State Of Acre Research Articles

Governing the diverse forest: Polycentric climate governance in the Amazon

The Amazon is rapidly approaching its tipping point, which could turn a once enchanted tropical rainforest into a dry, carbon-emitting savannah. This will have catastrophic impacts well beyond the South-American continent and its inhabitants. The region is facing a nowadays familiar challenge of combating climate change and promoting social justice. International climate governance is proving ineffective, as it fails to incorporate the long term wellbeing of local communities. Demands for justice have led to calls for more polycentric climate governance. This approach aims to provide a culture-specific and place-based approach to dealing with the possible consequences of climate change for social justice and sustainable livelihoods. This article examines the scope for introducing Intercultural Polycentric Climate Governance (IPCG) to the Amazon. We select two examples of subnational climate governance and indigenous peoples’ participation in the Amazon as our case studies: the State of Acre in Brazil and the regional department of Ucayali in Peru. Both are seen as pioneers of intercultural climate governance in their national contexts, and both have established indigenous working groups geared to promote the provision of intercultural fairness within their regional governance mechanisms. We conducted a qualitative content analysis, both of our interviews and relevant policy documents. Our study highlights three challenges for successful IPCG: 1) overcoming intercultural injustices; 2) increasing meaningful participation; and 3) filling governance gaps. Our findings reveal that there is still some way to go to meet these outcomes. Bridging polycentricity and interculturality, diverse systems of knowledge and their adherents need to be better appreciated and incorporated as part of the process of reassessing the purpose of IPCG. Only then, will we see the handling of the future of the enchanting Amazon in a holistic way: so much more than mere carbon storage.

COMMUNITY OF CULTIVABLE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI OF CASSAVA Manihot esculenta CRANTZ

The objective of this work was to characterize the community of endophytic fungi of cassava Manihot esculenta cultivated in the state of Acre, Brazil. For that, M. esculenta root, stem and leaf were collected, washed and disinfected by immersion in 70% ethanol (1 min), sodium hypochlorite 2% (5 min), 70% alcohol (30 sec) and washing in water sterile distilled (1 min) three times. The samples were fragmented and inoculated in BDA and Oat culture media and incubated at 28 º C for 30 days. The isolated fungi were characterized by morphology and grouped into morphospecies. There was isolated a total of 39 endophytic fungi M. esculenta, 19 (48.7%) of stem 13 (33.3%) of leaf and 7 (18%) root. On culture medium, 23 (59%) fungi were isolated in BDA medium and 16 (41%) in Oat medium. Eight fungal genera were identified, Penicillium and Phomopsis the most frequent, with 30.8% relative frequency each, and Fusarium (10.2%) Aspergillus (5.1%), Guignardia (5.1%), Acremonium (2.6%), Colletotrichum (2.6%), Phoma (2.63%), and unidentified (10.2%). M. esculenta showed dominance by fungi of the genera Penicillium and Phomopsis. This is the first study report of the endophytic fungi community of Manihot esculenta.

Public policies of guarantee for minimum prices on products of sociobiodiversity (PGPMBio): composition of the extraction cost of Amazonian chestnut in Rondônia and Acre

Objective: To analyze the Minimum Price Guarantee Policy for Sociobiodiversity Products - PGPMBio with focus on the composition of the extraction cost of the Brazil nut in the states of Rondônia and Acre. Materials and Methods: This work used a qualitative approach through a field study. The Matrix proposed by Easton (1957) enabled an analysis of Public Policy. The field research took place at three different times, with 34 respondents: the first was in Brasiléia -AC) Acre State) in November 2014, in Porto Velho - RO (Rondônia State) in March 2015, in Brasiléia - AC and Cobija - Bolivia in June 2015. Results: It was concluded that there is a discrepancy between the minimum price defined in PGPMBio and the price paid by the market in the cases studied. The results show that PGPMBio does not consider environmental costs in the elaboration of the minimum price, employing economic criteria in a context that requires a sustainable vision. Study limitations: The size of the extractivist sample, which, due to its small quantity, makes it impossible to expand the results for the entire population, being limited to the reality of the interviewees. Practical implications: It is suggested to include bonuses for environmental services in the calculation of the minimum price. Originality: The recognition of the workforce on the extractivism of the Chestnut-of-the-Amazon in the composition of the product's cost. This was possible due to the analysis of production costs of the Chestnut-of-the-Amazon through the methodology of analysis of public policies of Easton (1957) and the simultaneous verification of the applicability of PGPMBio among the extractivists.

