Hydration State Research Articles

Nonenzymatic Hydration of Phosphoenolpyruvate: General Conditions for Hydration in Protometabolism by Searching Across Pathways.

Numerous reactions within metabolic pathways have been reported to occur nonenzymatically, supporting the hypothesis that life arose upon a primitive nonenzymatic precursor to metabolism. However, most of those studies reproduce individual transformations or segments of pathways without providing a common set of conditions for classes of reactions that span multiple pathways. In this study, we search across pathways for common nonenzymatic conditions for a recurring chemical transformation in metabolism: alkene hydration. The mild conditions that we identify (Fe oxides such as green rust) apply to all hydration reactions of the rTCA cycle and gluconeogenesis, including the hydration of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to 2-phosphoglycerate (2PGA), which had not previously been reported under nonenzymatic conditions. Mechanistic insights were obtained bystudying analogous substrates and through anoxic and radical trapping experiments. Searching for nonenzymatic conditions across pathways provides a complementary strategy to triangulate conditions conducive to the nonenzymatic emergence of a protometabolism.

Nonenzymatic Hydration of Phosphoenolpyruvate: General Conditions for Hydration in Protometabolism by Searching Across Pathways

Numerous reactions within metabolic pathways have been reported to occur nonenzymatically, supporting the hypothesis that life arose upon a primitive nonenzymatic precursor to metabolism. However, most of those studies reproduce individual transformations or segments of pathways without providing a common set of conditions for classes of reactions that span multiple pathways. In this study, we search across pathways for common nonenzymatic conditions for a recurring chemical transformation in metabolism: alkene hydration. The mild conditions that we identify (Fe oxides such as green rust) apply to all hydration reactions of the rTCA cycle and gluconeogenesis, including the hydration of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to 2‐phosphoglycerate (2PGA), which had not previously been reported under nonenzymatic conditions. Mechanistic insights were obtained by studying analogous substrates and through anoxic and radical trapping experiments. Searching for nonenzymatic conditions across pathways provides a complementary strategy to triangulate conditions conducive to the nonenzymatic emergence of a protometabolism.

Correlative light and soft X-ray tomography of in situ mesoscale heterochromatin structure in intact cells

Heterochromatin organization is critical to many genome-related programs including transcriptional silencing and DNA repair. While super-resolution imaging, electron microscopy, and multiomics methods have provided indirect insights into the heterochromatin organization, a direct measurement of mesoscale heterochromatin ultrastructure is still missing. We use a combination of correlative light microscopy and cryo-soft X-ray tomography (CLXT) to analyze heterochromatin organization in the intact hydrated state of human mammary fibroblast cells. Our analysis reveals that the heterochromatin ultra-structure has a typical mean domain size of approximately 80 nm and a mean separation of approximately 120 nm between domains. Functional perturbations yield further insights into the molecular density and alterations in the mesoscale organization of the heterochromatin regions. Furthermore, our polymer simulations provide a mechanistic basis for the experimentally observed size and separation distributions of the mesoscale chromatin domains. Collectively, our results provide direct, label-free observation of heterochromatin organization in the intact hydrated state of cells.

RATIONALE FOR THE USE OF A HYDRATE FORMATION INHIBITOR IN PRODUCTION WELLS IN WESTERN SIBERIA

Operation of the gas transmission system under hydrate conditions leads to the risk of deposits, changes in operating modes and plugging of pipelines and gas transmission equipment. Inhibitors such as methanol and glycols are mainly used to prevent hydrate formation. Less commonly, small amounts of polymer compounds (kinetic inhibitors) are used, which instead of inhibiting formation work thermodynamically, slowing the rate of formation of gas hydrates. However, the problems associated with excessive methanol consumption and the production of products that do not meet the standards for the content of dissolved methanol remain unresolved. These problems can be solved by improving the technological scheme of gas collection and treatment. The article focuses on the use of methanol as a hydrate inhibitor, which effectively prevents this process. It has been shown that in order to optimize the flow rate of methanol, it is necessary to take into account the salinity of formation water. The urgency of the problem is due to the high risks for the normal operation of wells, since gas hydrates can lead to clogging of equipment and pipelines, which in turn can cause emergencies and shutdown of the entire production. The article describes the current status of field development in Western Siberia, including an analysis of reserves and an assessment of production potential. Seven pay zones have been identified in the field, two of which are associated with the Upper Cretaceous deposits, four with the Upper Jurassic and one with the Middle Jurassic. The authors proposed a method for calculating the optimal amount of methanol required to prevent the formation of gas hydrates. The calculations are based on data on the composition of Cenomanian gas, temperature and other conditions in the field under consideration. The study identified critical points where gas hydrates are most likely to form. This made it possible to accurately calculate the required amount of methanol to maintain the hydrate-free state of the wells. The results of testing in the field of Western Siberia showed that the dosing of methanol is an effective means to prevent hydrate formation.

