Start-up Policy Research Articles

A Study of the Significance of Vocational Education and Entrepreneurial Skill Generation in Sustainable Economic Development of India

Vocational and technical education are seen as essential components of the growth of the country. This is crucial to the continued development of the country. The general components of lifelong learning include attitudes, abilities, and knowledge. In India, Government’s emphasis and support to TVET and Startup Policies, has given many people who would otherwise face multiple challenges in their schooling access to employment and skills. India, in spite of being one of the fastest growing economies of the world, lags behind in terms of per capita income. Tapping its most vital resource, that is, the youth population by making them employable to meet the industry needs through vocational education and skill generation can act as a game changer for India. Thus, the main goals of this study are to draw attention to the importance of technical education, vocational training, and the development of entrepreneurial skills for the country's sustainable development in India through implementation of New Education Policy 2020 and several Government Policies.

Nonideal mixing effect based on Cholette’s model on Van de Vusse reaction selectivity dynamics in an isothermal continuous stirred-tank reactor

Abstract The nonideal mixing effect on the Van de Vusse reaction dynamic in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) has rarely been studied in literature. This work presents the mixing operation condition and kinetic reaction constant effects on the Van de Vusse reaction selectivity dynamic in an isothermal CSTR based on Cholette’s model. The mixing condition effect is defined using the parameter μ = n/m, where n is the flow fraction to the reactor and m is the dead space fraction in the reactor. In Cholette’s model, μ = 1 and μ ≠ 1 represent, respectively, the ideal and nonideal mixing operations. Herein, the final desired product yield steady state in the phase plane is first constructed under reaction constant and mixing condition combinations, indicating that the larger the μ values, the higher the desired product steady-state yield. In the selectivity dynamic simulations, the phase plane is divided into transient extreme yield region and region of monotonic variation in yield. It is found for the first time that a higher μ value leads to a decrease in the transient maximum selectivity region area and an increase in the transient minimum selectivity region area in the phase plane. Moreover, the trajectory from the start up to the final steady state will be changed due to nonideal mixing. These results have not been published and have direct applications in real reactor design and operation. Since a CSTR with ideal mixing is hardly attainable in practice, our results benefit the real reactor design and startup policy development in the desired product transient maximum yield.

The Effectiveness of National Innovation and Startup Policy (NISP) in Cultivating Entrepreneurial Ecosystems within Management Institutions in Pune

This study investigates the effectiveness of the National Innovation and Startup Policy (NISP) in cultivating entrepreneurial ecosystems within management institutions in Pune. A mixed-method approach involving surveys and interviews with students, faculty, and NISP coordinators across 15 HEIs was employed. The findings reveal that NISP has fostered a supportive environment by promoting awareness, offering mentorship, and establishing infrastructure. However, challenges remain, including limited funding, lack of industry partnerships, and insufficient resources for startups. Analysis of student responses indicates a positive influence on entrepreneurial interest and confidence. However, concerns exist around access to funding, infrastructure, and specialized equipment. Additionally, diversifying engagement activities is crucial to reach a wider student base. Based on these results, recommendations are provided to enhance NISP's effectiveness. These include increased funding, fostering industry collaborations, expanding awareness campaigns, and providing high-value resources like seed funding and investor networks. Additionally, dedicated faculty mentors and standardized resource allocation across institutions are recommended. Finally, establishing data-driven evaluation mechanisms with student feedback loops is crucial for continuous improvement. By implementing these recommendations, NISP can be strengthened to cultivate robust entrepreneurial ecosystems within management institutions, fostering innovation and contributing to India's emergence as a global hub for entrepreneurship.

KARNATAKA STARTUP ECOSYSTEM:A CONCEPTUAL STUDY

Karnataka, a southern state in India, has emerged as a prominent hub for startups, driven by a vibrant ecosystem that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship. This article explores the components, growth, lifecycle, funding, and the role of Karnataka's state startup policy in shaping the entrepreneurial landscape. A comprehensive literature review, research methodology, objectives, and scope are provided to present a thorough understanding of the startup ecosystem in Karnataka.