Reaching the malaria elimination goal in Brazil: a spatial analysis and time-series study

BackgroundSince 2015, the Global Technical Strategy (GTS) for Malaria 2016–2030 has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a comprehensive framework to accelerate progress for malaria elimination in endemic countries. This strategy sets the target of reducing global malaria incidence and mortality rates by 90% in 2030. Here it is sought to evaluate Brazil’s achievements towards reaching the WHO GTS milestone in 2030. Considering the total number of new malaria cases in 2015, the main research question is: will Brazil reach the malaria elimination goal in 2030?MethodsAnalytical strategies were undertaken using the SIVEP-malaria official databases of the Brazilian Malaria Control Programme for the Brazilian Amazon region from 2009 to 2020. Spatial and time-series analyses were applied for identifying municipalities that support the highest numbers of malaria cases over the years. Forecast analysis was used for predicting the estimated number of new cases in Brazil in 2025–2050.ResultsBrazil has significantly reduced the number of new malaria cases in 2020 in comparison with 2015 in the states of Acre (− 56%), Amapá (− 75%), and Amazonas (− 21%); however, they increased in the states of Pará (156%), Rondônia (74%), and Roraima (362%). Forecast of the predicted number of new malaria cases in 2030 is 74,764 (95% CI: 41,116–141,160) in the Brazilian Amazon.ConclusionsIt is likely that Brazil will reduce the number of new malaria cases in the Brazilian Amazon in 2030 in relation to that in 2015. Herein forecast shows a reduction by 46% (74,754 in 2030 forecast/137,982 in 2015), but this reduction is yet far from the proposed reduction under the WHO GTS 2030 milestone (90%). Stable and unbeatable transmission in the Juruá River Valley, Manaus, and Lábrea still support endemic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. Today’s cross-border malaria is impacting the state of Roraima unprecedently. If this situation is maintained, the malaria elimination goal (zero cases) may not be reached before 2050. An enhanced political commitment is vital to ensure optimal public health intervention designs in the post-2030 milestones for malaria elimination.Graphical

A political ecology of jurisdictional REDD+: investigating social-environmentalism, climate change mitigation, and environmental (in)justice in the Brazilian Amazon

This article contributes to political ecologies of forest-based climate change mitigation strategies by assessing Brazil's first sub-national jurisdictional REDD+ program. Proponents of jurisdictional REDD+ argue that the approach brings more social and environmental benefits than small-scale REDD+ projects and addresses negative socio-economic impacts of deforestation pressures on forest-dependent communities. Our analysis tells a different story. We assess Acre's sub-national jurisdictional (SNJ) program to show that reworking the scale of REDD+ is not only key to its persistence and stabilization, but also that implementation politics often further environmental injustice. We draw qualitative field research in the state of Acre into conversation with a critical analysis of SISA and the ISA Carbono program implementation. Our findings illustrate two interwoven points vital to political ecologies of REDD+. First, the social-environmental ambitions of Acre's SNJ REDD+ program were strongly influenced by the political ecologies of popular movements and a history of state-led environmental governance initiatives. Second, Acre's SNJ REDD+ has not met several of its social-environmental goals like bolstering forest-dependent peoples' rights or equitably distributing program benefits across sectors, despite operating most extensively on the lands of forest-dependent communities. Consequently, we argue that Acre's SNJ REDD+ track record has reinforced rather than alleviated injustice against Indigenous peoples and traditional forest extractivist communities.

Nyssorhynchus darlingi genome-wide studies related to microgeographic dispersion and blood-seeking behavior

