Sanitary Standards Research Articles

Lessons from Vaccine-Related Poliovirus in Israel, UK and USA.

Genetic variants of vaccine poliovirus type 2, imported from an unknown source, were detected in waste waters in Jerusalem, London and New York in early 2022. Wild poliovirus type 2 was globally eradicated in 1999, but vaccine virus type 2 continued for 16 more years; routine use of the vaccine was discontinued in 2016 and reintroduced occasionally on purpose. As an unintended consequence, type 2 vaccine virus variants (circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, cVDPVs) that mimic wild viruses' contagiousness and neurovirulence, have been emerging and spreading. To illustrate, in just the past four years (2018-2021), 2296 children developed cVDPV polio in 35 low-income countries. Many assume that virus transmission is via the faecal-oral route. Sustained virus transmission was documented in London and New York, in spite of high standards of sanitation and hygiene. Here, virus transmission cannot be attributed to faecal contamination of food or drinking water (for faecal-oral transmission). Hence, contagious transmission can only be explained by inhalation of droplets/aerosol containing virus shed in pharyngeal fluids (respiratory transmission), as was the classical teaching of polio epidemiology. If transmission efficiency of VDPV is via the respiratory route where hygiene is good, it stands to reason that it is the same case in countries with poor hygiene, since poor hygiene cannot be a barrier against respiratory transmission. By extrapolation, the extreme transmission efficiency of wild polioviruses must also have been due to their ability to exploit respiratory route transmission. These lessons have implications for global polio eradication. It was as a result of assuming faecal-oral transmission that eradication was attempted with live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV), ignoring its safety problems and very low efficacy in low-income countries. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is completely safe and highly efficacious in protecting children against polio, with just three routine doses. Protecting all children from polio must be the interim goal of eradication, until poliovirus circulation dies out under sustained immunisation pressure. OPV should be discontinued under cover of immunity induced by IPV to stop the emergence of new lineages of VDPVs, not only type 2, but also types 1 and 3, to expedite the completion of polio eradication.

Elaboration of a mathematical apparatus for optimizing the automated control system of a heat supply system on the example of a building of a higher school

Objective. The purpose of this work is to optimize the functioning of the automated control system of the heat supply system. The connection between the flow rate of flue gases at the inlet to the waste heat boiler and the temperature of the heat carrier at the far point of the consumer is subject to adjustment.Method. The methodological basis of the study is: the heat balance equation for the waste heat boiler of the combined cycle plant; principles for ensuring the specified parameters of heat supply to the consumer; equation of heat and mass transfer and sanitary standards for heat supply.Result. A mathematical apparatus has been developed that expresses the dependence of the flue gas flow rate at the inlet to the waste heat boiler and the temperature of the coolant in the heating device in the farthest room of the analyzed building.Conclusion. Optimization of the automated control system of the heat supply system on the example of a building of a higher school shows the possibility of improving the accuracy of control of the automated control system by the heating system. In the case of an additional installation, the narrowing of the error corridor occurs by 2.5 times.

Synthesis of an effective system of active shielding of the magnetic field of a power transmission line with a horizontal arrangement of wires using a single compensation winding

Aim. The theoretical and experimental studies of the effectiveness of reducing the level of the magnetic field in two-storey cottage of the old building of a power transmission line with a horizontal arrangement of wires by means of active shielding with single compensation winding. Methodology Spatial location coordinates of the compensating winding and the current in the shielding winding were determined during the design of systems of active screening based on solution of the vector game, in whith the vector payoffs is calculated based on Biot-Savart's law. The solution of this vector game calculated based on algorithms of multi-swarm multi-agent optimization. Results The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the effectiveness of reducing the level of the magnetic field in two-storey cottage of the old building of a power transmission line with a horizontal arrangement of wires by means of active shielding with single compensation winding are presented. Originality. For the first time, the theoretical and experimental studies of the effectiveness of reducing the level of the magnetic field in two-storey cottage of the old building of a power transmission line with a horizontal arrangement of wires by means of active shielding with single compensation winding are considered. Practical value. From the point of view of the practical implementation it is shown the possibility to reduce the level of magnetic field in two-storey cottage of the old building from power transmission line with a horizontal arrangement of wires by means of active shielding with single compensation winding to the sanitary standards of Ukraine.

