Status Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

A ferritin-related dietary pattern is positively associated with iron status but negatively associated with vitamin D status in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study

PurposeVitamin D supplementation positively impacts anemia, but the relationship between a ferritin-related dietary pattern, iron parameters, and vitamin D in anemia is unclear.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2017–2019 National Nutrition and Health Survey, including 1423 pregnant women over 15 years old. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. The FrDP was identified using reduced rank regression with blood parameters as response variables and 32 food groups as predictors. Linear and binomial logistic regression analyses evaluated the associations between the FrDP and serum biomarkers, adjusting for demographic and dietary variables. Risk associations between the FrDP and vitamin D concentrations were also assessed.ResultsThe FrDP explained 18.5% of the variation in 6 response variables and was characterized by high consumption of fish, soy, gluten pasta, nuts, organ meat, pickled vegetables, and marine plants. The FrDP correlated positively with serum hemoglobin (r = 0.76), iron (r = 0.52), ferritin (r = 0.79), folate (r = 0.86), and vitamin B12 (r = 0.86). Linear regression revealed a positive association between the FrDP and serum iron. Women in the highest FrDP tertile were less likely to have low serum iron (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.85) but more likely to have low 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.32–2.43).ConclusionsThe FrDP was positively associated with serum iron but negatively associated with serum 25(OH) vitamin D in pregnant women.Graphical

Impact of nutrition mentoring by dietetic students on knowledge, dietary intake, and nutritional status in pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency in South Sulawesi

Impact of nutrition mentoring by dietetic students on knowledge, dietary intake, and nutritional status in pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency in South Sulawesi

Violence, mental health and nutritional status in pregnant women: the Araraquara Cohort Study.

To investigate the relationship between violence and the nutritional status of pregnant women, and whether mental health could be a mediator in this relationship. Cross-sectional study. Violence and mental health status were investigated using the following questionnaires: World Health Organization Violence Against Women (WHO-VAW), Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, and lifestyle factors (smoking/alcohol consumption) were also investigated. The nutritional status of the women was assessed by the body mass index. Data were collected from February 2021 to August 2022 in Araraquara city, Brazil. Four hundred pregnant women recruited at 34 health units and the municipal maternity hospital. Experience of violence was reported by 52.2% of the women and psychological violence in the last 12 months was the most prevalent type of domestic violence (19.5%). Approximately 43% of the women showed mental health changes and 59.7% had a risk of major depression. Women with mental health changes had an increased risk (OR=2.34) of obesity. Psychological violence in the last 12 months was associated with obesity (p=0.01) when mediated by mental health changes. The mediation effect was significant (β=0.708; 95%BCa CI=0.004-1.460), with mental health changes mediating 46.1% of the relationship between psychological violence and obesity. The relationship between psychological violence and obesity during pregnancy was mediated by changes in mental health. This original study shows that nutritional status is not limited to biological factors and highlights the importance of social, mental, and psychological factors.

Vitamin D status and its determinants in pregnant women form the Faroe Islands

Abstract Background In regions like the Faroe Islands, where sunlight may be insufficient for vitamin D synthesis, alternative sources such as diet and supplements become crucial. This study focuses on assessing the vitamin D status of pregnant women in the Faroe Islands during the early second trimester, considering the potential implications for maternal and fetal health. Methods A nationwide cross-sectional study (June 2020-April 2022) with 652 women providing blood samples and a questionnaire on demographics, vitamin D intake, and diet. Binary logistic regression assessed predictors of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels (<50nmol/L). Plasma 25OHD concentrations were analysed at the local National Hospital using the Alinity i 25-OH Vitamin D assay, employing chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) for quantitative determination. Results The mean age was 30.7 (SD, 4.9) years; 86% were locally born; 45% resided in the capital area; 49% were overweight (BMI ≥25.0), with a mean pre-pregnancy BMI of 26.0. Most participants (95%) reported vitamin D intake (median of 10µg/day) and consumed vitamin D-rich foods 5.3 times per week. Low 25OHD concentrations were observed in 26% of participants, associated with residency, vitamin D intake, dietary habits, overweight, and sampling time. Maternal age, education, BMI, smoking, and traditional food showed no significant associations. During winter, vitamin D intake correlated more strongly with plasma 25OHD levels (Spearman’s rho, winter: 0.4, p < 0.001; summer: 0.2, p = 0.002). Conclusions Our study’s findings are essential for the health of Faroese pregnant women. 74% of them had sufficient 25OHD levels, which is encouraging. However, low levels were associated with residence, diet, overweight, and winter. This underscores the need for public health efforts to focus on monitoring vitamin D status, promoting vitamin D-rich foods, especially in winter, and monitoring dietary intake to protect maternal and fetal health. Key messages • No previous data on vitamin D status in Faroese pregnant women. • Seasonal variation is observed.