BackgroundIn Brazil, malaria is concentrated in the Amazon Basin, where more than 99% of the annual cases are reported. The main goal of this study was to investigate the population structure and genetic association of the biting behavior of Nyssorhynchus (also known as Anopheles) darlingi, the major malaria vector in the Amazon region of Brazil, using low-coverage genomic sequencing data.MethodsSamples were collected in the municipality of Mâncio Lima, Acre state, Brazil between 2016 and 2017. Different approaches using genotype imputation and no gene imputation for data treatment and low-coverage sequencing genotyping were performed. After the samples were genotyped, population stratification analysis was performed.ResultsWeak but statistically significant stratification signatures were identified between subpopulations separated by distances of approximately 2–3 km. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to compare indoor/outdoor biting behavior and blood-seeking at dusk/dawn. A statistically significant association was observed between biting behavior and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers adjacent to the gene associated with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4H14, which is associated with insecticide resistance. A statistically significant association between blood-seeking periodicity and SNP markers adjacent to genes associated with the circadian cycle was also observed.ConclusionThe data presented here suggest that low-coverage whole-genome sequencing with adequate processing is a powerful tool to genetically characterize vector populations at a microgeographic scale in malaria transmission areas, as well as for use in GWAS. Female mosquitoes entering houses to take a blood meal may be related to a specific CYP4H14 allele, and female timing of blood-seeking is related to circadian rhythm genes.Graphical

Economic aspects of the demand for commercial Forest land in the state of Acre, Brazil

The question is the potential for sustainable forest practice for the state of Acre in Brazil's western Amazon. This paper uses a von Thunen-like approach together with local market data to examine commercial logging and mill opportunity for distances around Acre's mill and municipality center. It concludes that under recent and current conditions the harvesting of the mature forest at the frontier can continue sustainably while the majority of the natural forest surrounding Acre will remain beyond the reach of commercial forest harvest. Moreover, as harvests at the frontier may eventually extend to their financially limiting distance, sustainably managed operations closer to the mill will begin replacing the harvest operations of mature natural timber at the logging frontier. These latter can successfully support the local mills on a smaller area over a 30-year forest management cycle.

Geochemistry of selenium, barium, and iodine in representative soils of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is a heterogeneous ecosystem and its soils exhibit geographically variable concentrations of trace elements. In this region, anthropic activities - e.g., agriculture and mining - are numerous and varied, and even natural areas are at risk of contamination by trace elements, either of geogenic or anthropogenic origin. A reliable dataset of benchmark values for selenium (Se), barium (Ba), and iodine (I) concentrations in soils is needed for use as a reference in research and public policies in the region. In this study, 9 selected sites in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest within areas represented by Oxisols and Ultisols were assessed for relevant soil physicochemical characteristics, along with the concentrations of total Se (SeTot), total Ba (BaTot), and sequentially-extracted soluble Se (SeSol) and adsorbed Se (SeAd) in 3 different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). In addition, organically bound-Se (SeOrg) and total I (ITot) concentrations in the surface layer (0–20 cm) were measured. Soil Se concentrations (SeTot) were considered safe and are likely a result of contributions of sedimentary deposits from the Andes. Available Se (SeSol + SeAd) accounted for 4.5% of SeTot, on average, while SeOrg in the topsoil accounted for more than 50% of SeTot. Barium in the western Amazon (state of Acre) and central Amazon (Anori, state of Amazonas) exceeded national prevention levels (PVs). Furthermore, the average ITot in the studied topsoils (5.4 mg kg−1) surpassed the worldwide mean. Notwithstanding, the close relationship found between the total content of the elements (Se, Ba, and I) and soil texture (clay, silt, and sand) suggests their geogenic source. Finally, our data regarding SeTot, BaTot, and ITot can be used to derive regional quality reference values for Amazon soils and also for updating prevention (PV) and investigation (IV) values established for selected elements by the Brazilian legislation.

Gamma, alpha, and beta diversity of ant assemblages response to a gradient of forest cover in human‐modified landscape in Brazilian Amazon

AbstractThe partitioning of gamma diversity into its alpha and beta components has been used to quantify the effects of natural habitat reduction on species diversity and distribution. Ant assemblages respond to anthropogenic changes, allowing their use as an indicator of biodiversity conservation in human‐modified landscapes. We investigated the responses of gamma, alpha, and beta diversity of ant assemblages to a forest cover gradient in southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Our prediction was that increasing forest cover would increase gamma diversity, which in turn is driven more by increasing beta diversity than alpha diversity along the forest cover gradient. Additionally, we expected that increasing beta diversity would be mainly driven by species replacement. We sampled ants within 12 circular areas (radius: 500 m) with different forest cover percentages in Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, state of Acre, southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Gamma and beta diversity, but not alpha diversity, responded positively to the forest cover gradient. Additionally, species replacement was the main driver of beta diversity along the forest cover gradient. Areas with low levels of forest cover probably offer limited variation in habitats, resources, and conditions and, thus, harbor a low number of ant species that can easily disperse spatially and leading to species composition simplification. We recommend the use of diversity partitioning for indicator groups as an efficient way to monitor biodiversity and control the process of biota simplification at the human‐modified landscapes, showing the response of species diversity and distribution to human impacts.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.

Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) (Ixodida: Ixodidae): human parasitism and the first record from the Acre State, Western Brazilian Amazon

The Cayenne tick, Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), parasitizes a range of vertebrate hosts, including humans, accidentally. Infestation by this species has important implications for public health, given that these ticks habitually bite humans and may act as the vectors of several pathogens. Here, we present a detailed case of human parasitism by A. cajennense and provide the first record of the occurrence of the species in the state of Acre, Brazil.

Suspected neuropsychomotor developmental delay in the first 2 years of life in a birth cohort in the Brazilian Amazon: Incidence, persistence and risk factors

AbstractWe estimated risk factors associated with suspected neuropsychomotor developmental delay at age 2 years, in a birth cohort in the Brazilian Amazon. The Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA‐Brasil) study is a population‐based birth cohort involving children born between July 2015 and June 2016 in the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul, in the Brazilian state of Acre. We assessed neuropsychomotor development in 735 and 819 children at one and 2 years of age, respectively, using the Denver II screening test. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to investigate the factors associated with suspected developmental delay at age 2 years. The frequency of suspected developmental delay was 29.5 and 51.0% at one and 2 years of age, respectively, with a cumulative incidence of 41.6% and a persistence of 60.6% between the first and second years of life. After adjustment, the risk of developmental delay at 2 years of age was found to be higher for children born to women with fewer years of education and whose mothers had urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Other risk factors included male sex, low height for age at 2 years, malaria at childhood, pacifier use and limited child stimulation at age 2 years.

Outcome Measure Epidemiological of Female Inmates in West Amazon, Brazil

Introduction: the prison system in the Brazilian state of Acre, located in the Western region of the Amazon, is a branch of the criminal justice system that has been suffering from issues such as overcrowding and growth in internal organized crime. The prevalence of these matters directly affects the resocialization of prisoners and inhibits the successful re-engineering of their social values and beliefs. Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of jailed women in the State of Acre, Brazil. Methods: in a cross-sectional descriptive study, 129 participants were recruited from female penitentiaries in the state of Acre. Conducted between August and December of 2017, data was collected through a validated questionnaire, divided into modules, using both open and closed-ended items. Results: we found that most women who participated in the study were single (n = 86, 66.7%), had brown skin (n = 93, 72.1%), had children (n=102, 79.1%), resided in the state of Acre (n=117, 90.5%). The mean age of the sample was 27.69 years. Among those participants who reported having partners (n = 40, 31%), we found that half had partners who were also incarcerated (n = 20, 50%). The study results also indicate that drug trafficking (n = 86, 66.7%) was the major cause for female incarceration, followed by homicide crime (n = 16, 12.4%). Over half of the participants were in prison for the first time (n = 75, 58.1%), with a high recidivism rate observed in the total sample (n = 54, 41.9%). A majority of the participants (n = 97, 75.2%) kept in touch with members of their families and a smaller portion (n = 15, 11.6%) received conjugal visits. With regard to social activities, slightly more than half (n = 75, 58.1%) worked and the majority (n = 114, 88.4%) did not study while jailed. Conclusion: the difficulties associated with accessing inmate data and the lack of peer-reviewed studies on inmate health in Brazil suggests that the public policies recommended by the PNSSP and the National Policy for Comprehensive Health Care for Women should be reevaluated.

Judicialization of health care in the Western Amazon: collective decisions of the jurisdictional court of justice in the State of Acre, Brazil

Introduction: the judicialization of health is an alternative to the health services in Brazil, despite criticism of judicial decisions and control of public health policy. The large number of actions that demand health services is a health problem that characterizes the political, social, ethical, legal, and health systems of the Public Health Policy. Objective: to analyze the judicialization of health care in the Acre State, Brazil, from 2010 to 2016. Methods: it is a documentary and cross-sectional study of collegiate decisions, with final judgments, in the period from 2010 to 2016, issued by the Court of Justice of the State of Acre, Results: all proposed actions were Writ of Mandamus. The use of preliminary injunction was the most common strategy (n = 34; 94.44%). One third of the respondents were not questioned by the State of Acre (n = 9; 25%) as decisions of the Court of Justice on health concern medicines, examinations, and procedures, in these cases, it only manages interests, with no litigation per se. (n = 25, 69.44%). Men and women demanded in the same proportion, all of them characterized by living in poverty (n = 28; 77.78%). Conclusion: the collective health decisions handed down by the State Court of Justice Acre, Brazil, guarantee access to health goods and services to the claimants, with emphasis on preliminary injunctions and grounds based on the principle of human dignity, physical integrity and life, and on medical prescriptions in each specific case and, in a third of the cases, serving as a mere administration of interests.