Penerapan Konsep Sanitasi Standar Guna Menunjang Usaha Pengolahan Di Poklahsar Berkah Gawi Hapakat Kota Palangka Raya

This activity has been done in collaboration with Kelompok Pengolah dan Pemasar (Poklahsar) Berkah Gawi Hapakat. Food processed product produced by the group are abon ikan gabus, abon ikan patin, amplang ikan tenggiri, stik ikan pipih, empek-empek and otak-otak ikan tenggiri. As a new group, Poklahsar Berkah Gawi Hapakat needs assistance in the application of standard sanitation concepts, especially food, water, equipment, worker and environmental sanitations to obtain products that are safe for consumption and in accordance with food safety quality standards. In this activity, assistance was carried out by applying the concept of standard sanitation through the dissemination of the sanitation activity to obtain products that are in accordance with consumer demands and food safety quality assurance standards. The response of the group to this activity is quite positive because they share knowledge about sanitation which can affect the products produced and can attract consumers because raw materials to products are handled by taking into account good processing standards (Good Manufacturing Practices/GMP). Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, many products are marketed by online, or through social media.

Water Quality Status Based on Pollution Index to Meet The Needs of Sanitary Hygienic Water For Communities Around Lake Sentani In Jayapura Regency

Water is one of the most important elements on earth. Water is needed by all living things, both humans, plants and animals. Consuming clean and sanitary water is absolutely necessary to avoid unwanted negative impacts. This research was conducted in February 2022 and aims to determine the status of the water quality of Lake Sentani, Jayapura Regency based on the pollution index according to the hygienic and sanitary water quality standards according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene needs, swimming pools, solus per agua and public baths. The study used 15 (fifteen) water pollution parameters, namely: physical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS and temperature), and chemical parameters (pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, manganese, nitrate, cyanide, detergent and total pesticides) as well as biological parameters. (total coliforms). The sample in this study was taken from 5 (five) sample points (research stations) namely the mouths of the Haway, Yabawi, Hobay and Kamwalker rivers which are the inlet of Lake Sentani and the headwaters of the Jaifuri river which is the outlet. The results showed that at stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the pollution index (PIj) was 4.07; 3.10; 2.30; 3.75 and 3.88, all of which are based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 especially environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes, are in the range of values of 1 PIj 5 with lightly polluted status. Thus it can be concluded that the water quality status of Lake Sentani based on the pollution index method is in the lightly polluted category.

Water Quality Status Based on Pollution Index to Meet The Needs of Sanitary Hygienic Water For Communities Around Lake Sentani In Jayapura Regency

Water is one of the most important elements on earth. Water is needed by all living things, both humans, plants and animals. Consuming clean and sanitary water is absolutely necessary to avoid unwanted negative impacts. This research was conducted in February 2022 and aims to determine the status of the water quality of Lake Sentani, Jayapura Regency based on the pollution index according to the hygienic and sanitary water quality standards according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene needs, swimming pools, solus per agua and public baths. The study used 15 (fifteen) water pollution parameters, namely: physical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS and temperature), and chemical parameters (pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, manganese, nitrate, cyanide, detergent and total pesticides) as well as biological parameters. (total coliforms). The sample in this study was taken from 5 (five) sample points (research stations) namely the mouths of the Haway, Yabawi, Hobay and Kamwalker rivers which are the inlet of Lake Sentani and the headwaters of the Jaifuri river which is the outlet. The results showed that at stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the pollution index (PIj) was 4.07; 3.10; 2.30; 3.75 and 3.88, all of which are based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 especially environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes, are in the range of values of 1 PIj 5 with lightly polluted status. Thus it can be concluded that the water quality status of Lake Sentani based on the pollution index method is in the lightly polluted category.