Pregnancy outcome following various doses of antioxidants such as Vitamin E supplementation – current state of knowledge

Introduction and purpose: Vitamin E is an antioxidant substance. It has been noted that the pathomechanism of many diseases in pregnancy is rooted in oxidative stress. Much of them have an incompletely understood mechanism, and thus treatment is not as effective. Vitamin E is a readily available and important antioxidant. It is reasonable to investigate whether there are links between supplementation with this vitamin and improved outcomes of conditions in pregnant women. Conditions such as preeclampsia (also in a group of women with type 1 diabetes), preterm premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous preterm birth, respiratory diseases were considered. Material and method: The literature was reviewed in the Pubmed database, GoogleScholar, in the Via Medica journal database, the positions of the Polish gynecological society with the use of keywords. State of knowledge: According to the cited studies, routine use of vitamin E in combination with other supplements has no discernible benefit. No differences were found in groups taking antioxidants from placebo groups in the context of pregnancy diseases. There were side effects of supplementation and for this reason supplementation with this antioxidant should not be ordered without clear indications. Conclusions: The information gathered does not indicate the usefulness of vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy. The issue of the use of antioxidants in the fight against diseases that occur during pregnancy requires further research.

Evaluation of Thyroid Function and Its Relation to Glycemic Status in Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a prevalent complication during pregnancy that can lead to adverse outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. It also increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life. Thyroid hormones play an essential role in regulating growth and metabolism and often coexist with diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting glucose metabolism. Pregnant women with GDM frequently exhibit thyroid issues, impacting insulin secretion and beta-cell function. Aim This study aims to assess thyroid function and glycemic status in pregnant women with and without GDM and to evaluate the correlation between thyroid function and glycemic status in pregnant women with GDM. Methods This prospective case-control study was conducted over two months at a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India. It included 60 cases (pregnant women with GDM, blood glucose > 140 mg/dL per DIPSI guidelines) and 60 age- and parity-matched controls. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged, and analyzed for blood glucose and serum thyroid levels (FT3, FT4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) using the Cobas e-411 autoanalyzer through an electrochemiluminescence assay. Results Serum plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in cases (159.25 ± 16.22 mg/dL) compared to controls (101.6 ± 17.30 mg/dL) (p < 0.05). FT3 levels were higher in cases (3.98 ± 4.18) compared to controls (2.87 ± 0.54) (p = 0.04). The FT3/FT4 ratio was also higher in cases (3.99 ± 4.927) than in controls (2.70 ± 0.58) (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in FT4 or TSH levels between the groups. Correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations between plasma glucose levels and thyroid function parameters. Conclusion Pregnant women with GDM showed significantly higher plasma glucose levels, FT3 levels, and FT3/FT4 ratio compared to normal pregnant women. These findings suggest an association between altered thyroid function, particularly higher FT3 levels and the FT3/FT4 ratio, and GDM.

Effectiveness of cocoa bean extract mouthwash against gingivitis in pregnant women in Aceh Besar

Background: Gingivitis and periodontitis are the most common dental support tissue problems in dentistry. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gingiva due to the body's response to the accumulation of dental plaque bacteria in the form of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces, and Spirochaeta on the surface of the teeth. Gingivitis and nutritional status in pregnant women are related to the risk of 8.75 times the birth of low-birth-weight babies (BBLR) and premature babies. Prevention of gingivitis can be done chemically through gargling with antibacterial mouthwash. Therefore, herbal ingredients are needed that can prevent plaque and control gingivitis. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of mouthwash of cocoa bean extract against gingivitis. Methods: This study used the post-test only control group design method. The study was conducted on pregnant women in Bayu Aceh Besar village with a total of 30 samples. The sample was divided into 3 groups that received different treatments. Group 1 was instructed to do a mouthwash with cocoa extract mouthwash while Group 2 with chlorhexidine, group 3 with mineral water. Each pregnant woman gargles for 30 seconds (20 ml) for 3 days. Results: Analysis of the gingival index before and after using cocoa seed extract mouthwash showed that this mouthwash was more effective in reducing the gingival index with a value of p=0.012 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Gargling with cocoa bean extract is more effective in reducing gingivitis. We recommend further studies to investigate the potential of cocoa bean extract for use in mouthwashes.

