State Language Policy Research Articles

The Russian language and state language policy in the formation of modern Russian civilization

This article examines the meaning and role of the Russian people unity, the role of communication in society in the state language, which is the fundamental basis of the civil self-identity of Russians. The article also substantiates the role of Russian language policy in four aspects (educational, scientific, cultural and legal) in order to preserve language as the cultural heritage of the nation in the formation of Russian civilization. The article emphasizes that the ability of the language to preserve the history, culture, and identity of the people for a long time ensures and maintains the state of national security and its spiritual unity at a high level.

Къэбэрдей-шэрджэсыбзэр ужьыхынымкIэ, кIуэдыжыпэнымкIэ шынагъуэ зыпылъ Iуэхугъуэ щхьэхуэхэр

This paper highlights the most important issues of the state and functioning of the modern Kabar-dino-Circassian language in impending globalization and the existing realities in the field of state language policy. The study examines the fundamental risk factors that, without appropriate drastic measures, will inevitably accelerate the process of extinction and subsequent disappearance of the Adyghe language. Material for the presented research was normative legal acts in the field of functioning, preservation and development of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federa-tion, journalistic materials of the republican newspaper “Adyge Psal”, Kabardian broadcasts of radio and television of the Republic. The work uses descriptive, comparative research methods, synthesis, and analysis. Conducted research allows us to conclude that the most important condi-tion for the preservation and development of minority languages, which include Kabardino-Circassian, is the implementation of a unified “protective” state language policy in the country, which would not only declare the legal and social status of the language but also provide a real opportunity for its use in official spheres with a guarantee translation, since an indispensable con-dition for the functioning of any language is its relevance to society; the suppression of the cur-rently violent interference in the natural course of language development by introducing fictional terms into its vocabulary instead of established lexical units that native speakers actively use.

Ukuhlakanishiswa kwezilimi zomdabu Zama-Afrika Enyuvesi yaseFreyistata nomthelela wolwazimfundo kwabalukhulumayo

The University of the Free State Language Policy 2024 takes off from the premise that, firstly, students come from diverse linguistic backgrounds, of which the majority come from a Sesotho language background. Secondly, when our students join the university, they are confronted by English as the medium of instruction which is not their language, thus, it creates a barrier to effective learning. Thirdly, when our students join their specific disciplines, they are also confronted by unfamiliar environments of new disciplinary terminology and concepts which they are expected to learn and master in a foreign language. The language policy made a conscious commitment to develop and intellectualise Sesotho so that it becomes an academic language and a resource for supporting academic access and success for African students, in alignment with the Language Policy Framework for Higher Education 2020. This paper employs a literature-based methodological approach, focusing on a single university as a qualitative case study. Underpinned by the Language Management Theory, we argue that the African indigenous language, Sesotho, requires an effective and conscious process of intellectualisation. Strategies like terminology development are proposed to effectively support the learning of new concepts and theories across disciplines and thus reduce the burden imposed by English instruction among Sesotho speakers. The paper also argues that the intellectualisation of African languages in higher education is critical for ensuring that African students are not provided access without support in the persistent English monolingual higher education fraternity. IQOQA INqubomgomo Yolimi YeNyuvesi YaseFreyistata Yowezi-2024 isusela embonweni wokuthi, okokuqala, abafundi baphuma ezizindeni ezahlukene zezilimi, iningi labo liphuma emakhaya okukhulunywa ulimi lweSesotho. Okwesibili, uma abafundi bengena enyuvesi babhekana nesiNgisi njengolimi lokufundisa okungelona ulimi lwabo, ngaleyo ndlela, kudala isithiyo ekufundeni ngempumelelo. Okwesithathu, lapho abafundi bengena emikhakheni yabo ehlukahlukene abazikhethele yona baphinde babhekane nezimo ezingajwayelekile zamagama amasha aqondene nemikhakha yemfundo abakuyo okulindeleke ukuthi bawafunde futhi bawazi kahle ngolimi lwangaphandle. Inqubomgomo yolimi inika isibophezelo ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhlakanishisweni kweSesotho ukuze sibe ulimi lolwazimfundo kanye nensizakusebenza yokweseka abafundi abangama-Afrika ukuba bafinyelele kulwazimfundo ngempumelelo. Le nqubomgomo iyahambisana futhi noHlaka Lwenqubomgomo Yolimi Yemfundo Ephakeme wezi-2020. Ukubukwa kwalezi zinqubomgomo neminye imibhalo yocwaningo kungenye yezindlela zocwaningo ezisetshenzisiwe njengocwaningo lwesimo ngaphansi kwendlelande yocwaningo lobunjalo botho. Leli phepha elisekelwe Injulalwazi Yokulawulwa Kolimi liqakulisa ngokuthi ulimi lomdabu lwase-Afrika, iSesotho, ludinga inqubo esebenzayo neqaphelayo yobuhlakani ngokusebenzisa amasu afana nokwakhiwa kwamagama. Lokhu kusemqoka ukuze kusekele ngempumelelo ukufundwa kwemicabangonzulu nezinjulalwazi ezintsha emikhakheni yemfundo abakuyo abafundi abakhuluma ulimi lweSesotho. Okunye futhi lokhu kuzophinde kunciphise amandla athweswa isiNgisi phakathi kwabakhulumi bolimi lweSesotho. Leli phepha liphinde liphakamise ukuhlakanishiswa kwezilimi zomdabu zase-Afrika emfundweni ephakeme kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abafundi abangama-Afrika abanikezwa amathuba okufunda ngaphandle kokusekwa kodwa benikwa imfundo yesiNgisi ewubulimibunye.

LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL STRATEGY

The review analyses two books published in 2023. They are united by one of the most strategic issues of Ukrainian society: language. The first book is an essay by Yevheniia Kuznetsova “Language is a Sword. As the soviet empire used to say”. This is a collection of essays on the USSR language policy. In the introduction, the author notes that they can be read separately and in any order. In total, the book includes 101 brief (two to three pages) chapters, each covering an aspect of the language issue in the Soviet empire. The researcher identifies such areas of state language policy as: latinization, cyrillization, russification, and the role of northern boarding schools in the indigenization of the indigenous peoples of the North; the influence of ideology on linguistic research; russification of names and surnames etc. In the book, from chapter to chapter, the author describes the steps taken by the Soviet authorities in relation to the languages of the former Soviet Union nations, how some of them were threatened with extinction, and how some have already disappeared. From chapter to chapter, the author tells how the soviet authorities treated the languages of the former soviet union republics, how some of them were endangered and some have already disappeared. Looking for answers to the questions: why are there Ukrainians in Ukraine who do not know their native language? Or why some people are ashamed of their native dialects? How did it happen that the russian language became an offensive weapon. Yevheniia Kuznetsova claims that language has always been a political argument. At the same time, she leads readers to the conclusion that the Ukrainian language should become a shield in the fight against empires. This idea is developed by Feodosiia Kolesnyk in her book “Stories of the Armed Forces of Ukraine about our life-giving language”. These are essays narrated from the first person. Real people: men and women. Different people of different ages, military ranks, and life experiences discuss modern military routines, their comrades, their hatred of the enemy, what their native language means to them, and emphasize the problems they believe the functioning and establishment of the Ukrainian language in society. We have the war where there is no Ukrainian language and where Ukrainian history has not been taught - this is the central idea of F. Kolesnyk. And both books inspire faith that Ukraine will exist, the Ukrainian language will become our real shield, and after the war ends Ukrainian language will be at the international level. Key words: language and war, extermination of languages, russification, nationalization, language situation, language as a shield and a sword, national minorities, bilingualism.

Старомонгольская письменность в Байкальском регионе на современном этапе: курс на ревитализацию?