Post‐flood infectious disease prevention and control: Current scenario in Pakistan

Post‐flood infectious disease prevention and control: Current scenario in Pakistan

Sanitary condition of poultry houses during broiler growing

In modern poultry farming, the problem of controlling microbiological contamination of poultry housing is essential and relevant. High levels of microbiological air pollution and abundant contamination of poultry production surfaces can be powerful and dangerous risk factors for the spread of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora. The health of poultry and its performance depends on the health and welfare of poultry houses іndustrial zone. Sanitary condition is an integral part of the overall operation of the process poultry farms. In the practice of industrial poultry entered, the term “biological fatigue”. We assessed the sanitary-bacteriological condition of poultry houses by the indicators of the total number of microorganisms in the air and by the isolation of pathogenic microorganisms. We determined the rates of bacterial contamination of surfaces and the air of poultry houses during the technological break-rearing broiler. The objects of the study were bacterial contamination of air and object poultry houses. Scientific research has been conducted on the technological break and release of objects from poultry. According to our study, we established high levels of microbiological air pollution in poultry houses on the 14th, 28-th, and 42-th day of broiler breeding. The total microbial count air of poultry houses does not meet sanitary standards. On the 14-th, 28-th and 42-th day, breeding broilers for meat in the poultry house bacterial contamination were 184.33 ± 43.52 thousand CFU/m3; 376.25 ± 84.84 thousand CFU/m3 and 786.68 ± 214.91 thousand CFU/m3. The article presents research results on poultry houses' sanitary and bacteriological indicators of leaching. We have established a high level of contamination of production surfaces. The isolates were: E. coli – (39.3 %), Salmonella spp., and Campylobecter spp. – (14.5 %), Streptococcus spp., S. aureus – 23.6 % Proteus ssp., Enterobacter ssp. – 22.6 %. The qualitative and quantitative composition of isolated microflora from poultry farms indicates significant risks of reducing the natural non-specific protective forces of the bird, the emergence of infectious diseases, and reduced productivity of birds. Thus, the sanitary condition of poultry houses is one of the main criteria for stable epizootic well-being in poultry and a guarantee of effective agribusiness.

Wellness Tourism Model in Recovery Sector Tourism in Belitung during the New Normal Period

Belitung Regency is the district that determines tourism as the main sector. Development tourist experiences drop in aspect economy, employment, and tax for an area with the Covid-19 pandemic. This research focuses on and aims to analyze how the Wellness Tourism model in the recovery of tourism in Belitung Regency during the new normal period. The results showed that model Wellness Tourism starts from the application of Wellness Tourism indicators, namely (1) High Standard Sanitation; (2) High Standard Security; (3) Staycations; (4) Niche Tourism; (5) Private Travel Tours; (6) Virtual Tourism. Each indicator is related to Transportation, Food, Activities, Healthy, Promotional Services, Rooms, Management, and Environment. Hotels and Destinations must carry out development and revitalization so that they can continue to grow so that Immersion, Spiritual, and Community are built when tourists travel.
 Keywords: Wellness Tourism Model, Tourism Industry, New Normal

Ecological and chemical assessment of the status of water bodies in the Vologda region

Pollution of water bodies as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities presents a global problem. The article analyzes the ecological and chemical state and balance in terms of biogenic macro- and microelements of water bodies of non-centralized water supply in the northwestern part of the Vologda region. The study examines the water in 7 rivers, 5 lakes and 4 springs of the Districts of Vologda, Vytegra, Belozersk, Vashki and Kirillov. Based on the composition analysis of the samples taken, the research shows that the water used does not meet the regulatory requirements in terms of turbidity, color, fluoride ion, total iron, chemical oxygen demand (COD). According to microbiological indications the water from the studied sources does not meet the sanitary and hygienic standards in terms of the total coliform bacteria and the total microbial count (TMC) in rivers and lakes. The most polluted rivers for all the indicators considered are the Komela and Kema. The evaluation of the samples according to the physiological usefulness and balance of the chemical composition reveals that water is mainly assessed as well-balanced in terms of biogenic macro- and microelements content being chloride-hydrocarbonate calcium and magnesium-calcium.

