State Law Enforcement Research Articles

Women police leaders: attitudes about policing and experiences in the occupation

PurposeThis study explored women police leaders’ (n = 503) attitudes and experiences relative to men police leaders (n = 3,359) and women police officers (n = 1,153) with no supervisory responsibilities.Design/methodology/approachSelf-reported survey data were collected from 5,015 officers in 85 United States law enforcement agencies.FindingsCompared with men police leaders, women police leaders were more likely to identify inequalities in the workplace, empower community members’ voices in defining legitimate forms of policing, elevate the importance of police misconduct and reject a tough physical approach. Women police leaders were also more likely than male police leaders to think that effective leadership influences the behavior of subordinates and more likely to feel that the rules leave room for interpretation. Black women police leaders reported different attitudes and experiences than White women police leaders, including recognizing greater inequalities, prioritizing increased law enforcement activities and experiencing less occupational burnout. Except for the seriousness of misconduct, there were no differences between women police leaders and women police officers without supervisory responsibilities.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the ongoing conversation about women in policing and how increasing the number of women in leadership roles affects law enforcement agencies and the public’s experiences with policing. As policing continues to face calls for reform and employment challenges, increasing the number of women in leadership plays a vital role in producing law enforcement agencies that are equitable and efficacious.

Особенности правоприменительной практики законодательных актов в первой половине XIX века на примере Департамента уделов

Introduction. The article is devoted to the consideration of the revealed peculiarities in the law enforcement practice of the legislation of the first half of the XIXth century on the example of the highest state institution – the Department of Estates, which ensured the allowance of the members of the imperial family. In the history of the Department under consideration the contradictory nature of monarchist power was revealed. The emperor, being the supreme legislator, was faced with a difficult dilemma: how to keep a balance between national and personal interests. While managing his own economy, he adjusted the state law enforcement practice to the interests of the Department, clarifying it with his resolutions. Methods. The main research methods were structural-functional and hermeneutic ones. They made it possible not only to work with the text and its meanings, but also to understand the peculiarities that distinguished the Department of Estates in the state system of higher institutions of the Russian Empire of the first half of the XIXth century. Results. The author concluded that the peculiarities of the law enforcement activity of the Department of Estates were primarily determined by the specificity of its tasks. Law enforcement activity was blurred by the interests of the members of the imperial family and general state tasks. The absence of some managerial decisions in normative legal acts and their fixation only in the form of resolutions to documents created unclearness (ambiguity). It caused contradictions in law enforcement activities and complicated the interaction of the Department of Estates with other state institutions of the Russian Empire.

Retribution for tribal sovereignty: Settler colonial policing and civil justice impacts

Unique among marginalized groups, American Indians are both citizens of the United States and citizens of sovereign tribal nations, as recognized (but not granted) by federal Indian law. However, even as tribal nations exert increasing economic and political power, criminal legal outcomes for tribal members—who interface with an array of tribal, local, state, and federal law enforcement and justice systems—remain detrimental or are worsened. These outcomes also include increased contact with state courts and the delegitimization of tribal courts, which uniquely implicate the civil justice context. We use the settler colonial framework to investigate how tools of state criminal law, such as heavy policing and disparate punishment, may impact the civil justice needs of Indigenous people, and more broadly, the very sovereignty these policies aim to protect. Drawing on interviews and observations in tribal and county-level courts, we examine the experiences of American Indians and other stakeholders in Indian country. We identify how enforcement practices, surveillance of space, and the complexities of layered policing within a “jurisdictional maze” contribute to the deterioration of tribal sovereignty. We contextualize our findings by considering the historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors that influence the experiences of American Indians in the criminal justice system, and by examining the civil justice implications.