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the development of the Mongolian script in the sociocultural context of the Baikal region in modern times. The main purpose of this article is to characterize the key trends in society from the point of view of sociolinguistic processes. Materials and methods. The research is based on a thorough examination of official data from the Government of the Republic of Buryatia, government departments of the Irkutsk region and Transbaikal region, as well as publications in the media and field materials gathered through an expert survey of heads of educational centers and language activists. The authors have adopted a systematic approach and applied a range of general scientific and special methods, including comparative historical and statistical methods, to conduct this study. Results and conclusions. It has been revealed that the Mongolian script has significant role in performing various socio-cultural functions. Mongolian script has gained widespread popularity in the form of calligraphy in the Baikal region. Furthermore, the language is deeply embedded with ethno cultural symbolism, making it a valuable source for the development of the Buryat language and culture as a whole. There is a growing interest in analyzing the language situation in Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China, particularly in terms of the implementation of state language policy in perspective. The status and functional role of Mongolian script in these regions are of utmost importance in understanding its impact on the overall language landscape.

Preservation and Development of Russian Language: challenges and prospects for development

The paper is based on an analysis of media and is devoted to the problem of preserving the purity of the Russian language in connection with the preservation of identity and the cultivation of patriotism. The authors identify the connection between the formation and development of language as a factor in the consolidation of the country’s multinational population with cultural and political processes, educational and cultural policies, as well as processes of ensuring internal and external security. The authors draw attention to the low efficiency of mechanisms and tools for implementing state language policy, and formulate proposals for the preservation and development of the Russian language as a factor. The used methods include participant and non-participant observation, document analysis and content analysis. The publication is of interest to cultural, political scientists and to all readers involved into Russian language, history and culture.

A Heteroglossic Lens on Washington State's Growing Dual Language for Multilingual Learners

This article examines Washington State's growing dual language program through the lens of heteroglossia. A heteroglosic lens is significant to understanding the contemporary linguistic landscape and framing language policies that will equitably serve multilingual learners and communities. With the increasing multilingual complexities of today's classrooms and the history of academic achievement gaps between monolingual and multilingual learners, heteroglossia illuminates the contextual ways in which language practices and policies hegemonize certain groups and create educational and social inequities. The article argues that unless the state's language policy is structurally revised and informed with a heteroglossic ideology and theorization of language education, its aspirational goals of equitable education for its multilingual learners may never be attained. It offers an overview of the theoretical lens of heteroglossia that must guide the planning of an equitable language policy/program that reflects multilingual learners' authentic fluid language practices.

On the Implementation of the Language Policy of the Russian Federation

The present article is devoted to important questions of implementation of the language policy of the Russian Federation both inside and outside of Russia, particularly in the post-soviet countries. The relevance of the study is due to the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation” that came into force on February 28, 2023 The work formulates the problems of implementing the state language policy in a number of Moscow universities and discusses ways to solve them. As a result of summarizing empirical experience the article makes the conclusion that at present the Russian language in its state capacity can be taught to the citizens of the Russian Federation in the “Stylistics” block of the “Russian Language and Culture of Speech” course. In turn, the tasks now facing teachers go beyond teaching students to read documents; the discipline is evolving towards national selfidentification by native speakers. Also the authors raise again the issue that the linguistic definition of “state language” is underdeveloped. The work summarizes the experience of a number of Moscow universities in developing the export of education abroad.

Формування українського національного інформаційного простору в умовах війни

Statement of the problem and its relevance. After the Russian aggression, an increasing number of citizens began to realize the importance of the Ukrainian language and culture for the preservation of their territory and the integrity of the state. This raises the question of the need at the state level to create all the necessary conditions for strengthening the communicative and demographic potential of the Ukrainian language, improving the linguistic culture of the population, increasing the share of Ukrainian- language cultural and informational products, and enhancing the status of the Ukrainian language as a language of interethnic communication and understanding. The aim of the research and its main objectives are to investigate the state and issues related to the formation of the Ukrainian national information space in the context of war, substantiate the need for improving the state language policy towards the promotion of the Ukrainian language, and strengthening the Ukrainian language in the communicative and information space of Ukraine. Analysis of recent research and publications. The development of the information society in Ukraine and the issues of state information policy in Ukraine have been studied by I. Binko, V. Karpenko, O. Kondratenko, O. Lytvynenko, S. Matviyenko, and Yu. Shmalenko. The delineation of previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. Unresolved important issues include the formation of the Ukrainian national information space, where the Ukrainian state language would dominate, and the quality of Ukrainian- language content. This has become particularly relevant during the war, as the functioning of the Ukrainian national information space impacts national consolidation and the formation of Ukrainian national identity. Teaching the main research material with an explanation of the obtained results. The national information space is an important factor in ensuring the informational component of national security and the formation of national identity. It should be based on objective information, quality national informational products in the state language, and cultural diversity. A crucial aspect in the process of shaping and operating the Ukrainian information space in accordance with new socio-political realities is ensuring citizens' rights to receive objective information in the state language and the creation of high-quality Ukrainian- language content. The legal basis for these processes is provided by the laws of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Language as the State Language" and "On Media." Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research. In the process of shaping the Ukrainian language and information space and defending national interests in the information sphere, it is advisable to ensure: legislative recognition of the status of the national information space, protection at the legislative level of the Ukrainian information space from foreign influences; state support (tax, financial, organizational) in the creation and popularization of quality Ukrainian-language cultural and informational products; filling the media space of Ukraine (television, radio), internet resources with Ukrainian- language cultural products; monitoring compliance with legislation regarding the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state language. The subject of further scientific research will be the question of public initiatives to promote the formation and protection of the Ukrainian national information space.