Role of intermediate water in alleviating postsurgical intrapericardial adhesion.

Various polymers have been used as postsurgical antiadhesive materials; however, the mechanisms underlying their efficacy remain unclear. Intermediate water has been found to prevent the adhesion between polymer molecules and proteins or cells. The present study investigated the role of intermediate water retained in the polymer in alleviating postsurgical pericardial adhesion. Hydrophobic fabrics were prepared using biodegradable polyglycolic acid. To add intermediate water, the fabric fibers were coated with poly(oxyethylene)oleyl ethers. Intermediate water in the hydrated state was detected by a thermal analysis for each material, and cell attachment to the fibers with or without coating was observed in vitro. Using a canine model of postsurgical pericardial adhesion, the severity of adhesion was examined along with a histological assessment during treatment, with or without fabric coating. Intermediate water was detected in the coating materials but not in polyglycolic acid. Coating significantly reduced the cell attachment to the fibers. Coating also alleviated adhesion by reducing inflammation in the fibrous layer and replacing the fabric and granulomas that develop around the surgical sutures in the pericardial space. Intermediate water in the hydrated polymer of anti-adhesives may play an important role in alleviating postoperative pericardial adhesion.

Water Status Detection Method Based on Water Balance Model for High-Power Fuel Cell Systems

With the gradually accelerating pace of global decarbonization, highly efficient and clean proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered to be an energy solution for the future. During the operation of a fuel cell, it is necessary to keep the internal proton exchange membrane in a good state of hydration, so an appropriate method of detecting the hydration state is essential. At present, fuel cell systems are rapidly developing towards high power, but methods for detecting the hydration state of high-power fuel cell systems are still relatively lacking. Therefore, this paper studies the hydration state of high-power fuel cell systems and builds a condensation tail-gas water collection device for calculating the water flow out of a fuel cell system, deriving the hydration status inside the high-power fuel cell system. To verify the proposed water balance model, a series of experiments were conducted based on controlled variables such as working temperature, air metering ratio, and load current. Experiments were conducted on a 100 KW fuel cell system to collect water flow from the fuel cell system. Finally, based on the experimental data, the change rate of the internal water content of the fuel cell system under different conditions was calculated. The results show that, under the same load current, as the working temperature and air metering ratio increase, the change rate of the internal water content of the fuel cell system gradually decreases. Therefore, at low power, it is necessary to maintain an appropriate working temperature, while at high power, maintaining an appropriate air metering ratio is more important.

The incidence and risk factors of gastrointestinal dysfunction during enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients.

To assess the occurrence and risk factors of gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction during enteral nutrition (EN) in critically ill patients supported with mechanical ventilation. Prospective observational study. Totally 252 patients admitted at a mixed medical-surgical ICU were enrolled. GI symptoms and the potential risk variables were recorded during the first 14 days of EN. The incidence of GI dysfunction was 65.5%, and the incidence of diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal distension, and upper GI intolerance was 28.2%, 18.3%, 6.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The median onset days of constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal distension and UDI was 3, 5, 5 and 6 days, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed a significant relationship between GI dysfunction and age (HR = 2.321, 95% CI: 1.024-5.264, p = 0.004), APACHE-II score at ICU admission (HR = 7.523, 95% CI: 4.734-12.592, p = 0.018), serum albumin level (HR = 0.594, 95% CI: 0.218-0.889, p = 0.041), multidrug-resistant bacteria-positive culture (HR = 6.924, 95% CI: 4.612-10.276, p<0.001), negative fluid balance (HR = 0.725, 95% CI: 0.473-0.926, p = 0.037), use of vasopressor drugs (HR = 1.642, 95% CI: 1.297-3.178, p<0.001), EN way (HR = 6.312, 95% CI: 5.143-11.836, p<0.001), infusion rate (HR = 1.947, 95% CI: 1.135-3.339, p<0.001), and intra-abdominal hypertension (HR = 3.864, 95% CI: 2.360-5.839, p<0.001). Critically ill patients supported with mechanical ventilation are at a high risk of GI dysfunction. Interventions such as the use of laxatives or prokinetic agents, control of EN infusion rate, and maintaining a normal state of hydration, might be beneficial for the prevention of GI dysfunction in critically ill patients. No.