The Emergence of the Second Amendment Sanctuary Movement: Partisan Federalism, Not White Protectionism

Abstract One-third of all US counties have enacted Second Amendment Sanctuary (2AS) ordinances, preventing the enforcement of state and federal gun control laws. We test two theories to explain 2AS enactment. First, 2AS may be a manifestation of partisan federalism. This perspective predicts that the nationalization of policy issues has led partisan groups to support “sanctuary” policies in friendly jurisdictions to frustrate the opposition. Second, given the close link between gun policy preferences and racial identities, 2AS enactment may be related to racial dynamics and especially the declining political power of White Americans. Thus, we should expect that 2AS adoptions will occur in majority White counties with declining White populations. We leverage a unique dataset of county-level 2AS enactments to test these hypotheses. We find strong evidence for the partisan federalism hypothesis. In contrast, we find weak and inconsistent evidence for the racial threat hypothesis.

Understanding the adoption of military equipment by local law enforcement agencies in the United States

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines the diffusion of paramilitary police units across the United States to consider the computational turn in social science.MethodsThe process of police diffusion is modeled by comparing traditional predictive models with agent‐based modeling (ABM) under constant and flexible binding conditions. The data are drawn from the Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies 2000, 2004 and the United States Cities Database.ResultsABM was not superior to traditional predictive models when it came to predicting policy diffusion and that flexible binding provides superior predictive capabilities over constant binding.ConclusionsPublic policy scholars should exercise caution in adopting computational methods as they may not offer advantages over traditional predicative analysis. Policy diffusion of police militarization is not driven by geographical proximity but may reflect hierarchical influences in the form of federal policy or the influence of far‐flung organizations perceived to be similar. This may cause inappropriate policies and practices to be adopted.

The impact of the informal sector on supply chains in Africa

ABSTRACT The informal sector adds a systemic layer of uncertainty and risk for the performance of Food Supply Chains in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on interviews conducted among all the agents directly involved in the FSCs and international statistics, we analysed how the informal sector affects five mango FSCs in Burkina Faso in their economic, social and environmental performance. The informal sector accounts for about 30% of the total FSCs value, 67% of the total production, and 99% of the workforce. The lack of statistics, lack of legal compliance, lack of public infrastructure, increases the probability and severity of any given risk and therefore hinders investments. Firms internalise the risks with horizontal and vertical integration, the support of subsidies, or by avoiding the costs of international standards compliance. As a result, we distinguish subsidised resilience from informal resilience. FSC's resilience in sub-Saharan Africa will depend on how the level of state intervention, legal compliance and law enforcement will affect the informal sector.

Administrative legal principles of human rights-based approach by the police

One of the priority tasks of reforming law enforcement agencies is to build a preventive mechanism based on the observance of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of society from violence and discrimination, and creation of barrier-free space for people with limited mobility. The multidimensional nature and complexity of the issues requiring statutory regulation in these areas determine the relevance of the subject under study. The purpose of this study was to model the administrative legal mechanism of police activity in which human rights would be optimally and effectively implemented. To fulfil this purpose, the methodology used included a combination of comparative rule-making, system analysis, internal and external induction, constructive cognition and content analysis. It was found that the observance of human rights in police activities is inextricably linked to the implementation of the rule of law and the provision of protective police services. Numerous cases of violations revealed during journalistic investigations and widely discussed by the public have become one of the reasons for the rapid decline in public trust in state law enforcement institutions, and as a result, a substantial obstacle to Ukraine’s integration into the European space. The study analysed the key reasons affecting the effectiveness of administrative legal strategies for ensuring a human rights-based approach in the practical activities of the National Police bodies (units). Specifically, these include transition processes related to the harmonisation of national legislation with international and European standards, low level of material and social security of police officers, insufficient level of professionalism, influence of negative environment, narrow understanding of administrative legal activities in the field of human rights related to the prevention of administrative and criminal offences. The study concluded that the principles of the rule of law, respect for human rights and freedoms and partnership-based interaction with the public are crucial and interrelated in the preventive activities of police. The study outlined the key areas of improvement of national legislation in the field of development and/or optimisation of administrative legal systems for ensuring the functioning of organisational, technical, information, and economic resources as guarantees of the implementation of the declared constitutional rights and freedoms. The results of this study can be used to formulate and improve the norms of national legislation that regulate the activities of law enforcement agencies and determine the content of its guidelines

