State Of Amazonas Research Articles

Physical fitness related to sports performance of preteenagers resident in Jutaí, Amazonas

Performance-oriented physical fitness is directly linked to the development of motor skills. Regular and intense physical activity should be valued as an effective and low-cost strategy to promote healthy growth and development during adolescence. This qualiqualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study evaluated the physical fitness related to sports performance of 379 pre teen students (46% boys and 54% girls), aged between 11 and 14 years, through the battery of tests and measurements of the Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR) that evaluates localized muscle endurance, explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, agility, speed and cardiorespiratory endurance. This study is part of the EFEJU project - Physical Education in the Schools of Jutaí, Amazonas, approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of the State of Amazonas under number 5.621.338. The results revealed a weak classification for muscle endurance located in 197 (97%) girls and 118 (67%) boys, for Upper Limb Strength in 66 (37.5%) boys and 151 (74.4%) girls, for Lower Limb Strength, in 98 (55.7%) boys and 184 (90.5%) boys, Agility in 170 (96.6%) boys and 198 (97.5%) girls, in Speed 130 (73.9%) boys and 186 (91.6%) girls and for Cardiorespiratory Fitness 89 (50.6%) and 154 (75.9%) girls. The majority, both pre-adolescents evaluated, presented weak classifications in all tests, indicating the need to encourage regular and systematized physical exercise.

OCCURRENCE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IN WOMEN OF LGBTQIA+ COMMUNITY TREATED IN MANAUS, AMAZONAS

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant etiological factor for several types of cancer, including cervical carcinoma, with 80% of cases of cervical cancer occurring in Latin America. In Brazil, cervical carcinoma is the third most prevalent cancer among women, and the northern region and the state of Amazonas have the highest incidence in the country. However, not all women benefit from cervical cancer screening measures. Most women in the LGBTQIA+ community do not seek gynecological health services since they often face barriers related to female homosexuality when accesing sexual health services. Using PCR, this study perfomed the molecular detection and genotyping of HPV in thirty-six patients (20 homosexual and 16 bisexual women) from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Samples of the cervical epithelium were taken during the preventive examination and genotyping was perfomed to detect HPV 16, 18, 31 and 58. Of the thirty-six patients analyzed in this study, 88% of bisexual women (n=14) and 60% of homosexual women (n=12) tested positive for HPV. The HPV 18 genotype was the most frequent among the findings. The results indicate that homosexual and bisexual women are more vulnerable to HPV infections due to the lack of more specific gynecological care directed to this group, which includes the lack of training of professionals to deal with the particularities of this population group. Therefore, more HPV screening studies for LGBTQIA+ women and improved training for specialized health professionals are needed.

Gravimetric Characterization of Solid Waste in the Dump of the Municipality of Coari - Amazonas, Brazil

Objective: To estimate the gravimetric characterization of solid waste in the waste dump in the municipality of Coari, located in the state of Amazonas, in the region of the Middle Solimões, Brazil, and to evaluate the implications for sustainable management and management. Theoretical Reference: The main public policy bases related to solid waste treatment, from generation to final destination, were contextualized, as well as the scenarios regarding gravimetric composition, as well as the references to support a resolving horizon for materials of a recyclable nature. Method: This study addresses quantitative and qualitative analysis of the collected samples of solid waste destined to the landfill of the municipality of Coari - Amazonas, in accordance with the steps required by NBR 10.007/2004 and tabulation in Microsoft Excel. Results and conclusion: The results indicate that the majority is composed of organic material, followed by plastics and paper/cardboard, among other smaller fractions: glass, metals, wood, pointing to the need for the implementation of urgent recycling and composting practices, even if the municipality does not have an environmentally adequate destination. Implications of the research: In Brazil, even with the public policies already implanted, the great majority of the municipalities have not yet propitiated the extinction of their garbage dumps or have some irregular form as to the final destination of their solid residues. The gravimetric composition is one of the important tools for analyzing the composition of materials taken to the final destination, which is absent in many municipalities. Originality/value: Knowledge of the composition of the fractions of the solid waste generated is fundamental for guiding strategic actions and planning related to management and management, aligned with public policies that direct the practices of utilization from the generating source to the final destination, in order to avoid expansion or mitigate environmental impacts.