The Calcium Homeostasis of Human Red Blood Cells in Health and Disease: Interactions of PIEZO1, the Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump, and Gardos Channels.

Calcium ions mediate the volume homeostasis of human red blood cells (RBCs) in the circulation. The mechanism by which calcium ions affect RBC hydration states always follows the same sequence. Deformation of RBCs traversing capillaries briefly activates mechanosensitive PIEZO1 channels, allowing Ca2+ influx down its steep inward gradient transiently overcoming the calcium pump and elevating [Ca2+]i. Elevated [Ca2+]i activates the Ca2+-sensitive Gardos channels, inducing KCl loss and cell dehydration, a sequence operated with infinite variations in vivo and under experimental conditions. The selected health and disease themes for this review focus on landmark experimental results that led to the development of highly constrained models of the circulatory changes in RBCs homeostasis. Based on model predictions, a new perspective emerged, pointing to PIEZO1 dysfunction as the main trigger in the formation of the profoundly dehydrated irreversible sickle cells, the main pathogenic participants in vaso-occlusion, the root cause of sickle cell disease.

Discovery of calcium sulfate at different hydration states on Mars - based on perseverance SHERLOC analysis

Organic matter on planets is often co-deposited with evaporites, and evaporation of lakes in the Jezero region of Mars may have led to the deposition of abundant organic matter and minerals such as sulfates, making sulfates important minerals for preserving the remains of potential life on Mars, especially in different hydration states, will help to invert the variability of the Martian environment and provide guidance for the exploration of life on Mars. Raman spectroscopy can detect the molecular composition of organic matter and acid anion information of the target of interest, thus enabling in situ analysis of life information and its living environment. In order to realize the detection of life remains on Mars, The Perseverance rover is equipped with SHERLOC in situ material detection payload, which adopts a 248.6 nm deep ultraviolet (DUV) laser to simultaneously excite Raman and fluorescence signals of the target. In this paper, five scans in three modes (survey scan, HDR scan and detail scan) from two sites on Mars (Quartier and Bellegarde) were selected for preliminary analysis, and the presence of sulfate minerals at these two sites was confirmed. The detail scans at Quartier were analyzed in depth, and the presence of four calcium sulfate minerals, gypsum (CaSO4∙2 H2O), bassanite (CaSO4∙0.5 H2O), anhydrite (β-CaSO4) and gamma-calcium sulfate (γ-CaSO4)was inferred from the states of ν1 (SO4), ν3 (SO4) and hydrated peaks. The differences in the degree of hydration of calcium sulfate minerals suggest that there may have been active water activity on Mars. By comparing data collected by SHERLOC with spectra from spectral libraries, the composition of small-scale structures on Mars may be assessable. However, due to the complexity of the Martian geology, more accurate water activity will need to be combined with more detailed ions, temperatures, humidity, and other conditions for a more precise analysis.

Proton transfer driven by the fluctuation of water molecules in chitin film.

Proton-transfer mechanisms and hydration states were investigated in chitin films possessing the functionality of fuel-cell electrolytes. The absolute hydration number per chitin molecule (N) as a function of relative humidity (RH) was determined from the OH stretching bands of H2O molecules, and the proton conductivity was found to enhance above N = 2 (80%RH). The FIR spectrum at 500-900cm-1 for 20%RH (N < 1) together with first-principles calculations clearly shows that the w1 site has the same hydration strength as the w2 site. The molecular dynamics simulations for N = 2 demonstrate that H2O molecules with tiny fluctuations are localized on w1 and w2, and the hydrogen-bond (HB) network is formed via the CH2OH group of chitin molecules. Shrinkage of the O-O distance (dOO), which synchronizes with the barrier height, is required for proton transfer from H3O+ to adjacent CH2OH groups or H2O molecules. Nevertheless, dOO is hardly modulated for N = 2 because H2O molecules are strongly constrained on w1 and w2, and therefore, the transfer probability becomes small. For N = 3, novel HBs emerged between the additional H2O molecules broadly distributed on the w3 site and H2O molecules on w1 and w2. The transfer probability is enhanced because large fluctuations and diffusions in the whole H2O molecule yield large modulations of dOO. Consequently, long-range proton hopping is driven by the Zundel-type protonated hydrates in the water network.

