Scientific Standards Research Articles

Examining Science Teachers’ Conceptions of Student Interest as a Consideration in Designing Assessments

ABSTRACT A key goal of science education articulated in A Framework for K-12 Science Education is to create opportunities for students to answer questions about the world that connect to their interests, experiences, and identities. Interest can be seen as a malleable relationship between a person and object (such a phenomenon students might study). In this paper, we analyzed data from a design study of an online course focused on preparing 11 secondary teachers to design three-dimensional tasks that align to the Next Generation Science Standards and that connect to students’ interests. Our data sources were teachers’ descriptions of their design decisions about what phenomena to use to anchor assessment, designed assessment tasks, and interviews with them about those decisions. We found that interest was an important consideration for assessment design, but teachers considered student interests in different ways. Some teachers shifted their views of what it meant to engage student interests in the context of assessment design over the course of their participation in professional learning. Most teachers made decisions about what they believed their students were interested in based on their knowledge of students or beliefs about their students’ interests. In supporting teachers to design summative assessments that link to students’ interest, it is critical to assume teachers bring a range of conceptions of interest and to consider the feasibility and utility of task design tools from teachers’ point of view.

Engaging Preservice Secondary Science Teachers in TeachLivETM to Support English Learners in Developing and Communicating Science Ideas: An Innovation Guided by a Trifocal Approach

To meet the needs of English learners (ELs) and the call of the Next Generation Science Standards to engage all students in communicating science ideas, a collaboration between science, second language acquisition, and disciplinary literacy teacher educators resulted in a trifocal approach within a reformed science teacher education program. The purpose of this study is to explore how TeachLivETM, a mixed-reality simulation technology, was used to prepare preservice teachers (PSTs) to support ELs in communicating science ideas through questioning. Findings from transcribed lessons, coaching sessions, and PST self-reports show that TeachLivETM provided opportunities to practice questioning and reflect on challenges, and was a collaborative learning context. The significance for secondary science teacher education and inservice teacher professional development is presented.

A guide for structured literature reviews in business research: The state-of-the-art and how to integrate generative artificial intelligence

Generative artificial intelligence (Gen.AI) is capable of significantly improving the breadth and depth of structured literature reviews (SLRs). However, its inclusion raises essential questions regarding the review’s methodology, quality, and ethical implications. Previous research predominantly focused on the capabilities and limitations of Gen.AI to establish guidelines for research practices. However, the rapid evolution of Gen.AI often outpaces the publication of methodological papers. In response, our study adopts a criteria-centric approach, scrutinizing the scientific quality standards that Gen.AI must meet. In other words, instead of discussing what Gen.AI can and cannot do, we discuss what we should allow Gen.AI to do, irrespective of its capabilities. Our study informs researchers in the art and science of SLRs. First, we analyze the established state-of-the-art processes and associated quality standards in SLRs. From this, we synthesize a unified process and criterion set, not only underpinning a comprehensive understanding of the extant SLR methodologies but also serving as the foundational framework for integrating Gen.AI. Second, we delineate the specific scenarios conducive to incorporating Gen.AI into this fundamental framework, as well as situations where its integration may not be suitable. Our contribution is further solidified by providing a detailed, step-by-step guide—akin to a “cooking recipe”—to effectively integrate Gen.AI in SLRs, ensuring adherence to established quality criteria.

Theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic remedies

Background: As of today, no systematic review of published theoretical approaches to understand the mode of action of homeopathic remedies has been presented. References to possible theoretical models, therefore, remain speculative and arbitrary. The need to accelerate theory building for scientific and political reasons is widely recognized. Methods: Following scientific standards, we searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PhilPapers, the Gemeinsamer Verbundkatalog (GVK), swisscovery, CAMBase, several webOPACs (University Witten/Herdecke, IGM Bosch Stiftung, HBH, EBH) and personal libraries of the authors for original studies. All identified references were screened in duplicate, and eligibility was determined according to pre-set criteria. The references included have undergone systematic data extraction and bibliographic examination. The findings will be presented in two parts: the first providing a quantitative overview, and the second offering a qualitative evaluation. The manuscript for the quantitative analysis and bibliographic examination is currently being prepared and expected to be published in the coming months. This phase identifies theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic remedies across various disciplines. A deeper qualitative analysis will follow in a subsequent publication. Results: Database searches resulted in several thousand unique references, of which less than 2000 were found eligible for title and abstract screening. Full-text analysis was performed on 495 publications, of which 217 were included. Besides bibliographical data, we extracted the scientific frameworks within which the theories are embedded and the aspects of homeopathy they aim to explain. Specific trends and connections could be identified. Conclusions: This systematic literature review provides a thorough overview of theories and models on the mode of action of homeopathic preparations discussed in scientific literature over the past 200 years. These findings will guide future theory building and development, identifying trends and connections within the existing body of knowledge.

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. 1. Type of peer review: Single anonymous 2. Conference submission management system: Morressier 3. Number of submissions received: 305 4. Number of submissions sent for review: 240 5. Number of submissions accepted: 41 6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 13.4 % 7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.10 8. Total number of reviewers involved: 13 9. Contact person for queries: Name: Komil Astanakulov Affiliation: National Research University - Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers Email: komil.university@gmail.com * means value has been edited

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. 1. Type of peer review: Single anonymous 2. Conference submission management system: Morressier 3. Number of submissions received: 51 4. Number of submissions sent for review: 47 5. Number of submissions accepted: 36 6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 70.6 % 7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.00 * 8. Total number of reviewers involved: 6 9. Contact person for queries: Name: A/Prof. Joni Safaat Adiansyah Affiliation: Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram Email: joni.adiansyah@ummat.ac.id

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double Anonymous • Conference submission management system: ConfTool Pro • Number of submissions received: 24 • Number of submissions sent for review: 23 • Number of submissions accepted: 21 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 87.5 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 29 • Contact person for queries: Name: Manuel Grieb Email: manuel.grieb@tu-dortmund.de Affiliation: TU Dortmund University - Chair of Fluidics

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Double Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Morressier • Number of submissions received: 150 • Number of submissions sent for review: 120 • Number of submissions accepted: 59 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 39.3 • Average number of reviews per paper: 2 • Total number of reviewers involved: 45 • Contact person for queries: Name: Timmy Tong Email: info@ammpes.com Affiliation: Timmy Tong

Peer Review Statement

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing. • Type of peer review: Single Anonymous • Conference submission management system: Morressier • Number of submissions received: 14 • Number of submissions sent for review: 11 • Number of submissions accepted: 11 • Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 78.6 • Average number of reviews per paper: 1 • Total number of reviewers involved: 6 • Contact person for queries: Name: Dino Habibovic Email: dhfizika1@gmail.com Affiliation: University of Sarajevo, Faculty of science

Engaging History of Biology

American Biology Teacher has published over seven dozen articles relevant to the history of biology in biology teaching. They are cataloged here and indexed by topic. As reflected in this archive, teachers adopt a historical approach for many pragmatic motivations: (1) to engage students, by contextualizing science culturally; (2) to foster student interest through storytelling; (3) to promote the human dimension of science and offer role models; (4) to exemplify and nurture scientific reasoning; and (5) to convey the ever elusive “nature of science.” Here, I summarize and comment on those aims and their relation to the Next Generation Science Standards, and consider briefly some of the practical dimensions for teachers who have not yet engaged with historical approaches.

Проблема дуального характеру логіки (історико-логічний екскурс)

This paper argued that interpreting logic solely as a formal discipline is unjustified, as this science has always included a significant informal component related to its application in argumentative discourse. The Aristotelian paradigm, based on the subject-predicate approach to the logical-philosophical analysis of language, has influenced the history of logic significantly. The functional analysis of language introduced by Gottlob Frege marked a shift to the modern logical paradigm. This led to the rise of symbolic logic, disrupting the established balance between the formal and informal components of logical knowledge for a time. The application of the latest analytical methods in informal logic has enabled research in this field to meet contemporary scientific standards. This development helps restore the balance between the formal and informal aspects of general logic.