Start-ups in the Brazilian Innovation Ecosystem

The article analyses the dynamics of start-up growth in Brazil highlighting the role of government, companies, venture capital and the innovation system in start-up policy. The most significant recent change in the Brazilian start-up ecosystem was the rise of growth-oriented entrepreneurship and start-ups. The 2021 Brazilian Legal Framework of Start-ups and Innovative Entrepreneurship is a milestone as it establishes mechanisms for the acquisition of products/services by the government provided by start-ups.

A review on unveiling the impact of government policies on Rajasthan’s startup ecosystem

This study examines the critical influence of state-led policies on the development and nurturing of the startup ecosystem in Rajasthan, India, underscoring a strategic deployment of initiatives such as the 2015 Rajasthan Startup Policy, the iStart Rajasthan platform, the Bhamashah Techno Fund, and the Digital Rajasthan projects. Aimed at bolstering entrepreneurial ventures through financial backing, regulatory streamlining, incubation support, and digital infrastructure enhancement, these government interventions collectively foster a conducive atmosphere for startups. This investigation reveals the effectiveness of these comprehensive efforts in cultivating an environment that not only stimulates innovation but also ensures startups’ access to crucial resources and generates employment opportunities across a spectrum of sectors. The findings of this review paper highlight the indispensable role of policy frameworks in fostering vibrant startup ecosystems and provide deep insights into the interplay between governmental policy initiatives and the growth of entrepreneurial ventures.

Fostering Academic Entrepreneurship for Economic Development: Challenges, Frameworks, and Strategies in ASEAN

The economies of ASEAN countries have experienced growth, but many find themselves stuck in the "middle-income trap" for an extended period. Overcoming this trap is crucial as it is linked to issues such as limited job opportunities and unstable income, especially in Southeast Asia. To avoid this trap, promoting innovation is recommended, with the startup ecosystem seen as a key driver of economic growth since the 2010s. Accelerating business development through startup promotion has become a benchmark for achieving economic development. Encouraging entrepreneurship, particularly through startups, plays a significant role in boosting economies. Academic entrepreneurship, involving students, governments, and private enterprises, has emerged as an important approach. However, middle-income ASEAN economies, especially in the lower-middle-income bracket, face challenges in promoting academic entrepreneurship due to resource, funding, and connection limitations. To address this, a conceptual framework was developed to understand the theoretical relationship between the economic development stage and entrepreneurship through startups. Panel data analysis using natural logarithmic data revealed that entrepreneurship via startups is a significant predictor and a substantial factor in promoting economic development. Building on the panel data analysis results, a strategic framework for promoting economic development through entrepreneurship via startups was formulated through qualitative analysis. This involved integrating insights from academic entrepreneurship policies and the current development conditions in six selected middle-income ASEAN economies, along with the status of the startup ecosystem. Notably, there is a need for further development in financial and educational support to encourage young university students to establish companies in collaboration with governments and enterprises. Tailoring startup policies to the development status of each country is desirable.

When a non-gendered start-up policy delivers for female entrepreneurs: Evidence from the UK start-up loan scheme

When a non-gendered start-up policy delivers for female entrepreneurs: Evidence from the UK start-up loan scheme

A Study on Startup Policy Toolkit of Off-Farm Workers Returning Hometown in China

The study aims to explore how policies affect the behavior of rural off-farm workers on whether to return hometown to start their own businesses in China. In the trend of “Internet + e-commerce” economy, the supply-oriented policy tools need to be optimized to adapt to economic development, especially the aspects of the entrepreneurial technology and entrepreneurial information, which provide support for off-farm worker entrepreneurs. The formulation of policy tools is scientific and reasonable, but the distribution in each stage of entrepreneurship is slightly unbalanced, especially in the pre-startup stage, policy tools are rarely used, and the importance of this stage has not been paid enough attention. Overall, the policy design for off-farm workers returning hometown to start a business is reasonable, but the details need to be further adjusted. The results of the Policy Modelling Consistency (PMC) policy index evaluation model show that the performance of the overall entrepreneurship policy from 2015 to 2020 is good or excellent, but the characteristics of the primary and secondary indicators show that the use of various policy tools needs to be further strengthened, and the use of policy tools such as government procurement, public-private cooperation, intellectual property rights and overseas institutions should be increased. Based on the above conclusions, it is suggested to further promote the design and foresight of the policies for off-farm workers, to strengthen the use of capacity building policy tools from the pre-startup stage of entrepreneurship, and to carry out the overall evaluation of relevant policies.