A Mesoscopic Approach for the Numerical Simulation of a Mass Concrete Structure Construction Using Post-Cooling Systems

This study introduces an innovative numerical approach to simulate the construction of large concrete structures incorporating post-cooling systems employing the finite element method (FEM). The proposed methodology integrates critical construction parameters, including temperature control mechanisms, while accounting for concrete hydration and environmental conditions. Compared to traditional discrete models, this approach provides similar accuracy with substantially reduced computational costs, enhancing predictive capabilities in the thermal analysis of mass concrete. The method was applied to simulate the construction of a water intake pillar at the Tocoma hydroelectric plant in Venezuela, where the simulated results closely matched in situ temperature measurements. The findings highlight the method’s efficiency and accuracy in simulating post-cooling systems, offering a practical solution for improving the safety and cost-effectiveness in large-scale concrete construction projects.

Infrared spectroscopic characterization of sesamin, a dietary lignan natural product.

Sesamin, a lignan component of sesame seed oil, has shown pharmacologic benefits, such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory qualities. However, the amount of data available to the field is surprisingly sparse, as for instance there is no known spectroscopic characterization of sesamin. This work provides the first experimental infrared spectrum of sesamin. Sesamin powder was subjected to experimental Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the resulting spectrum was compared to quantum chemical calculations of sesamin's stereoisomers in various hydration states. Major peaks of sesamin were assigned vibrational modes through comparison of computed and observed spectra. Multiple sesamin species may be present in a typical powder sample, coexisting with potential trace hydration.

Correlation between hydration status and VO2max in Pencak Silat athletes

Maintaining proper hydration conditions is important to support athlete performance. The study aimed to determine the relationship between hydration status and the VO2max capacity of martial arts athletes. The research was conducted using a correlational method. The subjects of the study were 14 Pencak Silat Athletes Special Class for Sports at State Junior High School (JHS) 1 Surakarta. Self-Urine Check (SUC) test data collection to test hydration status and Bleep Test to measure athletes' VO2max capacity. Data analysis techniques with product-moment correlation tests. The results obtained the relationship coefficient between hydration status and VO2max capacity was r = -0.844; p = 0.001. Therefore, there was a significant negative relationship between these two variables. This study concludes that there was a negative correlation between hydration status and VO2max capacity in JHS Special Sports Class athletes. The novelty of this study lies in the observation of stable hydration levels among Pencak Silat athletes in the Special Sports Class of SMPN 1 Surakarta. The results of this study can be used as a reference for athletes to maintain adequate hydration during activities, and for coaches to ensure that all athletes are in a well-hydrated state to avoid dehydration.

Electrospun "Hard-Soft" Interpenetrating Nanofibrous Tissue Scaffolds Facilitating Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Cell Proliferation.

"Soft" hydrogel-based macroporous scaffolds have been widely used in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications due to their hydrated interfaces and macroporous structures, but have drawbacks related to their weak mechanics and often weak adhesion to cells. In contrast, "hard" poly(caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun fibrous networks have desirable mechanical strength and ductility but offer minimal interfacial hydration and thus limited capacity for cell proliferation. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of interpenetrating nanofibrous networks based on coelectrospun PCL and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA) nanofibers that exhibit the mechanical benefits of PCL but the interfacial hydration benefits of hydrogels. The electrospinning process results in partially aligned but interpenetrating fiber network with minimal internal phase separation, leading to anisotropic but strong mechanical properties even in the hydrated state; apparent ultimate tensile strengths of the swollen scaffolds ranged from 429 ± 39 kPa in the direction of fiber alignment (longitudinal) to 86 ± 25 kPa perpendicular to fiber alignment (cross-longitudinal), typical of PCL-based scaffolds and enabling efficient suture retention in different directions. However, contact angle measurements indicate hydrogel-like interfacial properties due to the presence of the interpenetrating POEGMA network. C2C12 myoblast proliferation in the PCL-POEGMA scaffolds was 50% higher than that observed on PCL-only scaffolds, a result attributed to the presence of the more hydrophilic POEGMA interpenetrating nanofiber network. Overall, this method is demonstrated to represent a facile single-step strategy to fabricate strong macroporous but still interfacially hydrophilic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

