State Academies Of Sciences Research Articles

Career Strategies for Higher Education Teachers

The article analyses autobiographical essays on key career stages and typical career paths written by Russian university teachers. Motives and attitudes influencing their decisions whether to continue or finish their careers are identified. The article studies career strategies and motivation of academic and teaching staff to be involved in the academic labour market. Based on these results, three key career tracks are formed: 1) intracorporate (classical inbreeding) – university graduates are employed in the same university they graduated from; 2) intraprofessional – university graduates choose to work in the academic field outside their alma mater; 3) mixed (intercorporate) – university graduates may leave the academic field immediately after graduation or sometime later, but then return to the field of higher education as members of academic and teaching staff. The study of the autobiographical essays of academic and teaching staff in higher education has shown that there are eight stages of academic career related to: obtaining higher education, having work experience and subsequent employment, obtaining a Candidate of Sciences Degree or second higher education, career changes after defending a post-graduate thesis, obtaining a PhD and subsequent career changes and becoming a corresponding member or an academician at the state academy of sciences. These stages create a fork in the road (potential opportunity) for academic and teaching staff to follow or to change their career paths. The study was conducted using the method of semi-formalised expert interview with 86 members of academic and teaching staff from five Russian universities – Tyumen State University, Tomsk State University, St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI).

Комплекс ферментов для эффективной конверсии биокомпонентов кураги при получении пищевых ингредиентов для спиртных напитков

The results of the study of multienzyme compositions to process dry apricots before infusion for the subsequent preparation of semi-finished products for alcoholic beverage production are presented. The following preparations were used: pectinase (Fructozyme Color) and cellulose (BrewZyme BGX, Fructozyme P6-L) and cellulose (BrewZyme BGX). Pretreatment of the dry apricot pulp in the obtaining of aqueous infusion significantly affects its yield. The optimum composition of the multienzyme mixture was selected for the catalysis of high-molecular polymers of dried apricot pulp. Physicochemical and rheological characteristics of enzymatic hydrolysates were improved compared to the control option (without treatment): the yield of the aqueous infusion increased by 3 times, the viscosity was reduced by 2 times, and the turbidity decreased by 1.7 times due to the complete degradation of pectin compounds. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cell walls led to a growth of the mass concentration of soluble components, the content of total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, as well as antioxidant activity. Key words: enzyme preparations, pectin substances, total phenolic substances, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, turbidity Funding - The research was supported by a grant for the state assignment within the framework of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the State Academies of Sciences (topic no. 0529-2019-0057).

BLV early diagnosis - key to successful farm recovery

The aim of the research is to use the early diagnosis of cattle leukemia virus-infected animals using serological and molecular genetic methods, as well as to determine the significance of PCR in detecting BLV infected calves. The studies were carried out in the leukemia laboratory of the department for monitoring and forecasting of infectious diseases of the Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center, at the department of infectious and invasive pathology of the Belgorod State Agrarian University named after V.Ya. Gorin, as well as in 20 livestock agricultural enterprises of the Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Belgorod regions and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The studies were carried out in the framework of the 160th direction of the FNI Program of State Academies of Sciences for 20132020 on the topic «Development of theoretical foundations for the creation and implementation of a monitoring, diagnostic, treatment and wellness program for the protection of animals from epizootically significant infectious diseases» The system of anti-leukemic health measures using complex serological and hematological testing helps to reduce the number of RID+ animals and hematologically sick individuals for a 6-month period by 32.0% and 6.28%, respectively. The use of the polymerase chain reaction method contributes to the detection of an additional 18 to 39% of calves from 15 days of age, infected with the virus of bovine leukemia, in dysfunctional leukemia livestock enterprises. In a PCR study of cows, 29% to 54% of individuals infected with BLV can be detected. This indicates the need for consistent use of serological studies and the importance of molecular genetic tests for the detection of BLV infected calves.