Characteristics of the fetus in pregnant women with thyroid diseases

BACKGROUND: Thyroid dysfunction can cause adverse effects on metabolic changes in the body and disturbances during the gestational period and intrauterine development of the fetus. In developing prevention methods, it is crucial to objectively substantiate and re-confirm theoretical assumptions. AIM: To assess the functional state of the fetus in pregnant women with certain thyroid diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of instrumental studies in 118 pregnant women, who were divided into three clinical groups, were analyzed. Group 1 (44 people) consisted of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Group 2 (52 people) included patients with diffuse toxic goiter. Group 3 (control group) consisted of 22 pregnant women who had no somatic pathology and gestational complications. Thyroid diseases were diagnosed by an endocrinologist during a consultation in the third trimester of pregnancy based on laboratory and instrumental data. The functional state of the fetus was assessed using the total result of cardiotocographic and ultrasound studies, for which Partecust (Siemens, Germany) and Aloka-1700 (Hitachi, Japan) were used. Statistical processing of clinical material was performed using StatSoft software (Russia). RESULTS: A comprehensive assessment of the adaptive capabilities of the fetus showed changes in its functional state in pregnant women with thyroid pathology. Prognostically, the most crucial characteristic in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroiditis and diffuse toxic goiter is a decrease to 0–1 point in indicators that determine motor activity and tone, respiratory movements, and reaction to a non-stress test. Among patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and diffuse toxic goiter, a high assessment of the biophysical profile of the fetus occurred 4 and 3.4 times, respectively, less often than among women with a normal pregnancy (among pregnant women without somatic pathology and gestational complications). CONCLUSION: Disturbances in thyroid gland function during the gestational period can have an adverse effect on the development of the fetus, which is a theoretical basis for the development of treatment and preventive methods aimed at improving perinatal outcomes in this group of patients.

Scar matrix drives Piezo1 mediated stromal inflammation leading to placenta accreta spectrum.

Scar tissue formation is a hallmark of wound repair in adults and can chronically affect tissue architecture and function. To understand the general phenomena, we sought to explore scar-driven imbalance in tissue homeostasis caused by a common, and standardized surgical procedure, the uterine scar due to cesarean surgery. Deep uterine scar is associated with a rapidly increasing condition in pregnant women, placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), characterized by aggressive trophoblast invasion into the uterus, frequently necessitating hysterectomy at parturition. We created a model of uterine scar, recapitulating PAS-like invasive phenotype, showing that scar matrix activates mechanosensitive ion channel, Piezo1, through glycolysis-fueled cellular contraction. Piezo1 activation increases intracellular calcium activity and Protein kinase C activation, leading to NF-κB nuclear translocation, and MafG stabilization. This inflammatory transformation of decidua leads to production of IL-8 and G-CSF, chemotactically recruiting invading trophoblasts towards scar, initiating PAS. Our study demonstrates aberrant mechanics of scar disturbs stroma-epithelia homeostasis in placentation, with implications in cancer dissemination.