Analysis of lingual situation and foreign language teaching methods (quality) in China and Kyrgyzstan

Relevance The development of a quality language policy fully depends on the level of development of the language situation in the state. For this reason, during the introduction of the current reforms for the improvement of Kyrgyzstan, particular attention should be devoted to the state languages and their prevalence in society.Purpose. The research aims to study the linguistic situation in Kyrgyzstan and China and to investigate the concepts of foreign language teaching in these countries.Methodology. Analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalization, and abstraction were used in the study.Results. As a result, the characteristics of education, as well as the provision of the language situation in China and Kyrgyzstan, were revealed. Historical, political, economic, and socio-cultural aspects were characterised based on the source for the development of the state language policy. The study also differentiated the societies of China and Kyrgyzstan based on the nationality of the people living in these states. Such results allowed identifying the most common languages and dialects in these territorial entities, as well as determining the level of balance between them. In addition, the study explored approaches and starting points for Chinese and Kyrgyz language teachers. Based on this, the main pedagogical tools, both formal and informal, aimed at developing students� linguistic skills were characterized.Conclusions. Following the study, methodological recommendations for the formation and provision of effective interaction of educational actors were developed. The results are appropriate to be used in the process of developing curricula and materials for those involved in foreign language teaching.

Several Sociolinguistic Particularities of French-English Bi-Lingualism in Canada

Introduction. The relevance of the study is explained by the necessity to preserve Frenchspeaking culture and language on the territory of Canada in the conditions of globalization, the spread of American mass culture and the significant impact of English as a global language. The purpose of the work is to describe and analyze the sociolinguistic particularities of the existence of the French language in the English-speaking competitive environment in Canada.Methodology and sources. During the study, the following sociolinguistic methods were used: descriptive method, comparison method, continuous sampling method, sociolinguistic analysis method, quantitative data processing method, questionnaire survey. The research is based on the material of Сanadian media, legislative acts regulating the state's language policy, data obtained through surveys of Canadian citizens, and 5,234 inscriptions in five Canadian cities which were selected to examine the country's linguistic landscape.Results and discussion. Under Canadian laws, French and English have equal status in parliamentary readings, in public services and in everyday life, as well as in education, radio and television. However, English is the dominant language and has great prestige throughout Canada. All of the evidence collected shows the decisive superiority of English as the primary means of communication in media, advertising and politics. Existing legislation to protect and promote the use of both official languages is not fully enforced, as evidenced by numerous complaints from Canadians to the Commissioner of Official Languages.Conclusion. In Canada, a multi-component exoglossic linguistic situation has developed with two official languages – English and French, which is characterized by the existence of natural bilingualism. Linguistic minorities, such as Anglophones in Quebec and Francophones outside Quebec, may experience linguistic discrimination, creating tensions between residents of the same country. French is significantly influenced by the majority English and immigrant languages that dominate the linguistic landscape of Canadian cities.