Implikasi Laju Inflasi Terhadap Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Berdasarkan Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

This journal discusses the influence of the inflation rate on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) based on an Islamic Economics perspective. So it can be understood that the size of the inflation rate in a country will greatly influence the level of GDP. Where inflation has a simultaneous influence on GDP, and inflation has a partial negative impact on GDP. The writing of this journal uses a deductive qualitative approach (from general to specific), examining relevant general phenomena, then producing specific studies and conclusions on matters that are the object of research, using a normative juridical approach with literature study. A country's economic growth can be represented through an increase in the country's GDP, apart from income factors in terms of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. GDP is greatly influenced by the inflation factor. Inflation in the view of Islamic economists is an economic indication that occurs at a macro level in almost every country related to the decline in the exchange rate of money for goods and services, whether it occurs naturally (natural inflation) or is caused by human error (Human Error Inflation). Inflation does not only occur naturally, it can be caused by the pull of Aggregate demand (Aggregate demand) or due to a decrease in Aggregate supply (Aggregate Supply), but also occurs due to human error in regulating state administration and law enforcement, giving rise to a country's economic interconnectedness. Maintaining the stability of a country's economy by controlling the rate of inflation is something very basic, where inflation significantly affects Gross Domestic Product. GDP is an important indicator of economic growth in measuring economic activity, especially the volume of production in a country in one year.

Legal responsibility in agricultural relations

In modern conditions of modernization of state agricultural policy, the role of agricultural law, subject of legal regulation, protection of the interests of the entities of agricultural sector, and ensuring food security of the republic is increasing. The goal is to study the features of agricultural legal relations, identifying main problems associated with the application of legal liability. Analysis of the state, use of rules and norms of agricultural legislation and development of measures aimed to support, stimulate, and protect the rights of agricultural producers in Kazakhstan. The methods are based on materials from domestic and foreign scientists, scientific publications, and changes in legislative regulations. A comparative analysis and assessment of legal relations in agro-industrial production were used. Results - the state of affairs is considered and important issues of application of legal responsibility in the context of lawful actions and its features are identified. Various types of violations of legal obligations are analyzed: non-compliance with land use rules, sanitary and hygienic requirements, environmental standards - illegal use of pesticides, abuse of antibiotics in raising livestock, violation of environmental standards that can pollute water or damage the soil. Conclusions - the authors propose a number of effective measures to improve legal behavior in agricultural entities: strengthening control by the state law enforcement agencies, creating more effective punishment mechanisms, increasing awareness of participants in agricultural legal relations, which will prevent unfair practices and will promote conservation of natural resources and environment. Agricultural law presupposes land, property, labor, financial, and management relations in agriculture. This contributes to organizational, production and economic activities of agricultural production entities in accordance with the goals of entrepreneurship in agricultural sector.

LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIVATE DETECTIVE ACTIVITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Private detective work is a professional activity involving the collection, analysis, and provision of information about various events, persons, and objects, commissioned by individuals or organizations. The article underscores the relevance of this field in the context of ongoing reforms in law enforcement agencies, and the authors argue that the legislative consolidation of private detective work can significantly enhance the level of legal assistance to citizens, society, and the state. The legal status of a private investigator should be normatively established, with its own principles, methods, legal status, and cooperation with law enforcement agencies. Justifying the need for legislative regulation, the authors point to the principles that should serve as the foundation for private detectives. The authors emphasize the importance of the interaction of private detectives with state law enforcement agencies for the effective fight against criminal offenses and identify four categories of interaction: legal cooperation, technical cooperation, information field and operational interaction, and support. International norms are crucial conditions for the legal regulation of private detective activities in the country. In the context of global practices, the authors note the commonality of principles, goals, and objectives of private detective activities, but they also recognize the existence of national peculiarities regulated by the legislation and legal system of each state. Additionally, in this article, the authors provide a legal description of the legal status of a private detective and develop recommendations for utilizing the results of their work in the field of criminal procedure.