Dynamic Model Selection and Optimal Batch Design for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production by Cupriavidus necator.

Mathematical modelling of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production is essential to develop optimal bioprocess design. Though the use of mathematical models in PHA production has increased over the years, the selection of kinetics and model identification strategies from experimental data remains largely heuristic. In this study, PHA production from Cupriavidus necator utilizing sucrose and urea was modelled using a parametric discretization approach. Product formation kinetics and relevant parameters were established from urea-free experimental sets, followed by the selection of growth models from a batch containing both sucrose and urea. Logistic growth and Luedeking-Piret model for PHA production was selected based on regression coefficient (R2: 0.941), adjusted R2 (0.930) and AICc values (-42.764). Model fitness was further assessed through cross-validation, confidence interval and sensitivity analysis of the parameters. Model-based optimal batch startup policy, incorporating multi-objective desirability, suggests an accumulation of 2.030g l-1 of PHA at the end of 120h. The modelling framework applied in this study can be used not only to avoid over-parameterization and identifiability issues but can also be adopted to design optimal batch startup policies.

Startup grants and the development of academic startup projects during funding: Quasi-experimental evidence from the German ‘EXIST – Business startup grant’

Public support programs for (academic) startups are an important component of innovation and technology policy. There are many types of startup policy instrument, one of which is supporting prospective founders with startup grants. The present study contributes to the literature by examining the effectiveness of a specific startup grant entitled ‘EXIST – Business Startup Grant’. This measure is Germany’s largest public startup support program and aims to increase the number of technology-oriented and knowledge-based academic startups. The present research investigates the extent to which products of funded startups, the projects’ business planning, the founders’ skills, the degree of networking, and the uptake of external funding evolve over the duration of the grant. Evidence of the effects on these variables is generated by means of a pipeline-based comparison group design. Findings indicate that the startup grant contributes substantially to the development of the products and the business planning of the funded startups, moderately increases their degree of networking and their uptake of external funding, and slightly improves the skills of the founding team during the funding period. Several robustness checks – including a replication by another type of research design, namely a pre-post comparison – strongly support the findings. Hence it is very likely that the program advances startups in their development and thus contributes to later economic success.

Subsidizing startups under imperfect information

How is firm creation affected by imperfect information? Our model of rational inattention generates inefficient entry and labor misallocation, because startups make error-prone decisions. Learning decisions of prospective entrepreneurs alter the effects of lump-sum transfers to startups: the total employment gain is amplified due to an unintended increase in inefficient entry, most entrants hire fewer workers, and misallocation goes up. The transfer changes the learning incentives and makes even productive startups lean towards more conservative hiring. We show that this novel information channel works against well-known mechanisms, and thus can help reconcile recent empirical evidence on startup policies.

Factors Promoting the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Heis of India and its Impact on Millennials’ Education

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the steps taken by HEIs after the announcement of the startup India campaign by the government in 2015. This research paper will highlight the factors which are responsible to establish an entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing the right education in HEIs f India. Theoretical framework: Entrepreneurship in educational institutions has increased significantly due to Government’s efforts through the national innovation start-up policy which is not only supporting buddy entrepreneurs but also opening avenues for faculty members. This research paper will highlight the factors which are responsible to establish an entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing the right education in HEIs of India. Design/methodology/approach: The data has been collected from HEIs of Delhi NCR, India and the same is analysed and interpreted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software by considering two variables Ecosystem and Education in the Entrepreneurial context. This paper attempts to fill this gap in current research and highlight the role of HEIs in nurturing and shaping future entrepreneurs in India. Findings: The results through in-person interviews demonstrated that students have a strong willingness to explore this subject however HEIs need to design the right curriculum for better outcomes to nurture buddy entrepreneurs. The result of data analysis shows there exists a significant relationship between education, entrepreneurial ecosystem and career aspirations. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study suggested that HEIs should have a detailed profile of students’ backgrounds which enables them to design the right strategy for establishing an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Originality/value: The value of the study is the analysis of the willingness of students towards entrepreneurship as a career and the preparation of HEIs in the implementation of entrepreneurship education. There is an utmost need to design a curriculum by understanding the need of students which can enhance not only their knowledge, skills and abilities but their experience in the world of entrepreneurship.