State сontrol over Soviet Society in the 1920s – 1930s: historiographical review

The article presents a general overview of historiography regarding state control over Soviet society in the interwar period. For this purpose, it was chosen to consider three elements that were at the basis of the formation of the “new Soviet world,” which the Bolsheviks claimed. The article presents key works devoted to everyday life in the USSR and the history of workers. Research on creating the image of a “new man” and the education of Soviet citizens is also outlined. In addition, the research on the “new language” of variously specialized scientists is characterized since this problem is in the research fi eld of philologists, historians, and scientists of other specialties. After all, creating a new style of talking about the country, society, and oneself was accompanied by both the state language policy and the “language games” of the citizens themselves, who were searching for strategies for correct behavior. The article examines the contextual works of Western researchers on these issues. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the works of Ukrainian researchers about state control over Soviet society.

THE QUАLITY OF USE OF MODERN KАZАKH SPOKEN LАNGUАGE

The main purpose of the paper is to disclose the present-day situation of the Kazakh oral speech. To do this, it is first necessаry to find out whаt orаl speech is, why Kаzаkh orаl speech hаs become less аudible, why it sounds wrong, how the аssessment of the Kаzаkh orаl lаnguаge hаs decreаsed, whаt wаs the trаditionаl Kаzаkh speech, how we lost the trаditionаl Kаzаkh speech, whаt is the modern orаl lаnguаge, who is to blаme for the mistаkes of the speech of young people, whаt аre the prospects of the Kаzаkh lаnguаge, whаt needs to be done to improve the stаtus of the Kаzаkh orаl lаnguаge? The purpose of the аrticle wаs to discuss these problems аnd consider wаys to solve these problems. The аrticle will discuss аnd аnswer these questions. For this purpose, the history of the study and the theoretical foundations of the study of Kazakh oral speech were considered. The conclusions of Akhmet Baitursynov on the word production of the Kazakh language, the research of academician Rabig Syzdyk were revised, the language parameters that will serve as the basis for the study were determined. The steps to be taken to improve the quality and level of the modern Kazakh oral language will be determined. To do this, an important step is the need to change the state language policy, the availability of legal force for the use of the language.

The concept of the state in the Yakut language: legal and linguistic analysis

This paper is devoted to the study of the concept of «state» in the Yakut language. The relevance of the work is caused by modern scientific tendencies to study the role of language in jurisprudence, in particular the study of the morphology and semantics of political and legal terms. Especially significant in this context is the study of political and legal terms in the languages of the peoples of multinational Russia. Legal and linguistic analysis is applied to identify the origin, meaning and significance of the concept «state» in the Yakut language. A comparative description of the concept of the state in Russian and various Turkic and Mongolian languages is given. The ancient Turkic concept of «il/ el» is revealed. It is concluded that Yakut language, on the one hand, uses direct borrowing from Russian to denote the concept of «state», on the other hand, revives the ancient Turkic concept of «il» in the meaning of «statehood», «state». This distinguishes the Yakut from other Turkic languages. Further study of this issue from the viewpoint of sociology and psychology and further development of the state language policy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) seems necessary.

Reasons for Community Language Learning in Ukrainian Complementary Schools in Italy

The increasing multiculturalism and multilingualism of Italian society has not had no real impact on Italian state language policy and planning: community languages are not taught in Italian state schools, neither to students with a migrant background, nor to native students. Given this absence of provision in the state system, the learning of community languages is primarily achieved through complementary education. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with school organisers and teachers, this paper discusses the reasons for Ukrainian language learning in two Ukrainian complementary schools in Italy.