Роль суммарных РНК лимфоидных и стволовых клеток в коррекции уровня глюкозы в крови при экспериментальном сахарном диабете

Цель - оценка влияния препаратов суммарной РНК лимфоидных клеток на уровень глюкозы в крови при экспериментальном аллоксановом диабете. Методика. Работа выполнена на 68 белых беспородных крысах обоего пола массой 180-220 г. Для моделирования аллоксанового сахарного диабета 1 типа животным однократно подкожно вводили полный адъювант Фрейнда в дозе 0,5 мл/крысу. Через 24 ч (на фоне 24-часового голодания, при свободном доступе к воде) однократно подкожно вводили препарат аллоксан тригидрат («La Chema», Чехия) в дозе 200 мг/кг (4% раствор в 0,9% NaCl). Для предотвращения фатального кетоацидоза, начиная с 3-х сут после введения аллоксана, все крысы получали базисную инсулинотерапию. В экспериментах использовано 8 разновидностей препаратов суммарной РНК: из лимфоидных клеток селезенки, из костного мозга и хвостовой части поджелудочной железы интактных крыс (РНКс-1, РНКкм-1 и РНКп/ж, соответственно); из лимфоидных клеток селезенки крыс, подвергнутых кровопусканию в объеме 2% от массы тела за 17 ч до выделения РНК (РНКс-2 с индуцированной повышенной морфогенетической активностью); из лимфоидных клеток селезенки и тимуса крыс, подвергнутых кровопусканию в объеме 2% от массы тела за 96 ч до выделения РНК (РНКс-3 и РНКт-3, соответственно, с высокой ингибирующей морфогенез активностью); из лимфоцитов периферической крови здорового человека (РНКлпкч), а также из стволовых клеток стромы пупочного канатика человека. Результаты. Показана возможность восстановления функции инсулярного аппарата и стойкой нормализации уровня глюкозы в крови крыс с экспериментальным аллоксановым диабетом 1 типа. Установлено наличие корригирующей способности аллогенных и ксеногенных препаратов суммарной РНК, выделенной из лимфоидных органов крыс и лимфоцитов периферической крови человека, а также из мезенхимных стромальных клеток пуповины человека, в отношении уровня глюкозы крови у крыс. Продемонстрирован различный вклад препаратов суммарной РНК, полученной из разных лимфоидных органов и стволовых клеток, в восстановлении нормального уровня глюкозы в крови животных. Установлено, что указанные препараты действуют на разные ткани-мишени в процессе восстановления функции инсулярного аппарата. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о принципиальной возможности эффективного лечения сахарного диабета 1 и 2 типов. Доказана эффективность неинвазивного интраназального введения аллогенных и ксеногенных препаратов суммарной РНК лимфоидных и стволовых клеток. Полученные результаты ставят вопрос о необходимости разработки более адекватной экспериментальной модели, а также о перспективности поиска подходов к персонифицированному индивидуальному лечению этой патологии с учетом особенностей ее развития в каждом конкретном случае. Aim. To study the effect of total RNA from lymphoid cells on blood glucose in experimental alloxan diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods. The study was conducted on 68 white mongrel rats of both sexes weighing 180-220 g. Alloxan DM was modeled with full Freund’s adjuvant (0.5 ml/rat). After 24 h of fasting with free access to water, a single dose of alloxan trihydrate (La Chemas, Czeck Republic) was injected subcutaneously (200 mg/kg as a 4% solution in saline). All rats received basis insulin therapy starting from day 3 of the alloxan injection to prevent fatal ketoacidosis. Eight types of total RNA were used: from splenic lymphoid cells, bone marrow, and caudal part of the pancreas of intact rats; from splenic lymphoid cells of rats after blood withdrawal (2% of body weight 17 h prior to RNA isolation) (RNA after induction of increased morphogenetic activity); from splenic and thymic lymphoid cells of rats after blood withdrawal (2% of body weight 96 h prior to RNA isolation) (RNAs with high morphogenesis-inhibiting activity); and from peripheral blood lymphocytes and umbilical cord stromal stem cells of a healthy human. Results. The study showed a possibility for functional recovery of the insular apparatus and stable normalization of blood glucose level in rats with experimental alloxan DM, a model of clinical type 1 DM. Allogenic and xenogeneic total RNAs isolated from rat lymphoid organs, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and mesenchymal stromal cells of human umbilical cord were able to correct the blood glucose level in rats. Total RNAs isolated from different lymphoid organs and stem cells differently contributed to normalization of blood glucose in rats. These total RNAs were shown to influence different target tissues during restoration of the insular apparatus function. Conclusion. The study showed a principle possibility of effective therapy for types 1 and 2 DM and demonstrated the efficacy of non-invasive intranasal administration of allogenic and xenogeneic total RNAs from lymphoid and stem cells. These results indicated a need for developing a more relevant experimental model and offered a promising outlook for individualized treatment of this disease with due account of its peculiar features in each specific case. The study was conducted as a part of the Program for Basic Research of State Academies of Science in 2013-2020 on Development of Cell Models for Molecular Processes in Organs and Tissue (V.N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry) and the complex Research Work #01201354257 on Regulation of Hemopoietic and Nonhemopoietic Functions of Bone Marrow Cells in Experiment and Clinic (Sounth Ural State Medical University).