A framework for assessing municipal high-growth high-technology entrepreneurship policy

This paper advances a framework for making rudimentary need, impact, and cost–benefit assessments of municipal high-growth high-tech entrepreneurship policy. The framework views ecosystem support organizations like accelerators , incubators, and hubs as components in a city’s venture pipeline. A component’s pipeline size, raise rate, and cost per raise measure its performance. In total, the framework consists of eight objective and reproducible measures based on quantities and qualities of venture capital investment and 16 definitions of related terms-of-the-art. These measures and definitions are illustrated in 26 real-world policy examples, which assess initiatives in Houston and St. Louis over the last 20 years. The examples reveal an enormous variation in welfare effects, and some policies appear welfare destroying. Many non-profit organizations claim success (and win awards and acclaim) using non-standard measures despite performing at less than half benchmark levels. Policy cartels , which control startup policy in many U.S. cities, also engage in non-market actions to protect their rents. • Inductive approach to find ‘best’ standardized framework for city startup policy. • Venture pipelines have sizes, raise rates, and costs per raise. • Economics of startup initiatives rooted in information problems and scarce expertise. • Policy cartels control startup policy and engage in non-market actions. • Enormous variation in policy effects and some startup policies may destroy welfare.

Bridging developmental state and entrepreneurial state theory: A typology of startup policies’ incumbent firm benefits

ABSTRACT Developmental state literature primarily focuses on the state’s (evolving) direct relationship with large incumbent firms. This article bridges developmental state and entrepreneurial state theories by employing an open innovation logic. We study Japan (1991-2021) as an archetypal developmental state; we hand coded 83 startup policies and a corpus of media coverage of the policies’ launch events and performance for how policymakers speak about ways in which startup policies strive to involve and benefit incumbent firms. Our typology of the strategic “access” benefits for incumbent firms in startup policies are: (1) access to innovative capacity, ideas and (2) access to talent.

In Search of Talent: Startup Policy in South Korea

Countries have long considered immigrant entrepreneurship and high-skilled immigration as crucial sources of economic growth and innovation. Still, little is known about what governments do to attract, support, and retain tech entrepreneurs with foreign backgrounds. This article examines startup programs in South Korea. It demonstrates how the demand for tech entrepreneurship is approached through a new set of policies, conceptualized in this study as (im)migrant startup programs. Through these policies, the South Korean government simultaneously supports immigrant residents with opportunities for entrepreneurship while facilitating the additional immigration of high-skilled entrepreneurs. (Im)migrant startup programs are characterized by intersecting elements of innovation, entrepreneurship, and immigration policies. This combination distinguishes the approach from previously observed skills-based visas, investment programs, and economic integration strategies. The findings are discussed with implications for the global competition for talent and the mobility of high-skilled entrepreneurs.

국내·외 창업 트렌드 분석을 통한 대구광역시창업 활성화 방안 연구

This study analyzed and identified overseas and domestic start-up policies, and based on this, an analysis of the start-up status of Daegu City and a plan to revitalize start-ups were derived. For the definition of start-up, technology start-up, domestic start-up support policy, Daegu city start-up support status, overseas start-up support policy, etc. were reviewed and comprehensively described. First, it is necessary to create a sustainable virtuous cycle venture and start-up ecosystem in Daegu. Daegu presented a strategy for promotion based on the implications derived from start-up and technology startup support policies, venture business trends, venture/startup cluster analysis, and R&D and technology innovation capability analysis. The promotion strategy was divided into an integration strategy that performs tasks for each base and a linkage plan related to various parts. It is necessary to establish a start-up total service base center that provides integrated services for start-up support, a venture/startup service town, and strengthen entrepreneurship and start-up literacy education. It is necessary to establish a virtuous cycle structure linked to each company through the vitalization of industry-university joint research and continuous expansion of the maintenance of start-ups through the Beisle Valley base center that supports innovative growth after start-up and intensively fosters start-ups in the manufacturing sector. Based on Shinseo Innovation City in Dong-gu, where the medical industry infrastructure, one of Daegu City’s key businesses, is concentrated, Medi City Daegu supports medical and pharmaceutical startups and medical-related businesses such as healthcare and medical tourism. A complex support system is needed, such as establishing a center, promoting the commercialization of medical technology, attracting large medical-related companies, and establishing a cooperative system.