The Future of Hadith Studies in the Digital Age: Opportunities and Challenges

In this study that we have conducted, which is concerned with the digital progress in the study of Hadith science, which is related to Islamic studies, with a focus on the social and religious opportunities and challenges that this shift from ancient studies to a new type of studies in Hadith science brings, we begin our study by providing an overview of the religious and historical importance as well as the scientific importance of one of the most important Islamic sciences, which is Hadith science in Islamic studies. This study indicates the potential of digital technology in reshaping the traditional methodology of Hadith science. In this research paper, we will discuss the benefits that digital technology offers, especially in preserving ancient manuscripts that contain Prophetic hadiths and facilitating access to comprehensive databases, i.e. facilitating the researcher’s access to a huge number of hadiths and using artificial intelligence to analyze the complex networks of narrators and classifying hadiths according to their sources. This research also addresses the challenges facing the development of Hadith science between the past and the present, i.e. between the digitization of Hadith science and the old methods used in transferring and studying Hadith science, such as preserving the accuracy of texts when converting them from the paper system to the digital system, as well as the potential challenges in designing algorithms and ethical issues related to digital interpretations of modern texts or Hadith texts. This research paper also emphasizes the need to develop standards that include guarantees for trust, authenticity and honesty, and it addresses the social impacts resulting from the spread of hadiths via social media over the Internet, which may lead to misuse of these tools or misinterpretations of hadiths or by publishing unverified hadiths. In the future vision of this research paper, we envision this study as an integration between the traditional style in the science of hadith and modern technology and digital tools used in the science of Islamic hadith. It also contributes to establishing research networks and enhancing cooperation between hadith scholars and scholars in the digital technology system. At the end of the research paper, we analyzed a comparison between traditional and digital styles, focusing on the weaknesses and strengths of each of these two approaches. In the end, the study shows the potential of digital innovation in developing the science of hadith, provided that this modern system is used with respect for scientific accuracy and ethical standards to avoid using it in unethical and unscientific ways.

Managing marital disputes in Lebanese religious courts from a social work perspective: A study on the importance of family mediation offices in Lebanese Druze religious courts as a model

This study explores how marital disputes are managed in the Druze community's religious courts from theoretical and practical perspectives and analyzes the methods and mechanisms used to resolve marital conflicts. This study is categorized as a qualitative approach, as it is a descriptive exploratory study that relies on the phenomenological method to explore how marital conflict is managed in the religious courts of the Druze sect for the Monotheist community. This will be done through the study's theoretical framework and by conducting field interviews with the participants, such as social workers, judges, attorneys, and those going through marital problems. Through these interviews, we hope to learn more about their perspectives on handling marital disagreements and their experiences managing them in religious courts and identify alternative methods for resolving these disputes within the courts. The results of this study and recommendations can be utilized to develop a new strategy for managing marital conflict that aligns with needs and considers scientific standards. This study may help intervenors working with couples reevaluate how they handle disagreements.

DIGITAL HEALTH AND PUBLIC POLICIES: EVOLUTION AND CHALLENGES FOR BRAZIL

Digital health is a field that involves the use of information and communication technologies to improve the quality, efficiency, and equity of health services. In Brazil, digital health has gained prominence especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, which required the adoption of social distancing measures and the expansion of access to telemedicine, telehealth, and electronic medical records. However, the country faces several challenges in creating public policies that can guide and regulate the creation, implementation, and use of the benefits of digital health. Among these challenges, we can highlight the territorial dimension and regional inequalities, which hinder the universalization and integration of health information systems and the availability of adequate technological infrastructure in all areas of the country. This paper presents a review of public initiatives and policies in Brazil, analyzing scientific publications, standards, resolutions, and laws that address this topic and proposes, as a result, the challenges that need to be overcome in the development or improvement of existing policies in the field of digital health. The challenges facing the development of these policies include the large population and socioeconomic diversity, which require personalized solutions adapted to the different realities and needs of users, as well as ensuring digital inclusion and health literacy; the unequal distribution of medical professionals and other health professionals, which imposes limits on the supply and quality of health services, especially in the most remote and vulnerable areas, and which requires ongoing training of digital health workers; the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) and the adoption of new technologies, which bring new ethical, legal and technical challenges for the protection of the privacy and security of personal health data, as well as for the evaluation of the efficacy, effectiveness and security of digital health solutions. In view of these challenges, it is essential that Brazil develop a national digital health strategy that can define the objectives, guidelines, responsibilities and actions to promote the appropriate and sustainable use of information and communication technologies in health, for the benefit of the Brazilian population.