Naturally acquired antibody response to a Plasmodium falciparum chimeric vaccine candidate GMZ2.6c and its components (MSP-3, GLURP, and Pfs48/45) in individuals living in Brazilian malaria-endemic areas

BackgroundThe GMZ2.6c malaria vaccine candidate is a multi-stage Plasmodium falciparum chimeric protein which contains a fragment of the sexual-stage Pfs48/45-6C protein genetically fused to GMZ2, a fusion protein of GLURP and MSP-3, that has been shown to be well tolerated, safe and immunogenic in clinical trials performed in a malaria-endemic area of Africa. However, there is no data available on the antigenicity or immunogenicity of GMZ2.6c in humans. Considering that circulating parasites can be genetically distinct in different malaria-endemic areas and that host genetic factors can influence the immune response to vaccine antigens, it is important to verify the antigenicity, immunogenicity and the possibility of associated protection in individuals living in malaria-endemic areas with different epidemiological scenarios. Herein, the profile of antibody response against GMZ2.6c and its components (MSP-3, GLURP and Pfs48/45) in residents of the Brazilian Amazon naturally exposed to malaria, in areas with different levels of transmission, was evaluated.MethodsThis study was performed using serum samples from 352 individuals from Cruzeiro do Sul and Mâncio Lima, in the state of Acre, and Guajará, in the state of Amazonas. Specific IgG, IgM, IgA and IgE antibodies and IgG subclasses were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.ResultsThe results showed that GMZ2.6c protein was widely recognized by naturally acquired antibodies from individuals of the Brazilian endemic areas with different levels of transmission. The higher prevalence of individuals with antibodies against GMZ2.6c when compared to its individual components may suggest an additive effect of GLURP, MSP-3, and Pfs48/45 when inserted in a same construct. Furthermore, naturally malaria-exposed individuals predominantly had IgG1 and IgG3 cytophilic anti-GMZ2.6c antibodies, an important fact considering that the acquisition of anti-malaria protective immunity results from a delicate balance between cytophilic/non-cytophilic antibodies. Interestingly, anti-GMZ2.6c antibodies seem to increase with exposure to malaria infection and may contribute to parasite immunity.ConclusionsThe data showed that GMZ2.6c protein is widely recognized by naturally acquired antibodies from individuals living in malaria-endemic areas in Brazil and that these may contribute to parasite immunity. These data highlight the importance of GMZ2.6c as a candidate for an anti-malarial vaccine.

SURVIVAL AND NATURAL REGENERATION OF FOREST ESSENCES CULTIVATED IN ALTERED AREAS THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

The evaluation of the survival and natural regeneration of tree species in a 35-year-old plantation was carried out to identify the species established in the area, aiming at their recommendation in forest restoration plantations in the State of Acre. In the 1980s, 138 forest species were planted in two experimental units (EU), of 1.38 ha each, in the Zoobotanical Park (ZP) of the Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco campus. The main activities carried out in the area, prior to planting, were agriculture and cattle raising. Survival status was measured through a census of all individuals planted at the time, who were still alive. In addition, all regenerating individuals from planted species were surveyed in the effective planting area of the experimental units. At the time of evaluation, living individuals of 41 and 46 species were found in experimental units 1 (EU-1) and 2 (EU-2), respectively. The species Syagrus sancona, Talisia esculenta, Acacia polyphylla, Couepia bracteosa, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini and Copaifera multijuga showed survival rates above 90% in at least one of the experimental units. Only Syagrus sancona and Handroanthus serratifolius presented high survival rates in both experimental. Regenerating individuals of the species Aspidosperma vargasii, Couepia bracteosa, Euterpe precatoria, Handroanthus serratifolius, Oenocarpus mapora, Onychopetalum periquino and Stryphnodendron pulcherrimum were found in the two EU.

Monogeneans of Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) farmed in the state of Acre, Amazon (Brazil).