An Analysis of the Start-Up Environment in Madhya Pradesh: Building the Business Ecosystem for Start-Ups

India ranks third in the global startup ecosystem in the world incubating more than 50,000 startups and witnessing 15% YoY growth per year. Being a center of innovation and skilled labor, Indian startups have attracted investments from all over the world. This paper aims at exploring the trends that are driving the growth in the Indian startup ecosystem.The state of Madhya Pradesh, often referred to as the heart of India, has, attracted investments in a diverse mix of sectors ranging from heavy engineering, information technology, electronics system design and manufacturing (ESDM), Telecommunications and automobiles. As a result, one of the interesting aspects about the state is the abundance of skilled technical workforce, thereby providing a tailor-made platform to promote startups in the state. In order to ignite the spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation for people in the state and converting ideas into potential businesses, the state government, in 2016, outlined a startup policy to provide an enabling environment to achieve this objective. Like many emerging ecosystems, Madhya Pradesh also has a culture of copying business models of big successes and applying the model for the smaller markets in the state. This shows that the state has an aspiration for entrepreneurship but innovation is still at a nascent stage. But this does not mean there is no glimmer of hope, some mavericks have indeed broken the mould to build out-of-the-box ideas into businesses.

Entrepreneurial Inquisitiveness of Under Graduate Mechanical Engineering Students

State-of-the-art technologies have changed engineering education and the manufacturing industry over the past few years. Now, the markets in electronics and information science arena have variety of products and are easily accessible for the customers through e-commerce. Mostly the start-up companies are wont these online platforms for their business. The start-ups have a potential to flourish their products in the market. The number of student's start-ups in the mechanical engineering stream is relatively less when compared to the ones spawned by other engineering streams. Products from pure mechanical engineering stream is less in the market but has a huge potential that is waiting to be explored. Promotion of mechanical based start-ups can be made only by paving the seed of entrepreneurial culture, which has to be sprout among engineering students through the campus start-up activities. This study analyses the entrepreneurial inquisitiveness of under graduate mechanical engineering students in the state of Kerala, India, in terms of their attitude, involvement in entrepreneurial programs in the campus, policies of universities, influence of Government organizations, barriers faced by the students and the different components behind campus start-ups. A sample of 380 mechanical engineering students from various engineering colleges across Kerala participated in survey through both direct and online methods. The questionnaire for the data collection was prepared based on literature, feedback and market research. A seven-point Likert scale was used to record their responses. The data was analysed using a multiple regression approach, with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results from this research are aimed at providing insights to State Governments in their start-up policy, to the Universities in their curriculum revision and to the Higher education department in the states to sire an entrepreneurial ecosystem in the engineering campus. Educated youth have to fortify as an industrialist for the economic growth of their nation.

Entrepreneurial Inquisitiveness of Under Graduate Mechanical Engineering Students

Abstract State-of-the-art technologies have changed engineering education and the manufacturing industry over the past few years. Now, the markets in electronics and information science arena have variety of products and are easily accessible for the customers through e-commerce. Mostly the start-up companies are wont these online platforms for their business. The start-ups have a potential to flourish their products in the market. The number of student's start-ups in the mechanical engineering stream is relatively less when compared to the ones spawned by other engineering streams. Products from pure mechanical engineering stream is less in the market but has a huge potential that is waiting to be explored. Promotion of mechanical based start-ups can be made only by paving the seed of entrepreneurial culture, which has to be sprout among engineering students through the campus start-up activities.This study analyses the entrepreneurial inquisitiveness of under graduate mechanical engineering students in the state of Kerala, India, in terms of their attitude, involvement in entrepreneurialinfluence of Government organizations, barriers faced by the students and the different components behind campus start-ups. A sample of 380 mechanical engineering students from various engineering colleges across Kerala participated in survey through both direct and online methods. The questionnaire for the data collection was prepared based on literature, feedback and market research. A seven-point Likert scale was used to record their responses. The data was analysed using a multiple regression approach, with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results from this research are aimed at providing insights to State Governments in their start-up policy, to the Universities in their curriculum revision and to the Higher education department in the states to sire an entrepreneurial ecosystem in the engineering campus. Educated youth have to fortify as an industrialist for the economic growth of their nation. Keywords: Global market, Entrepreneurship, Campus Start-ups, Inquisitiveness, Engineering students.