aim of this investigation was to study the bitter taste sensitivity among a group of mezcal consumers and its relationship with sensory perception and preference through PROP taster status. The tests were carried out in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico. A total of 83 mezcal consumers were classified by their PROP taster status and were asked to provide sensory descriptors for five mezcal samples and rate them according to the level of liking. The three-solution test was used to classify the subjects as NT, MT, and ST, while a Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) was used to visualize the sensory descriptors provided by these three groups. The proportion of MT subjects was 16%, while the proportion of NT and ST was 34 and 51%, respectively. The MT provided higher liking ratings for at least three mezcal samples. According to MFA, the mezcal samples were organized in a similar configuration along the two dimensions. However, NT mentioned a limited number of simple terms (strong flavor, tasteless, burning in the mouth) to describe the samples, whereas ST used a more complex vocabulary (astringent, smoky, scratchy aftertaste). These data suggest that the preference for mezcal samples was similar for non-taster and supertasters, but there are indications that the sensory perception of mezcal differs between groups.

Rupture Characteristics Analysis of the 2020 Mw 7.4 Oaxaca, Mexico Earthquake Using Teleseismic, High-Rate GPS, and InSAR Data

The June 23 2020 Oaxaca Mw 7.4 interplate thrust earthquake struck the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, generating strong shaking and a long-lived tsunami. This earthquake is well recorded by the teleseismic, high-rate Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data, which provides an opportunity to understand the rupture characteristics of the Mexican subduction zone. Here, an integrated inversion strategy involving centroid moment tensor inversion and kinematic finite-fault inversion is used to study the rupture history of the 2020 Oaxaca earthquake. The fault geometry and source duration time derived from the centroid moment tensor solution are used as prior information in linear kinematic finite-fault joint inversion. The rupture initial point and relative weight of each dataset are determined to estimate a well-constrained rupture model. The finite-fault model shows the rupture expanded bilaterally around the hypocenter, the peak slip is 3.5 m, the main slip was located at a depth of 15–30 km, the whole rupture lasted about 20 s, and a 95% moment rate was released at 15 s. The half-duration of the finite-fault inversion is consistent with the centroid moment tensor inversion results (half-duration 9 s), which shows the good resolution of the temporal information. The total scalar moment was 1.5 × 1020 Nm, equivalent to a moment magnitude of Mw 7.4. The integrated inversion strategy used in this study is useful since the prior information can be derived and used to constrain the rupture process. Both the centroid moment tensor and finite-fault inversion mainly rely on identical temporal information provided by teleseismic P waveforms. The 2020 Oaxaca earthquake was mainly the interaction between Cocos and the North American plate, and the slow slip events may be the key factor affecting the seismogenic zone width in the Oaxaca region.

Comprehensive Human Development Without Violence and Seclusion. Is Education A Mitigating Factor?

For UNDP (2016), human development consists in "the creation of an environment in which people can develop their maximum potential and lead a productive and creative life according to their needs and interests". It requires the satisfaction of certain basic needs: health, education, food, housing with minimum services, an adequate income to cover them, and a freedom to express ideas and convictions.However, not only the latter is necessary for this development, violence in all its forms - intrafamiliar, of the common law (robbery, injury, homicide, property crime, kidnapping and rape), gender violence, violence generated by illicit activities (drug trafficking, fuel theft (gasoline, gas) - also directly decreases in individuals that desired human development.Among the many factors that can affect the integral human development of the individuals within a society, lack of education becomes one of these factors in all its current aspects, schooled and not schooled.The importance of this factor is such that the UNDP (2016) in its Sustainable Development Goal (SDO) for education, indicates that "... education is one of the most powerful and proven engines to guarantee sustainable development". Based on these ideas, we have taken up a research hypothesis, in which we propose to review the relationship between violence and education and verify that the latter is a mitigating factor that allows an integral human development.Violence reduction in a society, implies the presence, among other factors, of two triggers, economic and educational. The latter is for us one of the factors of study, which we consider essential to reduce violence and generate an integral human development.This research aims to prove that a higher level of education in a society results in lower levels of violence and greater integral human development. Our study society is formed by the inhabitants of the state of Oaxaca in Mexico; It includes a period of study from 2009 to 2017. This work will show the first results for this relation. Keywords : Human development, education, violence. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-11-09 Publication date: June 30 th 2021

Ethnobotany of Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta in Priority Terrestrial Regions of Oaxaca, Mexico

Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta have been used by humans worldwide since ancient times, yet little has been documented. This paper analyzes and discusses the different uses of these plants in three Priority Terrestrial Regions (PTR) of conservation in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico. Our objectives were to: 1) document the traditional knowledge and uses of Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta among ethnic and mestizo groups; 2) analyze the variation in the use of taxa among these ethnic and mestizo groups, in terms of altitudinal distribution and type of vegetation in habitats supporting these species. Fifty species and two varieties of useful Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta from 29 genera and 15 families, were recorded. Mazatecs, Zapotecs, and Mixes are the ethnic groups with the greatest number of records of useful species from these taxonomic groups. More than 68% of such species are recognized with common names in the local languages. There are two conditions of useful plants: 1) among species used by at least four ethnic groups, how do the uses vary from two to four; 2) related to species with at least four categories of use, which are used by few ethnic groups. More than half of the species are named in at least one language, which reinforces the fact that species are recognized, valued, and important in people's daily lives, including traditional ceremonies, beliefs. Eight categories of use were documented, with medicinal, ornamental, and handcraft being the most represented. 80% of the useful Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta were distributed above 1000 masl, mainly in montane cloud forest, Quercus forest and Quercus-Pinus forest.

Co-activity in Mesoamerica and in the Andes

Drawing on two and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork among the Mixe in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, I propose that certain ritual miniaturizations are used as a technique for inaugurating a regime of co-activity between human and nonhuman agents. In this analytic model, miniature elements not only refer to macroscopic activity but also involve categories of actions that humans perform at their own level. Even as they are relevant to interpretations of ritual deposits (sometimes called mesas), food offerings made to establish a relation of exchange with nonhuman agents, I also suggest that the goal of some ritual deposits is to use miniature elements and the perceptive effects they have to create a collaborative framework so that human and nonhuman agents will commit to carrying out a shared task. I present some examples of co-activity in Mesoamerica and in the Andes to suggest that this kind of regime of action constitutes, from both pragmatic and phenomenological points of view, a relational syste...

Lexical tonal discrimination in Zapotec children. A study of the theta rhythm

BackgroundZapotec is a language used mainly in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico of tonal characteristic; homophone words with difference in fundamental frequency with different meanings. Our objective was to analyze changes in the electroencephalographic (EEG) theta rhythm during word discrimination of lexical tonal bi-syllabic homophone word samples of Zapotec. MethodsWe employed electroencephalography analysis during lexical tonal discrimination in 12 healthy subjects 9-16 years of age. ResultsWe observed an increase in theta relative power between lexical discrimination and at rest eyes-open state in right temporal site. We also observed several significant intra- and inter-hemispheric correlations in several scalp sites, mainly in left fronto-temporal and right temporal areas when subjects were performing lexical discrimination. ConclusionsOur data suggest more engagement of neural networks of the right hemisphere are involved in Zapotec language discrimination.

Life as a process of making in the Mixe Highlands (Oaxaca,Mexico): towards a ‘general pragmatics’ of life

In contrast to Western philosophy, which has considered the distinction between life and the living to be fundamental, anthropology seems not to have given much thought to the difference between the two. However, the existence of an entity called ‘The One Who Makes Live’ among the Mixe, anAmerindian group living in the state ofOaxaca inMexico, proves that ethno‐theories of non‐Western peoples often make the distinction between the characteristics and vital processes of living beings (growth, degeneration, reproduction, etc.), on the one hand, and the more or less personified causes that produce them, on the other. Given these circumstances, this article pursues a two‐fold objective. First, based on the results of ethnographic inquiry, it tries to describe the categories of nonhuman agents with which the Mixe understand this production or making of the living. Second, it suggests that, in parallel with numerous approaches developed by anthropologists past and present, the anthropology of life would benefit from an approach based on a ‘general pragmatics’ in order to better understand the diversity of conceptions of life.