Improving the system of protection of the rights of buyers of vehicles

The subject of the study is the existing system of protection of the rights of buyers of vehicles, which includes the prevention of offenses involving liability for misleading consumers about consumer properties or quality of goods (Article 14.7 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation) and for causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust (Article 7.27.1. of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), the commission of which involves, including for example, with the correction or reduction of the recorded mileage of the car. The connection of these actions with the technical condition of vehicles and road safety is considered, since any unauthorized actions with the technical condition of the vehicle are associated with a decrease in the level of safety of road users. The prevalence of this phenomenon requires an adequate response from the state's law enforcement system and the establishment of legislative barriers for this activity. The research methodology is based on general scientific (logical, systematic, analysis, generalization) and private scientific (comparative, formal legal) methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in an integrated approach to studying the existing procedure for protecting the rights of buyers of vehicles at risk of being misled about the quality of the goods. The article substantiates the need to create a legal mechanism at the state level and on its basis an open mileage accounting system for used cars for citizens, which allows them to track their history from the moment they go on sale. It is proposed to give a legal assessment of the actions and establish liability for persons who, through the provision of services for correcting car mileage data, contribute to deceiving consumers, causing property damage to buyers, and are in direct connection with the decisions of vehicle owners on their maintenance and repair, which affects road safety.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a 5-day training on science-based methods of interrogation with U.S. federal, state, and local law enforcement investigators.

Evaluating the effectiveness of a 5-day training on science-based methods of interrogation with U.S. federal, state, and local law enforcement investigators.

State bodies’ formation for ensuring railway safety in Russia (October 1917 – July 1918)

Importance. Scientific interest in studying the turning points of history contributes to the development of the most effective mechanisms for organizing the activities of state law enforcement agencies in modern conditions. The conduct of a special military operation and the current geopolitical situation require the state to take special measures to ensure law and order at key elements of government, including transport facilities. After the February and then the October Revolutions of 1917, the continuity of law enforcement at railway transport facilities was lost. Armed formations of various kinds were spontaneously created on the railways to commit crimes, seize and retain power. The experience of developing measures to ensure law and order in the context of armed interference in the railways’ activities, measures taken to stabilize the situation, is of scientific and practical importance. The purpose of the study is to determine the formation sequence of state agencies for ensuring the safety of railways during the formation of Soviet power, their competence and competence.Research Methods. The historicism principle along with the application of the historical and genetic method, make it possible to analyze the formation sequence of state agencies to ensure the safety of railways in the period from October 1917 to July 1918 and, based on individual facts, identify the special. The comparative method shows the general and special features of the phenomena considered within the framework of the formation of the entire law enforcement system of the Soviet state. Based on the analytical method, it is possible to compare the activities of the agencies created by the Soviet state to ensure law and order at railway transport facilities with the gendarmerie police units of the railways that operated before the February Revolution of 1917.Results and Discussion. Based on the conducted research, the reasons why the Soviet authority created centralized law enforcement agencies at railway transport facilities are clarified. The description of the events against which these organizations and services were created is given. Steps have been taken to explain the contradictions between the interests of local and central authorities in the period under review, as well as the prerequisites for which the Soviet authority went from completely denying the experience of previous agencies to the need to use it.Conclusions. It is concluded that the creation by the Soviet authoruty of law enforcement units and services and ensuring the safety of transport infrastructure facilities took place situationally, initially without any plan, through the denial of the legacy of tsarist Russia, centralization and resumption of the linear principle of the work of agencies, taking into account the military-political, economic situation in the country and the specifics of the object of law enforcement. The workers’ militsiya could not cope with the tasks of ensuring human and civil rights and freedoms at railway transport facilities at the first stage of its formation.