ANÁLISE DA RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL ACERCA DE COBRANÇAS INDEVIDAS NAS RELAÇÕES DE CONSUMO

The article has social and academic relevance, as it proposes a perspective of discussion about Law, as a normative science, which seeks and generates effectiveness in social pacification. The attainment of social peace depends primarily on the disincentive provided to individuals who do not exercise self-protection in exchange for those who can potentially cause them harm. In this sense, the research aims to analyze the civil liability regarding undue charges in daily consumer relations, in addition to demonstrating how the jurisprudence, in attention to the State of Amazonas, has positioned itself in relation to the theme, seeking to identify the main causes that may give rise to the charges, as well as to demonstrate the methods and auxiliary tools so that solutions can be found in order to inhibit and reduce the damage caused Consumers. The stage of development of scientific knowledge on the subject is under the aspect of seeking the identification of the best response of the State to the analysis of civil liability arising from accidents in consumer relations. In this case, the main line applied will be to analyze the role of jurisprudence and pondering its limitations and ensuring efficiency in the solutions. Therefore, the research method used will be through the study of legislation, bibliography and doctrine for a better range of results.

VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA E O ACOLHIMENTO FEMININO: A IMPORTÂNCIA DAS CASAS DE APOIO PARA MULHERES VÍTIMAS

This study addresses the issue of domestic violence against women, highlighting the role of shelters in Amazonas as essential instruments in breaking the cycle of violence. The general objective is to analyse how these institutions contribute to the protection and recovery of victims, providing comprehensive support that promotes their autonomy and security. The methodology applied is based on a theoretical and practical analysis of the functioning of shelters, assessing legislative aspects and their application in the state of Amazonas. The research reveals that sheltering offers a safe and structured environment where women receive psychological, legal, and social support, significantly contributing to breaking the violence cycle and rebuilding self-esteem. The results indicate that, beyond providing shelter, these facilities offer multidimensional support that helps victims understand their rights and develop the confidence necessary to break ties with the aggressor. The conclusions reinforce the importance of these shelters within the women's protection system, suggesting the need to improve shelter policies to fully ensure victims’ rights to safety and dignity. Expanding resources and continuous team training are recommended to ensure shelters in Amazonas can provide even more effective assistance to women in vulnerable situations.

POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EDUCACIONAIS NO AMAZONAS: UM ESTUDO DAS ESPECIFICIDADES REGIONAIS

This article discusses the implementation of Public Educational Policies in the State of Amazonas, addressing its particularities and the challenges faced in one of the richest regions in diversity, but also marked by educational inequalities. Although the Federal Constitution of Brazil, in articles 6 and 205, guarantees the right to education, the Amazonian reality reveals the need for a more in-depth look at the quality of education. The research investigates whether secretariats and technical teams are properly prepared to create and implement policies that transcend mere access to education. The central hypothesis is that the lack of qualified professionals in the State compromises the effectiveness of these policies, which requires an approach that prioritizes the interests of the school community and students, promoting quality education that meets local specificities.

A PROTEÇÃO AO PATRIMÔNIO AMBIENTAL DO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS EMUMA ANÁLISE CONSTITUCIONAL

The state of Amazonas stands out for its immense biodiversity, from the Amazon rainforest.Given that it encompasses the world's the world and all its ecosystems, the question arises: Howis the environmental heritage in the state of Amazonas? This study aims to analyseenvironmental protection in the light of the Federal Constitution of 1988 Federal Constitutionand the Constitution of the State of Amazonas. To this end, this research used bibliographicalresearch, of a qualitative-quantitative nature, of a described nature and a deductive approach. Itis justified from academic and social perspectives, with a view to improving society in thesociety through scientific practice. Through the research, this study pursues the hypothesis thatconstitutional legislation is but the practical implementation of the law in reality is lacking, inorder to fully fulfil it, with the result that it was confirmed.

Genetic Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Hepatitis D Virus Infection in Western Brazilian Amazon

The Brazilian Amazon region is a highly endemic area for hepatitis Delta and has areas that are difficult to access. Understanding the dynamics of HDV transmission in these remote locations is important for elucidating the routes of infection. To investigate this, a molecular analysis of HDV was conducted to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of HDV cases. Between 2010 and 2023, 35 patients were recruited from the Viral Hepatitis Outpatient Clinic in Rondônia, Brazil. Conventional PCR was used to amplify the complete HDV genome followed by nucleotide sequencing via the Sanger method. The HDV genotype was determined using maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction. A Skygrid coalescent approach with a Relaxed Random Walk phylogeographic model was used for the spatio-temporal analysis. Most individuals were males (21/35), with a median age of 39 years. HDV-3 was identified in all samples (35/35; 100%). The tMRCA was estimated to be 1824, with a substitution rate of 8.2 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year. The results suggest that HDV likely entered Brazil around 1820, in the state of Amazonas, subsequently spreading to Acre and Rondônia. Notable migration events were observed starting from 2010. This study suggests that HDV-3 has a complex evolutionary history spanning over two centuries, with intricate transmission routes in different locations in Brazil.