Research assessment and evaluation in Russian fundamental science

The first round of evaluation of the effectiveness of academic institutions (research organizations of former State Academies of Sciences now subordinate to the Russian Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations) was conducted in 2017. This assessment was part of a national project to evaluate the performance of all Russian scientific organizations carrying out research, development and technological work. The authors participated in the adjustment of the methodology of the quantitative part of the assessment, the calculation of the indicators and the analysis of the results. The subject of this work is a review of the evolution of approaches to research assessment and evaluation in Russia in recent years, the analysis of the positive and negative aspects of the selected methods.

Information security of the personality of the subjects of the educational process

The article is devoted to the training of specialists in the field of information security of the personality of participants in the educational process. The theoretical and practical bases of training and promising directions of fundamental and applied scientific research in this field are substantiated and described. The work was carried out within the framework of the State task for the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the State Academies of Sciences for 2013-2020 (in the part of RAO) (approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 3, 2012 No. 2237-r) within the theme “Development of the Informatization of Education in the Context information security of the person” (the state registration No 14.07.00.20.01.04).

FROM DIGITIZED SCIENCE TO DIGITIZED SOCIETY

Introduction. Along with other innovations, in recent years, scientometric methods for measurement of scientists’ and research teams’ results in the scientific sphere have been widely adopted. The Russian practice of application of those methods to determine the degree of academics’ performance isn't unambiguous and eventually can have negative, destructive consequences for domestic science. In this regard, this very burning issue is required for urgent thorough public discussion by scientific community. The aim of the article is a critical analysis of the topical problems of science reform in the light of the law “On the Russian Academy of Sciences, the reorganization of state academies of sciences and amendments to certain legislative acts of theRussian Federation” (№ 253-RF, 27 September, 2013). Also, the author notes the importance of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of scholarly endeavor. Results and scientific novelty. On the example of the system of digital indicators operating in the Russian Academy of Education, formed on the basis of the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, it is shown that it is impossible to evaluate the scientific result objectively. It is clearly proved that the indicators used, primarily the number of publications and the citation index, in modern conditions give distorted landmarks, become a brake on science, reduce its ability to self-development. The image of scientists and whole institutions is formed on false indicators. Academic and many scientific journals have acquired a commercial nature; there is no real evaluative analysis of the manuscripts, which have been submitted into the editorial office; there is no selection according to relevance and significance of the submitted material. Real examples, provided in the article, demonstrate frequent violations of ethical principles when forming authorial collectives of publications of scholarly journals; as a consequence, artificial increase of citation indexes and x-index. In addition, the formalized digitized indicators become the basis for automatic, “fair”, according to officials, distribution of resources and material rewards for scientific research. It is highlighted that digitization of science and quantitative indicators based on grant financing can not replace basic funding of science. Grants become a task not for research, but for the result formulated by the official, on loyalty to the state management. The policy of nationalization and administration of science has led to a prolonged confrontation between the academies and the authorities. In the long term, it is possible to transfer the digitized principles of science management to the management of society as a whole. Practical significance. The author puts forward a number of recommendations and suggestions how to objectify the evaluation system of scientific research effectiveness. That would, however, require substantial restructuring of the scientific sphere itself, its denationalization and return to the principle “science should be managed by scientists”. Thus, science funding must not be focused on the basis of digitized indicators. It is necessary to withdraw the status “Higher Attestation Commission of the RF” (VAK RF) from all commercial journals, to remove state academies from their founders.