Score-based likelihood ratios for barefootprint evidence using deep learning features.

As the court put forward higher requirements for quantitative evaluation and scientific standards of forensic evidence, how to objectively and scientifically express identification opinions has become a challenge for traditional forensic identification methods. Score-based likelihood ratios are mathematical methods for quantitative evaluation of forensic evidence. However, due to the subtle differences in inter-class barefootprints, there is no automatic barefootprints matching algorithm with high accuracy under large-scale dataset validation, and there are few studies related to deep learning barefootprint features for evidence evaluation in court. Therefore, score-based likelihood ratios for barefootprint evidence using deep learning features are proposed by this paper. Firstly, the largest barefootprint dataset (BFD) is constructed, which contains 54,118 barefootprint images from 3000 individuals. Then, an automatic barefootprint feature extraction and matching algorithm is proposed, which achieves a retrieval accuracy of 98.4% on BFD and an AUC of 0.989 for barefootprint validation. Next, Cosine distance, Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance are employed to measure the comparison scores between intra-class and inter-class barefootprints using deep learning features in four dimensions of 64, 128, 512 and 1024, respectively. The performance of proposed model is evaluated by comparing the values and the Tippett plot. Finally, simulated crime scene barefootprint samples are constructed to verify the practical application of the proposed method, which provide further support for the quantitative evaluation of barefootprint evidence in court.

Designing a Measure of Body Image: Cognitive Interview Findings from an Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Sample.

Purpose: A cancer diagnosis in adolescence and young adulthood significantly impacts a person's quality of life, particularly concerning identity, self-esteem, and subsequently, body image. This study aims to develop a psychometrically-sound patient-reported outcome measure of body image for adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology patients that was guided by the National Institutes of Health's Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS) Scientific Standards and our past concept elicitation interviews with AYAs. Methods: We conducted a multi-step approach involving item identification, refinement, generation; translatability and reading level review; and cognitive interviews. A purposive sample of 25 AYA patients participated, ensuring representation across educational levels, gender, treatment status, and cancer type. Results: Translatability and reading level reviews facilitated language adjustments. Cognitive interviews revealed that 76% of AYAs found the 50 candidate items assessing body image concerns to be easy to answer. AYAs reported that the body image items captured their lived experiences. Three items were excluded due to comprehension difficulties. Conclusion: This study addresses the critical gap in validated measures for assessing body image in AYA oncology patients. Interview findings provided evidence for the content validity and comprehensibility for 47 items assessing body image. The next steps involve large-scale psychometric testing to evaluate the reliability and validity of the body image items to form an item bank allowing the design of short forms or use of computerized-adaptive testing. Ultimately, this work lays the foundation for developing interventions to mitigate the impact of cancer on AYAs' body image during diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.

Cross-Cultural Biology Teaching Using Next-Generation Science Standards

This study explored Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) in cross-cultural biology teaching through collaborative lesson studies involving educators from the USA and the Philippines. We employed grounded theory and examined iterative feedback processes during lesson development to refine learning exemplars. Learning exemplars validation affirmed their alignment with both NGSS and the Philippine science education frameworks, ensuring cultural relevance and educational rigor. Five key themes were identified as pivotal: retrieval of prior knowledge, fostering meaningful learning experiences, enhancing memory and retention, fostering active engagement, and cultivating critical thinking skills—integral for developing culturally responsive curricula. Moreover, students became independent learners, responsible for their learning, reflective and critical thinkers, problem solvers, inquiry-oriented, creative, collaborative communicators, modelers, data analysts, persistent, adaptable, and self-directed. Implications include enhancing educational policies to support cultural diversity and integrating cross-cultural learning exemplars to enhance global teaching practices. This study underscored the transformative potential of cross-cultural collaboration in advancing science education, fostering engaging learning environments, and preparing students for global citizenship.