A data-driven microstructure-based model for predicting circumferential behavior and failure in degenerated human annulus fibrosus

The degeneration of the intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus poses significant challenges in understanding and predicting its mechanical behavior. In this article, we present a novel approach, enriched with detailed insights into microstructure and degeneration progression, to accurately predict the mechanics of the degenerated human annulus. Central to this framework is a fully three-dimensional continuum-based model that integrates hydration state and multiscale structural features, including proteoglycan macromolecules and interpenetrating collagen fibrillar networks across various hierarchical levels within the multi-layered lamellar/inter-lamellar soft tissue, capable of sustaining deformation-induced damage. To ensure accurate and comprehensive predictions of the degenerated annulus mechanical behavior, we establish a data-driven correlation between disc degeneration grade and individual age, which influences the composition and mechanical integrity of annulus constituents while accounting for regional variations. The methodology includes a thorough identification of age- and grade-related evolutions of model inputs, followed by a detailed quantitative evaluation of the model predictive capabilities, with a focus on circumferential behavior and failure. The model successfully replicates experimental data, accurately capturing stiffness, transverse response (Poisson's ratio), and ultimate properties across different annulus regions, while also accommodating the modulation of the age/grade relationship. The reduction rates between normal and severe degeneration align reasonably well with experimental data, with the inner region exhibiting the largest decrease in stiffness (34.63%) and no significant change observed in the outer region. Failure stress drops considerably in both regions (49.86% in the inner and 45.33% in the outer), while failure strain decreases by 36.39% in the outer and 24.74% in the inner. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly enhances the predictive accuracy of annulus mechanics across a spectrum of degeneration levels, from normal to severely degenerated states. This approach promises improved predictive accuracy, deeper insights into disc health and injury risk, and a robust foundation for further research on the impact of degeneration on disc integrity. Statement of SignificanceUnderstanding and predicting the mechanical behavior of degenerated human annulus fibrosus remains a significant challenge due to the complex interplay of structural, biochemical, and age-related factors. This study presents a microstructure-based approach to address this challenge by integrating hydration state, detailed structural features across hierarchical scales, and deformation-induced damage and failure, alongside age-related changes and degeneration grade factors. This approach enables accurate simulations of annulus mechanics across regions, with model results thoroughly compared to available data, reinforcing its applicability in capturing degeneration effects. By capturing the intricate interactions between microstructure and mechanical behavior in degenerated discs, the model lays a strong foundation for improving clinical assessments and guiding future treatment strategies for disc-related conditions.

Photoinhibition and recovery of primary photosynthesis in Antarctic and subantarctic lichens. Analysis of interspecific differences

This study meticulously investigates the dynamics of photoinhibition and the mechanisms of primary photosynthetic activity recovery in lichens found in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic regions. Advanced methodologies were utilised, such as Kautsky's kinetic analysis and the OJIP test. The study carefully details the response of various lichen species to intense light stress, outlining both immediate effects and subsequent recovery processes. Our findings reveal that these lichens employ a range of adaptive strategies, specific to each species, to mitigate the effects of photoinhibition, thereby emphasizing their remarkable resilience and ecological importance in harsh environments. Notably, the investigation reveals the sophisticated interplay between inherent photoprotective mechanisms and the ecological adaptations that enable these lichens to thrive under such harsh conditions. The study not only advances our knowledge of plant physiology under stress but also enriches our insights into the survival strategies of terrestrial organisms facing global environmental changes. Three types of photoinhibitory treatments differing in their duration and strength were applied to 7 lichen species from Antarctica and South America (Isla Navarino). The lichens responded with a decrease in photosynthetic processes in photosystem II (FV/FM and ΦPSII declined), although they showed almost complete recovery in the following 5 h. This was attributed to the activation of photoprotective mechanisms, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in particular, during photoinhibitory treatments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters derived from slow Kautsky kinetics were correlated with those derived from the OJIP curve. Our study presents data that supports the conclusion of significant photoresistance of the studied lichen species in the hydrated state to photoinhibition induced by high doses of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

Integrated identification and detection of hydration state and its evolution using terahertz technology