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The aim of the research was to reveal main problems associated with the use of state programs funding mechanisms
 for basic research in health (medical) sciences in Russia, as main instruments of state policy.
 The source of information were �State Academies of Sciences Program of basic investigations for the period of 2013�2020
 years� and other normative and legal acts in the sphere of planning and public financing of science and research. A study
 completed by using documentary, analytical methods, as well as methods of descriptive statistics and expert estimates.
 In analyzing financing from the federal budget for scientific research for civilian use within government programs
 calculations section, subsection of the budget classification, reflecting expenditure on scientific research (0110, 0112,
 0208, 0313, 0403, 0411, 0504, 0604, 0708, 0803, 0908, 1005, 1104, 1203).
 Feature of the current situation is in an indeterminate state basic science after the liquidation of the Russian Academy
 of Sciences as a structure that generates through subordinate organizations the bulk of new knowledge and innovation
 in the country. Reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences led to the destruction of a coherent system of relations
 in science, to the Federal agency of scientific organizations for management of resources, Ministry of Education and
 Science and Russian academy of Sciences. Strict rationality and bureaucracy was extremely negatively perceived in
 academic science. The analysis of the subject structure of the medical unit actualized in 2015 of the Program of basic
 research of the state academies of sciences for the period of 2013�2020 showed that the distribution of the federal
 budget for basic research are not consistent with the priorities in the health sector, it does not account for changes in
 departmental affiliation Organizations of Medical Sciences.
 The authors prove the necessity of functional and managerial integration of academic medical institutions in the
 unified system of scientific research, creation and implementation of medical innovations into practical health care.

Эффективный контракт в науке: параметры модели

Гершман Михаил Анатольевич - ведущий научный сотрудник Центра научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ. Адрес: Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», 101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., 20. E-mail: mgershman@hse.ruКузнецова Татьяна Евгеньевна - директор Центра научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики, заместитель заведующего Лабораторией экономики инноваций ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ. Адрес: Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», 101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., 20. Е-mail: tkuznetzova@hse.ruВ 2012 г. руководством страны был намечен план совершенствования системы оплаты труда научных работников в рамках перехода к так называемому «эффективному контракту» (ЭК). Детали этой государственной новации, а, следовательно, и практические механизмы реализации самой идеи пока остаются не вполне ясными.В статье представлены результаты фокус-групп, проведенных в НИУ ВШЭ с целью определения возможных условий и параметров ЭК. К дискуссиям привлекались представители организаций государственных академий наук, вузов и государственных научных центров. Круг обсуждаемых вопросов включал: факторы, влияющие на текущую и долгосрочную лояльность ученого; эффективность организации и оплаты научного труда, результативность научной деятельности, институциональные условия перехода к ЭК и др.Основные выводы исследования, приведенные в статье, содержат предложения по размерам и механизмам оплаты труда исследователей и других категорий научного персонала. Так, по мнению авторов, одним из ключевых параметров ЭК должна стать гарантированная государством достойная базовая заработная плата научных работников.Другие рекомендации касаются вопросов оценки научной результативности. По мнению авторов, во избежание избыточного притока в науку работников из других секторов экономики, ЭК должен стать не только гарантией достойной оплаты труда, но и инструментом отбора лучших.Наконец, в статье обсуждаются проблемы финансирования и институционального развития сектора исследований и разработок. Авторы полагают, что построить работающую систему ЭК в науке вряд ли удастся без глубоких преобразований, касающихся: реструктуризации сектора исследований и разработок (отбора лучших), улучшения системы финансирования (диверсификации источников, совершенствования работы научных фондов), модернизации материально-технической базы, реализации целевых мер по сохранению научных школ и привлечению молодежи.

Electronic Distribution of the Publications of the State Academies of Science

ABSTRACT State academies of science originated in the late 1800s and early 1900s as a means to provide scientists at the state and local level with the opportunity to meet and exchange ideas. Since their origin, most state academies of science have disseminated regional scientific research through the publication of state academy journals and conference proceedings. Due to limited resources, most state academies have been slow to move to electronic publication and distribution of scientific research. However, a number of state academies have created electronic journals and/or have begun using commercial database producers to distribute their research as full-text content in aggregated databases. This article examines the progress made by the state academies of science in electronic publication.