O29 LACK OF VALIDATED BLOOD PRESSURE DEVICES FOR USE IN PREGNANCY AVAILABLE FROM AUSTRALIAN PHARMACIES

Background and objective. Self-monitoring of blood pressure (BP) at home can aid in the management of hypertension, including during pregnancy. Only 20% of home BP devices have been validated for the general population. However, specific accuracy validation in pregnant women is required for use among this population. The availability of home BP devices that have been validated for use in pregnant women is unknown, which was the aim of this study. Secondary aims were to assess device cost and claims regarding use in pregnancy. Methods. A search of pharmacies with physical and online stores in Australia that sell upper-arm cuff home BP devices was conducted. Validation status in pregnant women was determined by checking model numbers on the STRIDE-BP website. Cost of device and claims about the devices’ use in pregnancy were extracted from instruction manuals and information on the pharmacy webpage. Results. Eighteen pharmacies and 40 unique home BP devices were identified. Four (10%) devices were validated for use in pregnancy, and these were more expensive than other devices (Table). Fifteen devices listed a caution warning to seek healthcare provider advice before use if pregnant, including all four that had been validated for pregnancy. Concerningly, information about four devices stated they were recommended for pregnancy, although evidence of validation was not found on STRIDE-BP. Information about one device stated it had not been tested on pregnant women and was not suitable for use, although this information was only available in the device manual and not point-of-sale. Nineteen devices had no mention of pregnancy at all. Conclusion. Very few home BP devices available from Australian pharmacies are specifically validated for use in pregnancy, are priced higher than non-validated devices and do not effectively target their intended users. To guarantee that only validated home BP devices are used in pregnancy increased awareness is urgently needed and could be assisted by clear labelling on devices provided at the point-of-sale instore or online. Table. Home BP devices sold in 18 Australian pharmacies. BP: blood pressure. Cost displayed in Australian dollars (AUD). The percentages add to more than 100% because some devices validated in the general population were also validated for pregnancy and pre-eclampsia.

Iodine status in pregnant women with hashimoto's thyroiditis: is iodine supplementation needed?

Iodine status in pregnant women with hashimoto's thyroiditis: is iodine supplementation needed?

Predictive value of Vitamin D levels in pregnant women on gestational length and neonatal weight in China: a population-based retrospective study

BackgroundVitamin D deficiency, a common occurrence among pregnant women, is an emerging public health concern worldwide. According to research, prenatal vitamin D deficiency is associated with various complications. This study assessed the vitamin D status of pregnant women in Yanbian, Jilin Province, as well as the correlation and predictive value of their vitamin D levels in relation to gestational length (weeks) and fetal weight, aiming to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective study involving 510 pregnant women from August 2019 to October 2022. Blood samples were collected at 16–20 weeks of gestation for the detection of serum vitamin D levels. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 28.0 and R 4.1.0 software. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis was employed to establish whether each variable was a risk factor for deliveries at ≤ 38 gestational weeks and low fetal weight. These results were used to construct a risk prediction model, and the model’s predictive efficacy was evaluated. Results or differences with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsMultifactorial logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin D ≤ 14.7 ng/mL(OR: 1.611; 95% CI: 1.120–2.318; P = 0.010), Bone Mineral Density (BMD) T-value ≤-1(OR: 1.540; 95%CI: 1.067–2.223; P = 0.021), and gestational hypertension(OR: 7.173; 95% CI: 1.482–34.724; P = 0.014) were the independent risk factors for deliveries at ≤ 38 gestational weeks. Additionally, vitamin D ≤ 14.7 ng/mL(OR: 1.610; 95%CI: 1.123–2.307; P = 0.009), BMD T-value ≤ -1(OR: 1.560; 95%CI: 1.085–2.243; P = 0.016), and gestational hypertension(OR: 4.262; 95% CI: 1.058–17.167; P = 0.041) were the independent risk factors for low fetal weight (< 3400 g).ConclusionThis study revealed that low vitamin D levels are an independent risk factor for a short gestational length and low fetal weight. Prenatal low BMD T-value and comorbid hypertensive disorders were also found to increase the risk of a short gestational length and low fetal weight.

Improving the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women Who Experience Chronic Energy Deficiency with Spirulina Platensis

The highest prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in pregnancy occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy. The impacts that occur are abortion, premature birth, premature rupture of membranes, histitis, postpartum hemorrhage, and low birth weight (LBW). To prevent negative impacts, giving Spirulina Platensis is believed to improve nutritional status. This study aimed to analyze the effect of spirulina platensis extract on improving nutritional status in pregnant women. Using a Quasi-Experiment with a pretest and posttest control group design with a sample of 60 participants consisting of an intervention group of n=30 participants and a control group of n=30 participants. The intervention group received treatment, namely being given Spirulina Platensis extract, 1 capsule containing 300 mg, taken once for 30 days and standard care, while the control group received standard care only. The sampling technique used was simple side random. Chi-Square test results in the intervention group mean pretest nutritional status (m=22.04, SD=1.170) and posttest (m=23.33, SD=0.922) p-value=0.000, while the control group showed pretest nutritional status (m=22.16, SD=1.104) and posttest (m=22.39, SD=1.016) p-value=0.150. The difference between the mean posttest nutritional status in the experimental and control groups shows (m=23.33, SD=0.922) vs (m=22.39, SD=1.016) p-value=0.000. There is an increase in the administration of Spirulina Platensis extract on the nutritional status of pregnant women. As input for health workers, especially midwives, to provide non-pharmacological therapy to pregnant women who experience chronic energy deficiency (CED) by administering Spirulina Platensis.