Utilization of Air Conditioning (AC) Wastewater Filtration System as Water Supply for Plants

Abstract: Air Conditioning (AC) waste water has quite a lot of quantity, but usually AC waste water is directly discharged into the surrounding environment through AC waste water pipes. The objectives of the study were (1) to determine the discharge of AC waste water produced within 30 minutes and (2) to determine the effectiveness of the filter in reducing the pollutant content of AC waste water so that it is good for plant irrigation. The research was conducted by analyzing the quantity and quality of AC waste water in the CC Building, Muhammadiyah University of Jember. Parameters analyzed include hardness, pH and ammonia. One solution to sterilize AC wastewater is by using a sponge that is able to capture solids in the water before the water enters the container and activated charcoal which is considered to be able to reduce NH4 levels. One of the ingredients for making charcoal comes from coconut shells, which are relatively cheap. In addition to using coconut shell charcoal, exposure to UV rays is felt to reduce the bacteria contained in the AC water. UV light can function as a destroyer of bacteria and microorganisms so it is safe to use, both for living things and the environment. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research with an evaluation approach which aims to determine the amount of air conditioning waste water within 30 minutes and to determine the physical and microbiological quality of AC waste water by analyzing the data and comparing it with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017 concerning Health Quality Standards for Sanitation, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua and Public Baths. Data was collected by measuring the discharge of air conditioning, observation, interviews and documentation. The instrumentation used is a measuring cup, TDS meter, thermometer, turbidity meter, timer, sample bottle, Bunsen, alcohol and ice box. Based on the results of the examination of the quality of the AC wastewater with specifications of AC 1 PK, the results of the examination of physical and microbiological parameters that meet the requirements in accordance with the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 32 of 2017 concerning Health Quality Standards for Sanitation, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua and Public Baths.

Факторы, влияющие на выбор путешествия в российском туризме

Recent years have negatively affected the state of the tourism industry, both globally and nationally. Massive restrictions on movement, border closures, increased requirements for sanitary and epidemiological standards, a deterioration in consumer solvency - all this led to the impossibility of citizens to travel, and hospitality enterprises were forced to radically revise the rules and methods of work. Tourism in Russia is reoriented to domestic travel and near abroad, but tourists do not always return satisfied with the trip. Therefore, understanding what processes are happening now, and what factors influence a traveler's decision making when choosing a tour, is more important than ever for making informed decisions in the field of business. The research materials of this article contain an analysis of the preferences of Russian tourists who influence the choice of travel, based on the results of research by the National Research University of the Higher School of Economics, data from Rostourism and the Association of Tour Operators of Russia and proposals for measures to increase tourist satisfaction with travel for the development of domestic and intra-regional tourism in Russia.

Hygienic assessment of new architectural and planning solutions of buildings of psychiatric health care facilities