The association between anti-smoking legislation and prevalence of acute respiratory illnesses in Indian children

ObjectiveExposure to tobacco smoke causes numerous health problems in children, and create burden on the population in terms of economy, morbidity and mortality. In order to protect the child from exposure to tobacco smoke in the outdoor environment, sufficient legislative enactments are available in Indian legislation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the fact that in absence of any specific laws stating about protection of children from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor environment, whether outdoor related legislations are sufficient to protect children from exposureand to explore the scope for enforcement of both state and central laws in improving health of children in India. Study designThe study considered cross-sectional survey data of Demographic and Health Survey Data on India, National Family and Health Survey fourth round (NFHS-4) for the year 2015-16 on Indian children (below age of four). MethodsBoth bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of anti-smoking laws on the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) based on the place of residence, indoor tobacco smoke exposure and age of the child. ResultsThe results have shown an inclination of ARI among children in association with states having single law, rural area resident, exposure to indoor tobacco smoke and age of the child, both as independent or in combination are quite conspicuous, and are found to be underestimated. The logistic regression also revealed the influence of these factors both as independent and even in interaction with other. ConclusionsLegislative intervention through both at central (or national)and state levels through anti-smoking laws will decrease the indoor tobacco smoke exposure as a result ARI prevalence will also decrease among children in India.

Regarding the classification of special technical means of covert information acquisition

Based on the analysis of current legal acts and scientific literature, the article examines the issues related to ensuring security during covert investigative (detective) actions with the use of special technical means for covert obtaining of information. At present, these issues are in demand in the context of combating encroachments on the territorial integrity or territorial inviolability of the state, in particular, those related to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into the territory of our country, the number of which has been increasing in recent years. In legislative and departmental regulations and special literature, scholars and practitioners have paid sufficient attention to the issues of legislative regulation of the organisation and use of special technical means in the course of covert investigative (detective) actions.
 Thus, regulatory documents and technical support for covert investigative (detective) actions conducted with the use of special technical means do not fully meet the current operational tasks of the state law enforcement agencies. Therefore, the issue of further development and harmonisation of legislative and departmental acts, improvement and introduction of the latest technologies and modern equipment in the course of operational search, counterintelligence and investigative activities is relevant.
 In the period of transformation processes which are taking place and changing the state and legal reality of the European Community countries, which Ukraine, in particular, is trying to join, an important issue is to ensure democratic and humane principles of the State’s functioning.
 The scientific novelty of the article is the actualisation of the problems associated with the use of special technical means of obtaining information and the introduction of the author’s system of their classification in the course of covert investigative (detective) actions.

Defunding C.O.P.S.: Conditioning Federal Funding to State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies Upon the Implementation of a Program that Screens its Current and Future Officers for White Supremacist Affiliations 

Defunding C.O.P.S.: Conditioning Federal Funding to State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies Upon the Implementation of a Program that Screens its Current and Future Officers for White Supremacist Affiliations 

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The article examines the predicted challenges that the state will face after the end of the legal regime of martial law. The main tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine to ensure state security have been considered. The functions of the National Guard of Ukraine and other actors of the security sector of Ukraine have been distinguished. The authors analyze the normative and legal framework regarding the transition of the state from the legal regime of martial law to the stabilization (post-war period), as well as the role and place of the National Guard of Ukraine in this activity. The main tasks of the National Guard of Ukraine in the post-war period are defined as follows: participation in the restoration of constitutional law and order, participation in the suppression of riots, protection of public safety and order, and protection of critical infrastructure. It has been proposed to change the focus of the higher military educational institutions of the National Guard of Ukraine from direct military direction to training specialists in the field of state security and law enforcement.

Policies, Leadership, and Funding - Oh, My! How we are working together to improve perinatal care access & integration in Arizona, U.S.