Allen Lewis King

Allen Lewis King, a member of the physics faculty at Dartmouth College for more than 60 years, died on 11 December 2003 in Lebanon, New Hampshire, of age-related complications. During his active years, his physical research interests were chiefly in optics, thermal physics, and biophysics. In later years, he became engrossed in the history of physics as revealed in physical apparatus.Allen was born on 27 March 1910 in Rochester, New York. He received his BA, with a major in chemistry and a minor in physics, in 1932 and his MA in physics the following year, both from the University of Rochester. In 1934, he began research at Rochester under Lee DuBridge on photoelectric and thermionic properties of thoriated tungsten surfaces. He received his PhD in physics in 1937.Beginning his professional career at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Allen remained there from 1937 until the US entered World War II. His research on the temperature dependence of elastic constants of alloys and a fledgling consultancy with industry had to be deferred “for the duration.” Early in 1942, Allen was called to Dartmouth to help establish what later would become the US Navy V-12 program, the largest program for training naval officers. Every recruit was required to take two terms of physics. In the winter of 1944, that requirement led to the largest class in basic physics held anywhere up to that time. Allen taught the course with the help of more than 40 hastily trained professors from other departments of the college. Many of them never got over their hectic foray into physics. The tectonic shifts in US education that were produced by the war precluded a return to the old educational patterns, although many longed to go back to using those traditional approaches. Allen was eager to resume his prewar research and to begin work in biophysics and medical physics. His insistence on the importance of research to support effective teaching was critical at that time: He secured support in the Dartmouth administration for the changes that enabled it to create a graduate program in physics and astronomy in 1966. During that protracted process, Allen’s persistence was as important as the strength of his arguments.Following the launch of Sputnik in 1957, interest in the quality of science education and the problem of attracting young students to physics became national priorities fostered by NSF. State academies of science were invited to operate visiting scientist programs for schools, and colleges were asked to conduct workshops for science teachers. Allen took on both tasks. Through the Northern New England Academy of Science, he organized an NSF visiting scientist program that arranged for professors from most of the colleges and universities of the three northern New England states to make visits to high schools. That valuable program also gave the visitors an insight into the difficulties that high-school teachers faced daily.During his first year at Dartmouth, Allen explored out-of-the-way places throughout Wilder Laboratory and found a variety of early scientific instruments, some dating back to before the founding of the college in 1769. Delving into their history, he came to appreciate their value and began to look for better ways to protect Dartmouth’s legacy. Lack of suitable space, money, and administrative interest promised to make it a long and difficult task until Allen had the idea of making the instrument collection the centerpiece of the science division’s contribution to the Dartmouth bicentennial celebration in 1969–70, with a major exhibition in the art gallery on campus. Somehow, he convinced the artists on the committee that science belonged in the gallery and that the instrument exhibit would be a three-dimensional work of art. The future of the collection was assured when the exhibit proved to be a major success, attracting more visitors per week than any previous exhibit in the gallery. The history of science as revealed in scientific instruments became one of Allen’s major interests.After his retirement in 1975, Allen remained active as curator of Dartmouth’s collection of historical scientific apparatus. He also continued his many services to the community at large. In 1997, he was named Hanover Citizen of the Year for his “many years of service to advance the quality of life in the community.”Allen Lewis KingPPT|High resolution© 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Publications of the State Academies of Science

Since their origin, state academies of science have promoted and disseminated regional scientific research through the publication of journals and conference proceedings. For the most part, these multidisciplinary publications have been overshadowed by the more voluminous, specialized publications of the larger scientific societies and publishers. Nevertheless, an examination of the titles currently published by the state academies of science indicates that on the basis of content, subscription levels, library ownership rates, indexing/abstracting practices and professional citation levels, it can be concluded that the publications of the state academies of science remain an important means for the distribution of scientific research. Appendices provide a list of publications and a list of web sites.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science. History of American Science and Technology Series.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science. History of American Science and Technology Series.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science

welcome contribution to the history of science in the South during the period since the Civil War. . . . By considering the academies in the larger context of scientific professionalism, South and North, has produced a surprisingly wide-ranging and informative study. This is overall a judicious and carefully researched work. The writing is straightforward and admirably clear, while the topic is effectively organized and presented. The book is a commendably original addition to local and regional history as well as history of American Science. Journal of American History Midgette s study is thorough and well organized and should be consulted by anyone interested in American science and American higher education. Florida Historical Quarterly A very useful survey. Choice

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science. Nancy Smith Midgette

<i>To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science</i>. Nancy Smith Midgette

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science.

To Foster the Spirit of Professionalism: Southern Scientists and State Academies of Science.

To foster the spirit of professionalism: Southern scientists and state academies of science

To foster the spirit of professionalism: Southern scientists and state academies of science

The Pennsylvania Junior Academy of Science Marks Its 40th Year

Research Article| May 01 1974 The Pennsylvania Junior Academy of Science Marks Its 40th Year Richard J. Medve Richard J. Medve Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1974) 36 (5): 305–311. https://doi.org/10.2307/4444799 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Richard J. Medve; The Pennsylvania Junior Academy of Science Marks Its 40th Year. The American Biology Teacher 1 May 1974; 36 (5): 305–311. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4444799 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1974 National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.