Aim: to conduct a hygienic assessment of new architectural and planning solutions of psychiatric health care facility buildings in Ukraine and give a comparative description of the sanitary standards of the latter in the EU. The study was conducted based on the analysis of State Building Norms (SBN) B.2.2-10:2019 “Buildings and structures. Health care facilities” (draft, final revision), scientific sources of domestic and foreign scientists. A survey of the chief physicians of psychiatric hospitals of Ukraine concerning safe sanitary and hygienic, anti-epidemic conditions for the functioning of psychiatric health care facilities was conducted. We consider it necessary to present more carefully architectural and planning solutions in the relevant section of SBN B.2.2-10:2019 (draft, final revision) or to use the opportunity specified in the introduction to these Norms, and to supplement them with the Manual on the design of psychiatric health care facilities, taking into account the experience of the European Union. To create an appropriate “therapeutic environment” in new domestic mental health care facilities, it is necessary to implement European requirements in the design of these facilities with the involvement of multidisciplinary groups: (from architects to nurses, from construction contractors to patients) and supplement SBN B.2.2-10:2019 “Buildings and structures. Health care Facilities” of Ukraine with a guide for designing facilities of a new type of “Mental Health Centers” as in the Republic of Poland. We have developed and sent to the chief physicians of psychiatric hospitals of Ukraine «Questionnaire for scientific sanitary and epidemiological assessment of the conditions of placement of a psychiatric health care facility”. Based on the analysis of the block of questions on sanitary and antiepidemic and sanitary and hygienic parameters that characterize the buildings of domestic psychiatric hospitals, the location of medical structures and auxiliary units on the land plot, i.e. the design of buildings is determined. In particular, 50% of psychiatric hospitals are housed in combined buildings, 25% have a pavilion system (separate buildings), 12.5% each have a centralized system (all in one building) and a block system. The number of stories of psychiatric hospitals up to 2 is 50%, up to 3 – 37.5% and up to 5 stories in those which have been under construction since 1960 – 12.5%. Analysis of the questionnaire block on the conditions of stay, treatment, rehabilitation of the mentally ill revealed the possibility of organizing occupational therapy in 12.5% of psychiatric hospitals, where special workshops are equipped and patients can acquire professional skills. Physiotherapy rooms are equipped in 50% of psychiatric hospitals. Low provision of patients with furniture was revealed: 25% of patients partially have proper desk, 75% do not have it; 50% are provided with proper chairs; 62.8% use proper bedside tables and 25% – closets for storing personal clothes.

Long-Standing International Cooperation in Parasitology Research: A Summary of 35 Years of Activities in the Bolivian Chaco.

The Bolivian Chaco is a semiarid region with a low population density, situated in the southeast part of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Here, despite the improvements of the last 15 years, poverty remains high in rural areas, where social vulnerability is widespread. The Guaraní ethnic group often lives in isolated communities with a low standard of hygiene and sanitation. This epidemiological scenario favors the spread of transmissible diseases, including several parasitic infections belonging to the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) group. In this area, a long-standing research activity, built upon the synergism between local and foreign institutions, has been established since the late 1980s and helps to fill in the knowledge gap about the epidemiology dynamics of soil-transmitted helminths, vector-borne parasites, and other parasitic diseases. A 35-year history of cooperation programs in parasitology research has contributed to informing local health authorities of the NTD burden in the Bolivian Chaco and, ultimately, supports local healthcare providers in the management of parasitic diseases.

The Activity of Chinese Healers in Irkutsk at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

The study explored the professional activity of representatives of traditional Chinese medicine in Irkutsk in the early twentieth century. In the Russian Empire, traditional medicine of the Celestial Empire was not recognized, since its methods and means were not known to European science. The medical community saw the actions of Chinese doctors as quackery. They were associated with sorcerers, healers and shamans. To escape from the law, Chinese healers preferred to settle in the suburbs where the urban poor lived. Exotic healers attracted quite a lot of wealthy citizens to the representatives of the Celestial Empire. For many poor people, they were preferred because of the affordability of their services. Informal methods of communication, posting ads, as well as veiled advertising in periodicals were widely used to attract patients. Chinese doctors actively used pharmacotherapy for treatment, as well as acupuncture. At the same time, Russian doctors were outraged by the disregard for the rules of personal hygiene and sanitation. Patient reviews of doctors were contradictory. The informal nature of the activities of Chinese doctors, as well as their huge popularity, led to imitation by the criminal world. Sometimes the activities of such deceivers ended sadly, which led to litigation. After the February Revolution of 1917, Chinese doctors switched to a legal status. The excessively strict legislation of the Russian Empire led to the fact that it became impossible to distinguish Chinese doctors from various kinds of scammers. In the conditions of personnel shortage in Siberia, Chinese doctors could benefit in the medical field. To do this, it was necessary to formalize the process of recognition of education received in China and limit the scope of their activities to certain areas of medical practice. In addition, oblige them to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards. Such an approach attracted Chinese doctors to the Russian service. Thus, it would be possible to study the methods of Chinese medicine.