LANGUAGE POLICY AND SCHOOL EDUCATION AS MAIN FACTORS OF UKRAINE STATE CREATION

The authors present their views on the formation of the Language Policy and the role of general secondary school education as important factors in the Ukraine state creation shortly before and in the first years of Ukraine’s independence. The main drivers of changes in the Language Policy of the Soviet government regarding the state of the Ukrainian language in the USSR are identified. These drivers of changes include (1) activities of nationally oriented public organisations, primarily Ukrainian writers, historians, human rights defenders, and the Ukrainian language admirers; (2) public desire to develop nationally oriented education, which forced the authorities to start implementing very specific measures, first of all – in the field of general secondary school education; (3) the gradual formation of a scientific and pedagogical basis for the versatile Ukrainisation and humanisation of education and upbringing of children and youth giving priority to their native language as a language of instruction; (4) the need to introduce measures for external and internal differentiation of general secondary school education;(5) the psychologisation of the educational process. Based on documentary sources, it is argued that general secondary school education played the role of an important factor in the Ukraine state creation which was facilitated by the specific measures developed by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine to implement the Ukrainian idea in school practice in the first years of independence. The novelty of the present research is that authors extrapolate the past educational experience to the current language situation in general secondary school education in Ukraine. Moreover, the authors represent the opinions of contemporary Ukrainian sociolinguists on the state Language Policy in the field of general secondary school education. The research proves that the strategic ideas laid down at the turn of the last decades of the last century regarding the Educational Policy of independent Ukraine in the field of general secondary school education played an important role in improving the position of the Ukrainian language and in shaping Ukrainian self-identity among children and young people which explicitly and implicitly reinforced the key strategic idea – the idea of the Ukrainian State creation.

Features of the Functioning of State Language Policy in the East and South of Ukraine in the Conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war

Features of the Functioning of State Language Policy in the East and South of Ukraine in the Conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war

STATE LANGUAGE AS A FACTOR OF CONSOLIDATION OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION (to the anniversary of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Ensuring the Functioning Ukrainian as the state language»)

At the current stage, the relevance of the topic is obvious, since the strengthening of the role of the state language is due to the complex processes of the armed struggle against the Russian aggressor, the struggle for the independence of the Ukrainian state. Language is not only a means of communication, but also the main factor of nation consolidation, as it ensures the unity, free and cultural development of the national community, stands guard over the preservation of national identity, spiritual and mental development, and therefore acts as a powerful means of strengthening national consciousness. In the state-building process, language, along with internal unifying factors, also performs an external function, which consists in distinguishing the state from other countries, in establishing the nation and the state among the multilingual community. The formation of the Ukrainian political nation requires solving the fundamental issues of the linguistic sphere, so that such a nation is based on the principles of Ukrainian national statehood. when Ukraine gained independence, the establishment of the Ukrainian language in society as the state language, as one of the main nation-building and state-building factors, became an extremely important and urgent problem, and its solution should be one of the priority tasks of the state. The modernization of Ukrainian society based on the national system of ideological coordinates is unthinkable without a state language policy, the priority of which should be the development of the Ukrainian language as a consolidating spiritual force of Ukrainian society. The Ukrainian language should provide all spheres of vital activities of the state body, it should be used by the intellectual and political strata of Ukraine. The war for sovereignty became a catalyst for a powerful wave of national, political, cultural, and civilizational self-determination for the Ukrainian people. Predominant functioning of the state language in all areas of modern Ukrainian society is a necessary condition for the preservation and strengthening of the Ukrainian state, the establishment of the Ukrainian political nation. Key words: language functions, state language, consolidation function of the state language, level of mastery of the state language, language policy.

The issues of the Ukrainian language in „Poradnik Językowy” („The Linguistic Guide”) (1901–2022)

The Polish-language profile of „Poradnik Językowy” („The Linguistic Guide”) determines the fact that the studies regarding the Ukrainian language constitute a relatively small portion of the publications (66 in total). However, they have been published nearly since the initial annals and their subject matters include (in the quantitative order): 1) the presence of the Polish language in Ukraine, 2) the presence of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine, 3) the issues of the Slavic languages in general, 4) comparative (including contrastive) studies, 5) Ukrainisms present in the Polish language. The publications depict the status of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine and in contacts with the Polish language, interests of (Polish and Ukrainian) linguists in these issues, and trends in the language policies of both states. Keywords: language contacts – the Ukrainian language – the Polish language.

Heydar Aliyev's state language policy

The National Leader Heydar Aliyev who played an exceptional role in the fate of Azerbaijani people during the soviet period and after getting independence, had the greatest services for the development of the Azerbaijani language. He put his signature under a myriad of legal acts in order to protect, develop, purify and promote our language. Heydar Aliyev was engraved on the memory of this nation due to his invaluable services to the Azerbaijani people, as well as the Azerbaijani language.