Safety of Hepatitis B Virus Screening in Blood Donors from the Hospital Foundation of Hematology and Hemotherapy of the State of Amazonas (HEMOAM) in the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Hepatitis B is an infectious disease of worldwide importance and of great interest to transfusion medicine. The Amazon region has areas of high endemicity, outlining a worrying scenario for transfusion and epidemiological safety. Objective: To analyze the profiles of serological and molecular markers for HBV of blood donors from HEMOAM. Methods: Blood donors with different patterns of reactivity in serological and molecular screening for HBV were tested for viral load by the qPCR method at the reference center for liver diseases in the state of Amazonas. Results: A total of 230,591 donors were tested, with 3104 (1.34%) found reactive for HBV and 2790 (89.9%) found reactive for isolated anti-HBc. Viral load was not detected in 100% of donors reactive only to HBsAg, while 100% of donors with positive anti-HBc and positive HBsAg or HBV NAT demonstrated a detectable viral load. We also detected one case of occult hepatitis B (0.03%) only with reactive HBV NAT and five donors (0.2%) with positive anti-HBc and HBV NAT. Conclusions: With this result, the great importance of the anti-HBc test for the unsuitability of blood donors was verified, as well as the fundamental introduction of the HBV NAT test in screening for hepatitis B in Brazilian blood banks, as this was the only way to detect the viral infection burden in asymptomatic donors who previously would not be treated, which contributed to the maintenance of the endemicity of hepatitis B in the Brazilian Amazon.

Lifestyle and sleep quality of schoolchildren living in Amazonas, Brazil

Lifestyle is something inherent to the world's population, different in each place and often varying from individual to individual. Lifestyle is directly related to health and encompasses various factors, including sleep, the quality of which is considered a determining factor, especially as it is related to the individual's development and well-being. This study sought to assess the impact of lifestyle on sleep quality in school adolescents in the city of Jutaí, in the state of Amazonas. To this end, information was collected from 356 students (167 boys and 189 girls) from the city's public school system, with an average age of around 13.10 ± 1.27 years, average body mass of 47.35 ± 11.45, average height of 1.52 ± 0.09 and BMI of 20.33 ± 3.60. The following instruments were used for data collection: Body Mass Index (BMI), the Individual Lifestyle Profile questionnaire (Nahas et al, 2000) and the mini sleep questionnaire (Zomer, 1985). The lifestyle variables analysed showed an intermediate level for nutrition, positive for stress, physical activity and social relationships oscillating between intermediate and positive, and positive preventive behaviour. Finally, it was found that most of the students surveyed - 181 participants (≅ 51.1%) - had good sleep, 46 (≅13.2%) had slightly altered sleep, 38 (≅10.7%) and 89 (25%) had severely altered sleep. There seems to be a direct relationship between sleep quality and lifestyle.

Updating the prey menu of the ophiophagous snake Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Linnaeus, 1758) with two heterospecific snakes from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest

The Aesculapian false coral snake, Erythrolamprus aesculapii, is reported here preying on two heterospecific snake species. An individual of E. aesculapii was observed preying an adult Atractus cf. major in the municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, state of Amazonas, Brazil, and another on an adult Tropidodryas striaceps in the municipality of Divino de São Lourenço, state of Espírito Santo, also in Brazil. Both observations detail the predatory behavior of E. aesculapii, from chasing to immobilizing and ingesting the prey snakes. These findings expand knowledge of the predatory interactions of E. aesculapii, including the addition of two new prey species, reinforcing the ophiophagous nature of its feeding behavior.