Floor eggs: Hatchability, microbiological analysis, and effects of post-hatch use of ceftiofur on performance of broiler chicks

The present study aimed to determine the effects of egg type (nest clean or floor eggs) on eggshell microbiological, hatching performance, chick quality, yolk sac microbiology, and the interaction between egg type and post-hatch use of ceftiofur on broiler performance at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. A total of 2500 fertile eggs were obtained from a commercial flock of Cobb Slow® broiler breeders. Half of the eggs were collected directly from the floor, and the other half were collected from the nests. Microbiological evaluation of eggshells was performed before and after sanitization. After hatching, 420 male chicks were randomly selected and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, separated by the type of egg (clean nest or floor) and the inclusion or not of subcutaneous ceftiofur, totaling four treatments. Egg type did not influence hatchability although the contamination level was 1.3% higher. The body weight and body weight gain of chicks at seven days were greater for chicks from nest eggs that received ceftiofur than chicks from floor eggs that also received ceftiofur. There was no interaction between the studied factors or individual effects for performance at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. It is concluded that incubation of floor eggs, after standard sanitization, does not influence the hatch results and chick quality. Furthermore, it has been proven that the use of ceftiofur is unnecessary when there is correct management during broiler rearing.

First identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis in an area of visceral leishmaniasis transmission in central Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil.

Sand flies are hematophagous dipterans and are considered vectors of the parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, which can infect mammals, including humans, and subsequently cause leishmaniasis. Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil, was considered free of this disease for the last few decades. However, several autochthonous cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been recorded in different municipalities in recent years. Since 2017, cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) have been reported in the municipality of Santa Maria, located in the central region of RS. In 2021, two cases of human VL were confirmed in the city, resulting in one death. To capture the possible vectors involved in the disease transmission cycle, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) modified light traps were installed in the peridomestic residential areas. These points were situated in two city districts where cases of CVL had been reported from January 2021 to January 2022. In the 41 sample collections of sand flies, 9 specimens of Lutzomyia longipalpis were identified, confirming the municipality as an area of VL transmission, according to Brazilian sanitary standards. The spread of Leishmania spp. has been occurring efficiently, resulting in a negative impact on the One Health. This study reports the first detection of L. longipalpis in the central region of RS.

Female-friendly toilets in schools in Burkina Faso: A mixed-methods study using photo-elicitation.

BackgroundAn absence of gender-sensitive sanitation facilities in schools and the negative effects this has on girls has been widely discussed among advocacy groups, though less examined in academic spheres. Drawing on triangulated data, we outline current challenges and respondent-driven solutions to enhance the female-friendly nature of toilets in a context of extreme poverty.MethodsThis mixed-methods study was informed by the tenets of human-centred design. We first quantitatively assessed facilities in 14 secondary schools in the Kossi Province of Burkina Faso. We then collected qualitative data, including 15 focus group discussions and 53 in-depth interviews among schoolgirls, mothers, teachers and key informants. We applied photo-elicitation, a novel method, to explore perceptions of facilities and the desirability and feasibility of interventions to improve gender-friendly sanitation facilities.ResultsNo school met international water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) standards for schools. Roughly one third of schools did not have water and, when present, there was no reliable way to use it within the toilet complex. Schoolgirls shared feelings of shame and stress when menstruating at school, and said that they would avoid using school toilets, if possible. Schoolgirls described water access as the most urgent need to address, followed by fostering privacy and facilitating cleanliness within facilities. Mothers and teachers mostly aligned with these priorities, while key informants additionally emphasised the need to raise awareness on both general and menstrual hygiene and to develop maintenance systems. Photo-elicitation engaged and empowered participants to pinpoint priorities and concrete solutions, namely a need for doors and locks, water containers and cleaning materials.ConclusionsWASH needs in many schools remain unmet. Women and girls should be involved in decision-making across stages of intervention design and implementation. Young women’s voices merit greater inclusion in academic literature. Future interventions should enhance access to water and privacy. Future research could explore maintenance and monitoring strategies to develop guidance on sustainable solutions.