The accurate detection of dehydration processes in hydrated drugs can reveal various intermolecular vibration modes mediated by hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other components, which underpin the further development of pharmaceutical science, food safety and biophysics. Herein, terahertz (THz) technology is utilized to investigate the dehydration state of d(+)-Raffinose pentahydrate (Rf·5H2O), in conjunction with imaging-based point by point scanning data acquisition and barcodes methods, to establish an innovative platform integrated identification, trace detection, and application capabilities. Our study demonstrates that the dehydration process of Rf·5H2O can be dynamically monitored through the evolution of its THz absorption peaks, offering more precise results compared to XRD and Raman spectroscopies. Moreover, the absorbance spectra data collected at each individual pixel is utilized to build visualized THz images, achieving an ultralow minimum content required for detection of 0.032 μg/(50 μm)2. Additionally, we introduce a THz spectra-barcode conversion system that not only ensures efficient electronic recordkeeping but also enhances user readability, thereby facilitating the practical applications of THz technology.

A Study on the Mechanisms of Coal Fly Ash to Improve the CO2 Capture Efficiency of Calcium-Based Adsorbents

Utilizing calcium-based adsorbents for CO2 adsorption through cyclic calcination/carbonization is one of the most cost-effective methods for carbon emission reduction. In order to improve the cycle stability of the adsorbents and the capture efficiency of CO2, this study used industrial solid waste coal fly ash for the hydration treatment of calcium-based adsorbent to explore the variations in the cyclic adsorption performance of the adsorbent under different doping ratios and hydration conditions. By means of various characterization techniques, the microscopic mechanism for improving the performance of the modified adsorbent was analyzed from the perspectives of chemical composition, physical structure, and surface functional groups of the adsorbents. The results demonstrated that the modification of coal fly ash could significantly enhance the carbonation performance and cycle stability of the adsorbent in multiple CO2 capture processes. The modified material doped with 5% coal fly ash had the highest total CO2 adsorption capacity, which increased by 13.7% compared to before modification. Additionally, the modified material doped with 10% coal fly ash exhibited the strongest cyclic adsorption capacity, which was 14.0% higher than that before modification, and the adsorption attenuation rate decreased by 32.2%. The characterization results showed that the reaction between calcium oxide and coal fly ash formed CaSiO3 and Ca12Al14O33 during the modification process, which was the primary reason for the improvement in the CO2 capture performance of the modified materials. This study provided a new perspective on the resource utilization of solid waste fly ash and efficient CO2 capture.

An evaluation of thermal tolerance in six tardigrade species in an active and dry state.

Tardigrades are known for their ability to survive extreme conditions. Reports indicate that tardigrade thermal tolerance is enhanced in the desiccated state; however, these reports have almost always used a single tardigrade species and drying/heating methods vary between studies. Using six different species of tardigrades we confirm that desiccation enhances thermal tolerance in tardigrades. Furthermore, we show that differences in thermal tolerance exist between tardigrade species both when hydrated and desiccated. While Viridiscus viridianus survives the highest temperatures in the hydrated state of any species tested here, under hydrated conditions, the thermal tolerance of V. viridianus is restricted to an acute transient stress. Furthermore, unlike other stresses, such as desiccation, where mild initial exposure preconditions some species to survive subsequent harsher treatment, for V. viridianus exposure to mild thermal stress in the hydrated state does not confer protection to harsher heating. Our results suggest that while tardigrades have the capacity to tolerate mild thermal stress while hydrated, survival of high temperatures in a desiccated state is a by-product of tardigrades' ability to survive desiccation.

Patterned Gold Nanoparticle Superlattice Film for Wearable Sweat Sensors.

Nanoparticle superlattices are beneficial in terms of providing strong and uniform signals in analysis owing to their closely packed uniform structures. However, nanoparticle superlattices are prone to cracking during physical activities because of stress concentrations, which hinders their detection performance and limits their analytical applications. In this work, template printing methods were used in this study to prepare a patterned gold nanoparticle (AuNP) superlattice film. By adjustment of the size of the AuNP superlattice domain below the critical size of fracture, the mechanical stability of the AuNP superlattice domain is improved. Thus, long-term sustainable high-performance signal output is achieved. The patterned AuNP superlattice film was used to construct a wearable sweat sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The designed sensor showed promise for long-term reliable use in actual scenarios in terms of recommending water replenishment, monitoring hydration states, and tracking the intensity of activity.