IRREGULARIDADES NO SISTEMA DE DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA NO AMAZONAS

In current times, climate adversities that impact society are observed, such as heat waves and historic droughts, directly influencing electricity consumption and revealing the impacts of irregular practices in energy consumption. In Amazonas, non-technical losses in low voltage reach approximately 42%, gaining national prominence. This study aims to discuss, reflect on the imperative of highlighting the reality of the state of Amazonas in the context of non-technical losses in the electricity sector. It begins with the characterization of irregularities in energy consumption, using ANEEL reporting metrics. It then discusses the adverse impacts on society related to these practices, establishing connections between climatic conditions and non-technical losses. Finally, postures and practices to combat irregularities are outlined, highlighting measures adopted to mitigate and raise awareness among consumers in the Amazon region.

Amazon severe drought in 2023 triggered surface water loss

Abstract The Amazon underwent a severe austral springtime drought attributed to the onset of El Niño in 2023 and the warmer North Atlantic, Indian, and North Pacific Oceans. The Amazon rivers, lakes, small streams, wetlands, and reservoirs quickly lowered their water level below historical records due to decreased rainfall and warmth in the region. Based on satellite imagery, this study presents the first estimate of the water loss extent in the 4.2 million km2 of the Brazilian Amazon biome (∼62% of the Amazon total biome) in 2023. We estimated the loss of 3.3 million hectares of surface water relative to 2022, with an overall accuracy of 92%. The surface water losses were concentrated in the states of Amazonas (59.4%) and Pará (25.5), adding up to 2.8 million hectares. The warmer and drier climate in the region affected the main rivers in the Amazon. Among them, the Solimões, Negro, Purus, Acre, and Branco suffered extreme drops in their levels in some regions, resulting in a high negative impact on the aquatic biodiversity, yet estimated only in local areas. A total of 1.14 million hectares of surface water loss (i.e. 35%) was detected within protected areas territories, affecting extractivist, indegenous, African-Brazilian, and fishing and traditional communities. Proximity analysis revealed that 75% of the 2023 surface water loss was within 25 km of small towns, 48% and 65.8% at 50 km from indigenous villages and urban areas, respectively. Our results reinforce people’s vulnerability to climate change, anticipating a plausible adverse impact scenario in the Amazon region and urging solutions to adaptation and mitigation. Therefore, an integrated monitoring system based on climate and water dynamics from satellite and ground stations is necessary to improve understanding of the problem for timing response of climatic change negative impacts.

Re-emergence of Oropouche virus between 2023 and 2024 in Brazil: an observational epidemiological study

Oropouche virus is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused outbreaks of Oropouche fever in central and South America since the 1950s. This study investigates virological factors contributing to the re-emergence of Oropouche fever in Brazil between 2023 and 2024. In this observational epidemiological study, we combined multiple data sources for Oropouche virus infections in Brazil and conducted in-vitro and in-vivo characterisation. We collected serum samples obtained in Manaus City, Amazonas state, Brazil, from patients with acute febrile illnesses aged 18 years or older who tested negative for malaria and samples from people with previous Oropouche virus infection from Coari municipality, Amazonas state, Brazil. Basic clinical and demographic data were collected from the Brazilian Laboratory Environment Management System. We calculated the incidence of Oropouche fever cases with data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the 2022 Brazilian population census and conducted age-sex analyses. We used reverse transcription quantitative PCR to test for Oropouche virus RNA in samples and subsequently performed sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates. We compared the phenotype of the 2023-24 epidemic isolate (AM0088) with the historical prototype strain BeAn19991 through assessment of titre, plaque number, and plaque size. We used a plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT50) to assess the susceptibility of the novel isolate and BeAn19991 isolate to antibody neutralisation, both in serum samples from people previously infected with Oropouche virus and in blood collected from mice that were inoculated with either of the strains. 8639 (81·8%) of 10 557 laboratory-confirmed Oropouche fever cases from Jan 4, 2015, to Aug 10, 2024, occurred in 2024, which is 58·8 times the annual median of 147 cases (IQR 73-325). Oropouche virus infections were reported in all 27 federal units, with 8182 (77·5%) of 10 557 infections occurring in North Brazil. We detected Oropouche virus RNA in ten (11%) of 93 patients with acute febrile illness between Jan 1 and Feb 4, 2024, in Amazonas state. AM0088 had a significantly higher replication at 12 h and 24 h after infection in mammalian cells than the prototype strain. AM0088 had a more virulent phenotype than the prototype in mammalian cells, characterised by earlier plaque formation, between 27% and 65% increase in plaque number, and plaques between 2·4-times and 2·6-times larger. Furthermore, serum collected on May 2 and May 20, 2016, from individuals previously infected with Oropouche virus showed at least a 32-fold reduction in neutralising capacity (ie, median PRNT50 titre of 640 [IQR 320-640] for BeAn19991 vs <20 [ie, below the limit of detection] for AM0088) against the reassortant strain compared with the prototype. These findings provide a comprehensive assessment of Oropouche fever in Brazil and contribute to an improved understanding of the 2023-24 Oropouche virus re-emergence. Our exploratory in-vitro data suggest that the increased incidence might be related to a higher replication efficiency of a new Oropouche virus reassortant for which previous immunity shows lower neutralising capacity. São Paulo Research Foundation, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Wellcome Trust, US National Institutes of Health, and Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Genomic and phenotypic characterization of the Oropouche virus strain implicated in the 2022-24 large-scale outbreak in Brazil.

The Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense species encompasses a group of arthropod-borne zoonotic viruses transmitted by biting midges to animals including humans. Several large-scale human outbreaks caused by the prototype member of this species, Oropouche virus (OROV) have been documented since the 1970s and were primarily confined to the Amazon basin. However, since 2022, more widespread OROV outbreaks have been unfolding in Brazil and across South America, with cases exported to Cuba, Italy, Spain, USA and Germany. In Brazil, the virus has reached and established communitary transmission in all geographic areas of the country. We isolated, characterized the cytopathic effect and recovered the full genome of two OROV isolates from the 2022-24 outbreak detected in patients from the Pernambuco state. Phylogenetic data supports a direct introduction from the Amazonas state, the epicenter of the epidemics in the country. As case counts accumulate in the state mounting evidence is supporting the establishiment of sustained transmission chains. Continued studies are critical to understand the transmission cycle in this region, including the most important vectors and reservoirs, to appropriately deploy control measures.

Phyllanthus prancei sp. nov. (Phyllanthaceae), a new species from Brazilian Amazon based on specimens collected by G. T. Prance and collaborators over 50 years ago

A new species of Phyllanthus, collected by Sir Ghillean Tolmie Prance in Amazonas State, northern Brazil, is described. Phyllanthus prancei is the second known species in Phyllanthus subg. Conami sect. Calodictyon. It differs from the congeneric species P. tuerckheimii Webster by having tomentose branches, stipules and petioles, midrib tomentose only on the adaxial leaf surface, three free styles, and glandular, cupuliform, foveolate disc. A detailed description, photographs, an illustration, and comments on the distribution, habitat, phenology and preliminary conservation status are provided for the species.

Regeneration of secondary forest following anthropogenic disturbance from 1985 to 2021 for Amazonas, Brazil.

Following old-growth forest loss and subsequent land abandonment, secondary forest grows throughout the Amazon biome. For Amazonas, agricultural colonization was unsuccessful in many regions, leading to the regeneration of secondary forest and carbon storage under favorable climate conditions. Herein, the extent of regeneration in Amazonas and its timescale are investigated, including a granular analysis of its 62 municipalities, based on the MapBiomas dataset from 1985 to 2021. By 2021, 10,495 km2 of secondary forest had grown, corresponding to 28% of the lost old-growth forest. After normalization for algorithmic differences, this estimate was 17%-38% lower than prior studies for Amazonas that used earlier versions of the MapBiomas dataset, indicating increased accuracy in landcover assignments for more current versions of the dataset. For the northeastern microregion, representing the 15 municipalities of economic and population dominance in Amazonas, the growth of secondary forest varied from 3.0% to 9.8% of the total land area. For the southern microregion, constituting seven municipalities adjacent to large-scale deforestation of Mato Grosso and Rondônia, regeneration of secondary forest constituted 0.4%-1.2% of the land area. For the remaining interior municipalities, the regeneration was 0.0%-1.9%. Among the municipalities, the median regeneration interval, corresponding to the duration between the loss of old-growth forest and the appearance of secondary forest, ranged from 2 to 7 years. The median regeneration intervals of the interior, northeastern, and southern microregions were 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively. Even as the secular trend of deforestation continues in the Amazon biome and encroaches into the southern border of Amazonas state, the results herein indicate a possible resiliency toward secondary forest for undisturbed land on a timescale of several years, at least for mixed pasture-forest landscapes of kilometer-scale heterogeneity and assuming that a favorable climate persists for regeneration even as global change occurs.