Сontаminаtion of soil with pаthogens of helminth-protozoаlinvаsions in Аstrаkhаn Region for 2016–2020

Objective. To study the parasitic contamination of the soil in Astrakhan Region based on the materials of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Astrakhan Region for 20162020.
 Materials and methods. The research work was carried out on the basis of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology of Astrakhan State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, the Sanitary Department of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Astrakhan Region as well as the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in Astrakhan Region.
 Results. In total, during the analyzed period, 4243 soil samples were selected and examined from various places in the territory of Astrakhan Region, 8486 studies were performed. The number of samples, which do not meet sanitary and parasitological standards, was 5.6 % (237 samples). The samples of soil were taken in places, regulated by normative documents, according to instructions of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in Astrakhan Region including places of crop production (collective farms, state farms, agricultural lands) 1.7 % (71 samples), the zone of industrial enterprises, transport highways, places of application of pesticides and mineral fertilizers 4.7 % (198 samples), the territories of livestock complexes and farms 3.7 % (157 samples), the residential zone (the territory intended for residential, public (public-business) and recreational zones as well as separate parts of engineering and transport infrastructure, other objects, the placement and activity of which does not have an impact requiring special sanitary protection zones) 86.8 % (3682 samples), including the territory of children's institutions and playgrounds (kindergartens, orphanages) 83.5 % (3076 samples) of the number of all the examined selected and investigated samples from the residential zone, places of locations of water sources 0.8 % (36 samples) as well as the territories of other objects of supervision (medical and preventive institutions, beaches, places for development etc.) 2.3 % (99 samples).
 Conclusions. Contamination of the soil with eggs and larvae of geohelminths (toxocara eggs and strongylid larvae) indicates contamination of these objects with feces of invaded animals (the role of stray animals (dogs) in soil contamination is not excluded). The contamination of the soil with eggs of ascaris, opisthorchis, oncospheres of teniids and cysts of amoebas suggests that these objects are contaminated with sewage water resulting from accidents.

Advancing quality and health management practices in extensive shrimp (Penaeus monodon) farming in Bangladesh

This study used a random selection of 150 extensive shrimp farms in three areas in Bangladesh (Paikgacha, Dacope, and Chokoria) and questionnaires to examine the quality, hygiene, and sanitation practices that farmers used to satisfy national and international concerns. The majority (95.67%) of farmers in all three sites did not examine the quality of the hatchery-bred post larvae (PL) and felt that the hatchery used chemicals or antibiotics in producing PL and supplied under-aged PL (below PL15), resulting in significant mortality when released onto the farms. The majority of farmers (83.3%) performed a visual inspection, examining shrimp size, weight, and disease symptoms before harvesting. Farmers in Chokoria were better aware of the need of inspecting quality features (growth, disease, weight, and shell) before harvesting than farmers in Dacope and Paikgacha. Farmers frequently neglected the icing of caught shrimp at the request of the buyer. To reduce losses, they took action when collected shrimp exhibited indicators of low quality, such as the presence of spots (43.3%), fragile shells (37.3%), and accidental debris (88.7%). Shrimp producers also enhanced their quality standards by using 100% plastic crates to transport shrimp and by improving working surfaces (92%) to wash, sort, and sell the collected shrimp, and building sanitary restrooms (100%) at a safe distance from the farms. Farmers believed that new laws had forced them to enhance safety, hygiene, and sanitation standards in order to decrease the poor quality image of Bangladesh shrimp held by international buyers, despite higher operating expenses and lower profitability.