The United States has the highest maternal mortality rate of any high resource country, and it is the only country outside of Afghanistan and Sudan where the rate is rising. The rate of pregnancy-related mortality in the US increased from 7.2 pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births per year in 1987 to 17.2 in 2017. In Arizona, almost half of all pregnancy-associated deaths in 2016-2018 or three out of five deaths were related to mental health conditions or substance use disorder, and 98% of those deaths were deemed preventable with 48.5% of deaths having a good chance to prevent the death. Over 40% of these deaths were accidents or unintentional overdoses. Social determinants of health, system, and community factors have increasingly been acknowledged as contributing factors to the increasing rate of poor maternal health outcomes nationally, yet few states have been able to comprehensively address these issues due to fragmented health and public health systems of care, as well as severe workforce shortages. 
 The State of Arizona launched a series of initiatives beginning or enhanced in 2019 to improve maternal health outcomes for persons of reproductive age in the State, including a grant-funded initiative to strengthen Arizona’s Maternal Mortality Review Committee and to fund prevention efforts. In 2020, maternal mental health was spotlighted by stakeholders as a crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A maternal mental health task force was appointed by the state legislature and funded through a federal grant to bring statewide stakeholders together to identify gaps in care for the perinatal population, improve statewide data on maternal mortality, and to form a statewide action plan to promote and execute innovation in maternal health service delivery including recommendations to the state government for providers and facilities, regulatory and state policy, payers, law enforcement, other systems, public health, and communities.
 While the effort to improve perinatal care statewide has legislative and grant-funded support, the input from individuals with lived experience, healthcare professionals specializing in serving this population, and our community health workers such as peer support professionals, patient advocates, and BIPOC advocacy organizations have been the key to our momentum and successes. Ultimately, a legion of volunteers (primarily mothers) across the state have co-designed improvements that truly meet the needs in close partnership with the state department of health and state medicaid agency. 
 
 Through community and provider participation, workforce development initiatives, compassionate and informed leadership, change management, and policy making, we have developed a comprehensive strategy to expand access to better care across the continuum of providers and facilities involved in perinatal care outcomes in our state. 
 What we’ve learned and achieved through our evolving statewide efforts will contribute to the efforts of others in communities globally who are working to reduce adverse maternal health outcomes. Lessons learned and best practices in capacity building and sustainability will be shared. 

SO MANY STAKEHOLDERS, SO MANY CONTRACTS!

Abstract Elder financial fraud is a growing challenge for adult protective services (APS), financial institutions, and state and federal law enforcement agencies that seek effective interventions to protect older adults from continued financial loss. One solution is temporary account holds that prevent suspicious withdrawals from an older or vulnerable adult’s account while investigation and additional interventions are put in place. With funding from the Administration for Community Living, this project seeks to understand the outcomes of temporary account holds on elder safety and financial autonomy in Minnesota. We first worked to improve communication between APS and other Minnesota state agencies to ensure that cases are properly referred and that protection activities are coordinated to achieve the best outcomes for the older adult. Like most collaborative research projects that involve university researchers and state agencies, significant legal agreements were necessary. Multiple subawards and cost share agreements were drafted, data use agreements were created, and IRB approvals from multiple entities were sought. In this presentation, Dr. DeLiema will share lessons learned about how researchers can better prepare for the administrative burden and delayed starts associated with completing these legal administrative processes. She will describe common areas of conflict and competing interests between state agencies and universities around data privacy and ownership, strategies for finding common ground, and possible workarounds to fulfill project aims. Dr. DeLiema will also highlight how to “pitch” a collaboration to community stakeholders using a value proposition that outlines the benefits of the project to the stakeholder.

ON THE USE OF THE EXPERIENCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF SERVICE AND COMBAT TASK BY THE TROOPS OF THE NKVD OF THE USSR IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE TROOPS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article deals with the service and combat activities of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The authors of the article note that the NKVD troops made a significant contribution to the overall victory of the Soviet people over fascism in the Great Patriotic War. The article analyzes the organizational structure of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR, their legal status, the tasks performed, shows the shortcomings in the organization of the activities of these troops, which significantly affect the effectiveness of their service and combat use. The article also notes that the recruitment of barrage detachments was carried out not by the military personnel of the NKVD of the USSR, but at the expense of the Red Army, the troops of the NKVD of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War performed both internal and external functions of the Soviet state, which were expressed in the fight against banditry, desertion and crime in the rear of the fronts of the active army, as well as in direct participation in hostilities with the Nazi invaders. The authors come to the conclusion that the positive experience of the service and combat use of the troops of the NKVD of the USSR must be used in the conditions of modern reality in the practical activities of state law enforcement and military bodies, establishing a legal status corresponding to their purpose.