Sotorasib Treatment Could Worsen the Prognosis of Advanced KRASG12C-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Sotorasib, the first RAS inhibitor FDA-approved drug for advanced, KRASG12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), was approved in May 2021 under the FDA-Accelerated Approval program. This commentary critically reviews the results on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of the CodeBreaK 200 trial, a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial published in The Lancet in 2023. The study reported increased PFS with sotorasib based on a reduced hazard ratio (HR). Despite the FDA's rejection of regular approval for sotorasib in October 2023, the accelerated approval status is maintained pending further confirmatory trials. We stress the crucial role of journal editors in ensuring the comprehensive reporting of statistical analyses in RCTs, particularly for publications in highly-ranked journals like The Lancet, which can heavily influence the clinical practice of oncology. Their role in upholding the highest scientific integrity and transparency standards is essential for informing oncologists, patients, and decision-makers of public health systems.

Into the Buzzing World: Integrating Artwork with Fieldwork to Learn About Bees

This article describes a pedagogical approach that integrated artistic expression with experiential fieldwork to enhance pupils’ learning of bees. Initially, pupils were tasked with creating an artwork of a bee or bees based on their preconceived notions, allowing teachers to identify their prior ideas of bees. Afterward, an immersive field activity was conducted to provide pupils with an opportunity to close-up observe live honey and native bees in canola fields and their pollination processes. Through teacher-guided explorations, pupils systematically inspected the morphology of various bee species, relating their external structures to associated functions. The fieldwork allowed for detailed observations of bees’ features, such as the proboscis, antennae, and legs, and their roles in nectar collection and pollen distribution. In addition, exposure to honey and native bees informed pupils of the differences in their stinging, nesting and sociality. Pupils’ summative reflections post-fieldwork suggest that the immersive fieldwork enabled multi-sensory modes of learning barely available in a traditional classroom setting. By juxtaposing the new insights from field observations with the prior ideas of bees embodied in their initial artworks, pupils achieved gains in both their conceptual understandings and perceptual knowledge about bees. Pupils acknowledged deeper understandings of bee anatomy, pollination processes and the diversity within bee species. This approach to learning about bees epitomizes the value of empirical investigation for advancing pupils’ scientific practices and understanding life science core ideas of how animals' external structures fulfill various functions and of how plants and pollinators are interdependent, as highlighted in <i>the Next Generation Science Standards</i>. The integration of artwork creation and experiential fieldwork exemplifies an effective pedagogical approach for enhancing pupils' engagement and learning of biological ideas.

Course‐Based Teacher Professional Communities (With District and Union Support) at the Center of Three‐Dimensional Science Teaching

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on how two school districts managed and changed the instructional core—student learning goals, instructional resources and strategies, and assessments—in their required high school biology course as they responded to new state science standards based on the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Biology teachers in both districts had access to NGSS‐aligned resources for their classrooms. Interviews with teachers, district science coordinators, and union leaders revealed how district responses were affected by two institutional logics: academic logics included the criteria that teachers used to choose resources and strategies for their classrooms and professional logics included the roles and responsibilities of district professionals. Participants from District A endorsed a common‐sense experiential academic logic, which recognized teachers' obligations to meet general criteria for content coverage while using their personal experiences and values to make detailed instructional decisions. They also endorsed a professional logic of privacy and noninterference, which recognized teachers' individual autonomy in making decisions about their classroom instructional cores. In contrast, participants from District B described how district professionals empowered a course‐based professional community to make decisions about the instructional core that all biology teachers followed in their own classrooms. We examine how this strategy enabled actions consistent with an instructional improvement logic that supported an NGSS‐aligned instructional core in all biology classrooms. We consider the implications of this contrast for teacher learning in organizational settings—the focus of this special issue.