Parasitism of Colossoma macropomum is of particular concern because it is the most commonly farmed native fish species in Brazil. Nevertheless, the parasitic fauna of this species in the state of Acre has been little studied. For this reason, an evaluation was made of the parasitic fauna of farmed C. macropomum in the municipality of Rio Branco in southwestern Amazon. Four monogenean species were found in the 122 fish examined: Anacanthorus spathulatus, Linguadactyloides brinkmanni, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri. The most prevalent species was A. spathulatus (50%), followed by N. janauachensis (44.3%), M. boegeri (20.5%) and L. brinkmanni (9.0%). These results are the first data on the ecological indices of monogeneans in tambaqui in the state of Acre and will be useful for future comparisons of the influence of environmental factors on the parasite-host relationship.

Spurious infection by Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1983) Moravec, 1982 and intestinal parasites in forest reserve dwellers in Western Brazilian Amazon.

ABSTRACTSubsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State.

The Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in the Brazilian Amazon: past and present†.

Amazonian livelihoods are largely dependent on rivers, with local protein consumption mainly relying on several species of fish. The UJER (Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve - Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá) is located in the state of Acre, bordering Peru and several indigenous areas. Here we summarize the data we collected in 1993/1994 on the population living along the banks of the Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, Igarapé São João and Breu rivers on crop cultivation, animal husbandry, and use of game and fish resources. We interviewed 133 individuals (94 on the Juruá and Tejo, 16 on Bagé, 16 on Igarapé São João and 7 on Breu rivers). Our results include a comprehensive description on local livelihoods, including the most important fish species for local subsistence considering gender and seasonality, the main husbandry and game species, and the items cultivated on the local agriculture. Whenever more recent information was available in the literature, we compared changes in livelihoods over time in the same region and also with the recent patterns observed in the Lower and in the Middle Juruá River. We hope to provide useful information to understand temporal changes in local livelihoods, which can help adapt and shape the ecological management in the region.

Checklist of Damselflies and Dragonflies (Odonata) from Acre state, and the first record of Drepanoneura loutoni von Ellenrieder & Garrison, 2008 for Brazil

Here we present the first Odonata (Insecta) species list for the state of Acre, Northern Brazil, adding ecological aspects and notes on its taxonomy and conservation status. Regarding Odonata samplings, Acre is one of the least explored states in the northern region of Brazil and an area of geographic importance, as it is a transition between the Andean and Amazon regions. Collections were carried out in 35 streams, distributed in nine municipalities. We also supplemented our database from the review of secondary literature and data from biological collections. We recorded 140 species, distributed in 55 genera, of which 16 species are new records for the state, making Acre state the second in the number of recorded species in northern Brazil. Of the recorded species, 113 are classified within some threat category of the IUCN red list and 110 in the ICMBio national list. Analyzing the taxonomic information on each recorded species, knowledge of females and larvae is still very limited and, most of the time, only available to adult males. For the first time, the occurrence of Drepanoneura loutoni von Ellenrieder & Garrison (2008) is reported for Brazil, and we also present photos of its main morphological characters, with comments on its biology. Our study shows the importance of conducting biodiversity research in poorly studied areas; such as the state of Acre, and serves as a basis for future expeditions in the region.

Características epidemiológicas da tuberculose em um estado da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental brasileira

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a wide range of pathogens grouped in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis species being the most important of the complex. Worldwide, it is the biggest cause of health problems and one of the main etiologies responsible for conditions that progress to death by infection. In Brazil, it is considered a constant public health problem due to its magnitude, transcendence and vulnerability. Thus, the present study aimed to characterize the population diagnosed with tuberculosis in the state of Acre, in the period between 2011 and 2020. A descriptive study in which secondary data obtained through DATASUS/TABNET were used. Regarding the epidemiological characteristics, the state presented data similar to the national ones. 84.85% of diagnoses were in self-declared blacks and browns. The use of alcohol, smoking and diabetes were, respectively, 2, 3.5 and 1.8 times more frequent than the worldwide incidences. A lower prevalence of tuberculosis was observed in patients with HIV/AIDS. The pulmonary form showed a growth of 57.92% from 2011 to 2020. Thus, it is concluded that tuberculosis cases in Acre are characterized similarly to the Brazilian epidemiological profile, but more frequent in blacks and browns and with more risk factors. frequent, with the exception of the presence of HIV/AIDS.