Burkholderia cepacia XXVI siderophore with biocontrol capacity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of anthracnose in mango. Burkholderia cepacia XXVI, isolated from mango rhizosphere and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as a member of B. cepacia complex, was more effective than 6 other mango rhizosphere bacteria in inhibiting the model mango pathogen, C. gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456. Biocontrol of this pathogen was demonstrated on Petri-dishes containing PDA by > 90 % reduction of surface colonization. The nature of the biocontrol metabolite(s) was characterized via a variety of tests. The inhibition was almost exclusively due to production of agar-diffusible, not volatile, metabolite(s). The diffusible metabolite(s) underwent thermal degradation at 70 and 121 °C (1 atm). Tests for indole acetic acid production and lytic enzyme activities (cellulase, glucanase and chitinase) by B. cepacia XXVI were negative, indicating that these metabolites were not involved in the biocontrol effect. Based on halo formation and growth inhibition of the pathogen on the diagnostic medium, CAS-agar, as well as colorimetric tests we surmised that strain XXVI produced a hydroxamate siderophore involved in the biocontrol effect observed. The minimal inhibitory concentration test showed that 0.64 μg ml(-1) of siderophore (Deferoxamine mesylate salt-equivalent) was sufficient to achieve 91.1 % inhibition of the pathogen growth on Petri-dishes containing PDA. The biocontrol capacity against C. gloeosporioides ATCC MYA 456 correlated directly with the siderophore production by B. cepacia XXVI: the highest concentration of siderophore production in PDB on day 7, 1.7 μg ml(-1) (Deferoxamine mesylate salt-equivalent), promoted a pathogen growth inhibition of 94.9 %. The growth of 5 additional strains of C. gloeosporioides (isolated from mango "Ataulfo" orchards located in the municipality of Chahuites, State of Oaxaca in Mexico) was also inhibited when confronted with B. cepacia XXVI. Results indicate that B. cepacia XXVI or its siderophore have the potential to be used as a biological control agent against C. gloeosporioides; thus diminishing environmental problems caused by the current practices to control this disease.

Indigenous Mobilization in Oaxaca, Mexico: Towards Indianismo?

This article argues that indigenous mobilization in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico has been based on a pragmatic, fluid and flexible identity that is strategically adapted to the particular circumstances. The principle concerns of the indigenous movements discussed here are resource access and control in the context of Mexican capitalist modernization. Further, it is argued that Indian organizing in this part of Mexico must be understood within a socio-economic structure in which a ruling class of merchants aided by their politico-bureaucratic collaborators dominates the state of Oaxaca. Comparisons with other regions, notably Chiapas, in light of different methods of capital accumulation and their concomitant class structures and relations, rather than research based solely on identity politics in the postmodern sense, would, we suggest, make a valuable contribution to expanding our knowledge of Mexican Indian movements in the context of capitalism and indigenismo.

New Acrididae from Oaxaca State in Mexico (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididae: Ommatolampinae, Melanoplinae)

Two new genera and seven new species, collected in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, are described. The genera Reyesacris (R. amedegnatoae) and Oaxaca (O. colorata and O. carinata) are new to science. Melanoplus mixes, M. oaxacae and M. ludivinae are new species for the genus Melanoplus Stål, 1873 and Cephalotettix chinantecus is new species for the genus Cephalotettix Scudder, 1897.

Letramento e Mediações Culturais em “Pueblos” Indígenas do Centro-Sul do México no Século XIX

This article aims at shedding light on the uses of reading and writinginherited and applied by the indigenous communities in the state of Oaxacain Mexico after the independence. Since the colonial era, writing represented animportant instrument for the communities to address the vice-royal tribunals indefense of their lands and rights. The writing of legal petitions was carried out byliterate mediators, who wrote down the oral testimonies. With the independenceof New Spain, in 1821, this tradition persisted, although adapted to the juridicalstructure of the new born National State. On the other hand, throughout the19th century, many communities kept making efforts in order to assure the presenceof an elementary teacher capable of promoting literacy and fluency in Spanishamong the new generations.

Population structure of Dioon purpusii Rose in Oaxaca, Mexico

Cycads are currently suffering significant habitat loss from deforestation, agricultural expansion, and illegal harvesting. Dioon purpursii Rose has restricted distribution and small populations, which until now are endemic in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, and it has been included in the category of threatened and vulnerable. Three sites with D. purpusii plants were located in the state of Oaxaca. Structural and dendrometric characteristics of the population and physiognomic, floristic and environmental characteristics of the forest community at each site were determined. Dendrometric variables were evaluated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a similarity analysis between sites was applied to all characteristics, followed by a cluster analysis to express the relationships between sites. The population structure of the three sites is typical of species in which a great frequency of seedlings and juveniles suggests optimal microhabitat conditions for initial establishment. The results of the ANOVA showed that the most developed plants were found at Site 3, followed by Sites 1 and 2. The floristic composition corresponded to the type of tropical deciduous forest vegetation in the region, where D. purpusii formed part of the tree, shrub and herb layers. The phenogram resulting from the similarity and cluster analyses showed that Sites 1 and 2 are more similar (0.97), and Site 3 less similar to the other two (0.84). Although the population structure of D. purpusii at the three sites is similar to that found for other cycad species, the main threats are the small number of reproductive individuals, harvesting of leaves, and the constant threat of habitat alteration, like construction of roads, contributing to extinction.

Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Democratic Countries

This article considers the political situation of an authoritarian province in a nationally democratic country. The objective is to uncover strategies that incumbents (in this article, governors) pursue to perpetuate provincial authoritarian regimes, as well as dynamics that can undermine such regimes. A central insight is that controlling the scope of provincial conflict (that is, the extent to which it is localized or nationalized) is a major objective of incumbents and oppositions in struggles over local democratization. Authoritarian incumbents will thus pursue “boundary control” strategies, which are played out in multiple arenas of a national territorial system. The articlefleshesout these processes via comparative analysis of two conflicts over subnational democratization in 2004: the state of Oaxaca in Mexico and the province of Santiago del Estero in Argentina.

Nutritional Value of Edible Insects from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico

Seventy-eight species of edible insects, representing twenty-three families from the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, were analyzed for nutrient composition. They include the orders of Anoplura, Diptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The dry basis protein content ranged from 15 to 81%. The highest was found in a wasp of the genusPolybia.Fat content ranged from 4.2% (several grasshopper species:Boopedon flaviventris, Sphenarium sp., Melanoplus mexicanus) to 77.2% in the larvae of a butterflyPhasus triangularis.The insect richest in carbohydrates was the antMyrmecosistus melligerwith 77.7%. The amino acid profile of the studied insects compares with the preschooler and adult requirements indicated in 1985 by the F.A.O. and the W.H.O. Their protein chemical score (corresponding to the capacity for fulfilling the requirement of the most limiting essential amino acid) ranged from 46 to 96%; in a few cases there were deficiences of tryptophan and lysine. Protein digestibility varied between 76 and 98% for the species analyzed. The caloric contribution varied from 293 to 762 kcal/100 g, the highest value also being for the butterfly larvae ofPhasus triangularis.Constituting a significant component of the diet of some rural communities in Oaxaca, consumption parameters vary depending on the species, season, habitat, climate, and biotope. Eaten daily in some regions, insects are roasted, fried, or incorporated into a ragout dish, generally in the immature stage. Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) are preferred for consumption.

Purification and partial characterization of a new anti-A1 lectin of Phaseolus coccineus collected in Oaxaca, Mexico.

It is well known that Phaseolus species contains lectins of various specificities 1-4. Runner bean5 and different varieties of Ph.coccineus described by Ochoa et al6, are not specific to human blood groups. They react indistinctly with erythrocytes of the ABO system. However the lectin of Ph. lunatus (lima bean)7 is specific to the blood group type A, a classic example of that specificity. Sometime ago, we discovered a new lectin in a variety of edible bean of Ph. coccineus in the flora of the state of Oaxaca in Mexico, cultivated exclusively in the small community of Jamiltepec, near the Pacific coast, which presented strong hemagglutinating anti-A1 activity. In this report we describe a chromatographic technique for the isolation and purification of this lectin. The molecule is a tetramer with a molecular weight of 120 kDa. It requires Ca++ or Mg++ for activity, and it is inhibited by N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) at concentration of 2.8 mM., NN' N' Triacetylchitotriose, 4-O(4-O-D-Galactopyranosyl) -D-Galatopyranosyl-D-Glucopyranose, and N' Diacetylchitobiose inhibited at moderate concentration (20mM). Conalbumin and ovoalbumin, also inhibited hemagglutination.

Acculturation of indigenous societies: A mixe case study

Abstract When the nations of Western Europe discovered and colonised North and South America, a process of acculturation began for the indigenous peoples of the ‘New World’. Although acculturation went both ways, most of it was in the direction of indigenous peoples changing to the cultures of the conquering nations. The focus of this paper is on a village culture located in the state of Oaxaca in Mexico and the effects upon it of the Spanish culture. For the indigenous peoples of Oaxaca, the acculturation process was most intense from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries and again during the twentieth century. In the post‐conquest period, Roman Catholic missionaries were the principal culture‐change agents in the New World, as they converted the indigenous people to the Christian faith and to Spanish European culture. The oral traditions and the world view with which the indigenous communities regulate themselves in the twentieth century reflect the work of these missionaries. In the present century, there are many forces of acculturation. Among them are public education, the sciences, Protestant Christianity in its diverse forms, modern technology, government programmes for the villages, and political parties vying for the allegiance of indigenous peoples and dramatising their culture for political purposes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the positive and negative factors in acculturation, especially among the Mixe people of the village of Coatlán where my wife and I lived many years studying the language and culture, promoting literacy, developing literature in the native language, compiling a dictionary, and translating Bible portions.