Dietary management of gestational diabetes: A review.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition in pregnant women that can affect the health of both the mother and the fetus. A healthy diet reduces the risk of GDM, while on the contrary, an unhealthy diet can increase the risk of developing GDM. Dietary interventions remain an important way to control GDM at this time. However, real-life diets are complex and varied, and the effect of these diets on gestational diabetes is unknown. This article summarizes research related to dietary control of GDM. Hopefully, this will help with dietary interventions for people with GDM.

Disparities in spatiotemporal clustering of maternal mental health conditions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Mounting evidence indicates the worsening of maternal mental health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health conditions are the leading cause of preventable death during the perinatal and postpartum periods. Our study sought to detect space-time patterns in the distribution of maternal mental health conditions in pregnant women before (2016–2019) and during (2020–2021) the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina, USA. Using the space-time Poisson model in SaTScan, we performed univariate and multivariate cluster analysis of emergency department (ED) visits for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders (PMAD), severe mental illness (SMI), maternal mental disorders of pregnancy (MDP), suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts during the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Clusters were adjusted for age, race, and insurance type. Significant multivariate and univariate PMAD, SMI, and MDP clustering persisted across both periods in North Carolina, while univariate clustering for both suicide outcomes decreased during the pandemic. Local relative risk (RR) for all conditions increased drastically in select locations. The number of zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) included in clusters decreased, while the proportion of urban locations included in clusters increased for non-suicide outcomes. Average yearly case counts for all maternal mental health outcomes increased during the pandemic. Results provide contextual and spatial information concerning at-risk maternal populations with a high burden of perinatal mental health disorders before and during the pandemic and emphasize the necessity of urgent and targeted expansion of mental health resources in select communities.

Assessment of Vitamin A Status in Pregnant Women in South Africa

Assessment of Vitamin A Status in Pregnant Women in South Africa

Association between Maternal Nutritional Status Assessed by Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and Infant Birth Weight

Introduction: In neonatal deaths, the WHO records an average of 18 neonatal deaths, maternal deaths in developing countries are related to pregnant women suffering from malnutrition such as KEK. Therefore, malnutrition in pregnant women must be avoided, making pregnant women a target group that requires special attention. There are countries experiencing KEK incidents in pregnant women that lead to maternal and child deaths, while Indonesia is one of the parameters for determining the nutritional status of pregnant women. Nutritional status greatly influences the growth and development of the fetus. Factors related to the nutritional status of pregnant women include maternal knowledge, maternal age, and economic status; these three aspects play a crucial role in meeting nutritional needs and making decisions related to nutritional status. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between nutritional status in pregnant women based on LILA (Upper Arm Circumference) measurements and birth weight. Method: This research uses a cross-sectional study approach. The population in this study consists of those who have given birth from 2021 to 2023 in the working area of Puskesmas Banggae 1. Sampling was conducted using the Total Sampling technique, with a sample size of 88 respondents. The instrument used for the independent and dependent variables was a checklist, specifically the Spearman Correlation test. Result: The Spearman Correlation test yielded a significance value of 0.000, less than 0.05, indicating a relationship. Conclusion: Thus, there is a relationship between Upper Arm Circumference and Birth Weight.

The vaginal immunoproteome for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth: A retrospective longitudinal study.

Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most cases of preterm birth occur spontaneously and result from preterm labor with intact (spontaneous preterm labor [sPTL]) or ruptured (preterm prelabor rupture of membranes [PPROM]) membranes. The prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) remains underpowered due to its syndromic nature and the dearth of independent analyses of the vaginal host immune response. Thus, we conducted the largest longitudinal investigation targeting vaginal immune mediators, referred to herein as the immunoproteome, in a population at high risk for sPTB. Vaginal swabs were collected across gestation from pregnant women who ultimately underwent term birth, sPTL, or PPROM. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides in the samples were quantified via specific and sensitive immunoassays. Predictive models were constructed from immune mediator concentrations. Throughout uncomplicated gestation, the vaginal immunoproteome harbors a cytokine network with a homeostatic profile. Yet, the vaginal immunoproteome is skewed toward a pro-inflammatory state in pregnant women who ultimately experience sPTL and PPROM. Such an inflammatory profile includes increased monocyte chemoattractants, cytokines indicative of macrophage and T-cell activation, and reduced antimicrobial proteins/peptides. The vaginal immunoproteome has improved predictive value over maternal characteristics alone for identifying women at risk for early (<34 weeks) sPTB. The vaginal immunoproteome undergoes homeostatic changes throughout gestation and deviations from this shift are associated with sPTB. Furthermore, the vaginal immunoproteome can be leveraged as a potential biomarker for early sPTB, a subset of sPTB associated with extremely adverse neonatal outcomes. This research was conducted by the Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS) under contract HHSN275201300006C. ALT, KRT, and NGL were supported by the Wayne State University Perinatal Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health.

Pilates exercise and blood test in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: While most women perceive pregnancy to be a happy time, there are physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and psychological changes that can occur during this period. Pilates exercise is making strength and endurance for labor and birth. In this sense, this study's purpose was to systematically review the literature on the implication of pilates exercise on blood tests in pregnant women. Methods: Three databases were searched in order to find pertinent publications published up until December 31, 2023. Independently, paired reviewers went through the articles and took data from every study that was included. A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate how pilates affected the blood test. To investigate heterogeneity, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were carried out. Results: Ultimately, the meta-analysis containing 32 pregnant women included 4 studies totaling 160 pregnant women. The results of the study demonstrated a significant difference in the levels of total triglycerides (CI95%: -1.627 - -0.104; I2: 16%), total cholesterol (CI95%: -2.210 - 0.027; I2: 17%), and low-density lipoprotein (CI95%: -2.887 - 0.004; I2: 16%) between the pilates exercise group and the control group. The results of the research indicated that the high-density lipoprotein (CI95%: 1.278 - 0.201; I2: 17%) and C-reactive protein (CI95%: -0.556 - 0.579; I2: 18%) levels in the pilates exercise group were considerably lower than those in the control group. Conclusion: We found that pilates exercises are perfect for placenta growth. It can also reduce anxiety and improve physical condition in pregnant women. Therefore, further research and evaluation in clinical trials are needed.

Plain Water Intake, Sleep Quality, and Hydration Status of Pregnant Woman in Hainan, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Both short and long sleep durations are associated with decreased kidney function; however, few studies have examined the relationship between sleep, hydration status, and plain water intake. This study aimed to assess the relationship between sleep quality, hydration status, and plain water intake in pregnant women. A cross-sectional study method was used to collect data from 380 pregnant women with regular examinations at the hospital between May 2019 and February 2021. There were statistically significant differences in daily plain water intake (x2 = 14.118, p = 0.001), PSQI score (x2 = 77.708, p < 0.001), sleep duration (x2 = 67.569, p > 0.001), subjective sleep quality (x2 = 67.441, p = 0.001), time to fall asleep (x2 = 64.782, p < 001), sleep disorders (x2 = 70.853, p < 0.001), and daytime dysfunction (x2 = 38.441, p < 0.001) among different hydration status groups. Ordinal logistic regression results indicated that the intake of plain water ≥1500 mL/d (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24~0.67), good subjective sleep quality (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.07~0.32), short time to fall asleep (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14~0.70), 8 h of sleep (OR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.02~0.17), 6-7 h of sleep (OR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.07~0.54), no sleep disturbance (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.11~0.89), and high sleep efficiency (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.03~0.79) were factors that were correlated with optimal hydration status. Sleep duration and daytime dysfunction partially mediated the effect of plain water intake on hydration status. The mediating effect of sleep duration was -0.036, accounting for 14.006% of the overall effect. The mediating effect of daytime dysfunction was -0.024, accounting for 9.459% of the overall effect. The hydration status in pregnant women may be affected by daily plain water intake and sleep quality.