Accesses to water, electricity, and sustainable development: evidence from the Amazonian State of Parà

Accesses to water, electricity, and sustainable development: evidence from the Amazonian State of Parà

Knowledge About Healthy Nutrition Among Students of the Amazon State University and its Campuses

Nutrition constitutes the physiological process by which the body receives, converts, and utilizes the chemical compounds present in food. These nutritive substances are essential for the proper functioning of organs, growth, and performance of all daily physical activities by humans. This research aims to assess the level of knowledge among students at the main campus and its branches regarding nutrition. An explanatory non-experimental study was conducted, determining a sample of 400 students from the schools of agroindustry, biology, environmental sciences, tourism, forestry, agriculture, and social communication. A structured questionnaire based on literature review and the nutritional pyramid was used to collect information and divided into two parts: general and specific. The results revealed the following parameters: 62% of the participants consume food three times a day, while 62.8% ingest 8 glasses of water daily. The perception of a healthy plate is based on a balanced consumption of proteins, carbohydrates, and vegetables. Basic knowledge about the functions of nutritional components in human metabolism was evident. In conclusion, the results reflect varied patterns in the dietary habits and knowledge of university students, emphasizing the importance of nutritional education and the need to promote balanced choices for a healthy diet. Keywords: nutrition, physiological, functional, students, university, perception. Resumen La alimentación constituye el proceso fisiológico mediante el cual el organismo recepta, convierte y utiliza los compuestos químicos presentes en los alimentos. Dichas sustancias nutritivas son fundamentales para el adecuado funcionamiento de los órganos, el crecimiento y la ejecución de todas las actividades físicas diarias por parte del ser humano. El propósito de la investigación fue evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de los estudiantes de la matriz y sus sedes en relación con la alimentación. Se llevó a cabo un estudio explicativo no experimental, determinando una muestra de 400 estudiantes de las escuelas Agroindustria, Biología, Ambiental, Turismo, Forestal, Agropecuaria y Comunicación Social. Para recopilar información, se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado basado en la revisión bibliográfica y la pirámide nutricional, dividido en dos partes: general y específica. Los resultados revelaron los siguientes parámetros: el 62 % de los participantes consume alimentos tres veces al día, mientras que el 62.8 % ingiere 8 vasos de agua diariamente. La percepción de un plato saludable se fundamenta en el consumo equilibrado de proteínas, carbohidratos y verduras. Se evidenció un conocimiento básico sobre las funciones de los componentes alimenticios en el metabolismo humano. En conclusión, los resultados reflejan patrones variados en los hábitos alimentarios y conocimientos de los estudiantes universitarios, destacando la importancia de la educación nutricional y la necesidad de promover elecciones equilibradas para una dieta saludable. Palabras Clave: Alimentación, fisiológico, funcional, estudiantes, Universitarios, percepción.

Diversity, vertical stratification and detection of Leishmania DNA in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected in the Mapinguari National Park, Brazilian Amazon

This study aimed to assess the diversity patterns of sand fly fauna across different strata and detect Leishmania DNA in these insects in the Mapinguari National Park in Rondônia and Amazonas states, Northern Brazil. Sand flies were collected with “HP” light traps in the canopy (15 m) and at ground level (1 m) on two trails, during August and November 2021 and March and August 2022. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to identify Leishmania species. A total of 8,040 individuals (2,303♂ – 28.64 %, 5,737♀ – 71.36 %) were collected and 53 species and 13 genera were identified. The most abundant species were Psychodopygus chagasi (21.00 %), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (13.61 %) Psychodopygus davisi (11.69 %), Nyssomyia fraihai (10.58 %), Nyssomyia antunesi (6.68 %) and Nyssomyia richardwardi (5.55 %). Species diversity was greater in the canopy (Shannon index H' = 10.8 common species) when compared to ground level (H' = 10.5 common species). We observed a minimum infection rate of 0.45 % (22/4,868 females), in which Leishmania braziliensis DNA was found in Ps. chagasi and Le. lainsoni DNA in Ps. chagasi, Ny. richardwardi, Ps. ayrozai and Th. ubiquitalis. The minimum infection rate of Leishmania in the canopy was 0.47 % (19/4,031) and in the ground was 0.52 % (3/567). In the present study, we observed Le. lainsoni DNA in females of Ny. richardwardi for the first time. The data presented in this study contribute to understanding sand fly diversity and its distribution between the states of Rondônia and Amazonas. They may be useful for implementing targeted control measures to reduce the spread of leishmaniasis and implement entomological surveillance strategies.