Standardized Temperature Research Articles

Assessing the stability of terrestrial water storage to drought based on CMIP6 forcing scenarios

Assessing the stability of terrestrial water storage (TWS) under drought conditions is critical for the sustainable development of water resources. In this study, we integrated surface temperature (ST), leaf area index (LAI), and precipitation (P) data from five different scenarios (History, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to develop a standardized temperature vegetation precipitation index (STVPI). The index was then utilized to monitor global drought conditions and investigate the stability of TWS to drought disaster. The results showed that STVPI can not only monitor meteorological drought, but also has a remarkable sensitivity and applicability to drought caused by sparse vegetation. Notably, 21.16% of the global land area will have a drought trend under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, while it will rise to 35.81% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, which underscored the potential for an expansion of drought-affected regions worldwide as a result of ongoing global warming and escalating emissions. In addition, the results also found that the warm temperate and tropical regions at lower elevations have an advantage in maintaining the stability of TWS. Unfortunately, the stability of TWS to drought will decline in the western Sahara Desert, central China and northern United States in the future, where will face a serious water crisis. The research framework provides an important reference for deeply evaluating and scientifically allocating water resources under climate change.

Time course of cognitive functions and physiological response under heat exposure: Thermal tolerance exposure time based on ECG and fNIRS

Thermal discomfort has a great dynamic impact on cognitive performance and occupants’ well-being during prolonged working. However, few studies have focused on the dynamic changes in cognitive functions and physiological responses under extreme heat stress. This study investigated the cognitive impairment over exposure time at various ambient temperatures, ranging from 21.15℃ WBGT to 38.93℃ WBGT, and its underlying physiological mechanism. 30 well-trained volunteers and 8 occupational operators participated in the experiments, with typical cognitive tests, ECG, and fNIRS measurements. Negative correlations were mainly observed between cognitive test accuracy, ECG RRI, ECG RMSSD, ECG HF/LF, fNIRS ALFF, fNIRS functional connectivity (CORRz, COH, PLV), and exposure time. This indicated that increased physical load, stress, and decreased regulation ability to sudden changes, cognitive resource input, and inter-regional brain cooperation were key factors contributing to cognitive impairments over time. A comprehensive performance index (CPI) was established by the weighted sum of accuracy in cognitive tests and physiological features of ECG and fNIRS. The weights suggested fNIRS ALFF, ECG RRI, and fNIRS functional connectivity could be potential biomarkers for cognitive assessment. A set of linear quantitative CPI curves over exposure time was supplied to calculate the thermal tolerance exposure time at various risk tolerances and ambient temperatures. A power-law relationship (R2>0.997) was observed between the thermal tolerance exposure time and the standardized temperature. This study provides a physiological insight into cognitive impairment under prolonged heat exposure, and quantitative thermal tolerance exposure curves to evaluate safe thermal working duration for both low-risk groups (officers and drivers) and high-risk groups (operators in industry).

ENSO independent tropical-extratropical signal off the Northeast Pacific

Numerous temporal and spatial patterns of natural climate variability have been characterized. By analyzing standardized and detrended sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) along the coast from 1950 to 2023, this study identifies two dominant modes of ocean variability in the Northeast Pacific Boundary Current (NEPBC) which includes the California and Alaska currents. The first mode is the prevalent pattern of interannual variability associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. A second mode arises as an independent dipole between the coasts of North and Central America, with the strongest intensities on a portion of the NEPBC (38°-53°N) and the Eastern Pacific warm pool (EPWP, 2°S-15°N). The difference in SSTA between the two regions appears to be caused by variations in the intensity and distribution of atmospheric pressure fields and it is related with the Pacific Meridional Mode and North Pacific Oscillation. Such coastal mode will provide the opportunity to describe the interactions of coastal processes with climate indices capturing larger-scale phenomena.

Impact of extreme high temperatures on pollution emissions of enterprise: Evidence from China

Frequently occurring extreme weather events can pose a challenge to people and production systems. Coping with extreme high temperatures requires promoting the synergy between pollution reduction and carbon reduction. Accordingly, this study examines the causal relationship between extreme high temperatures and corporate pollution emissions by using the panel data of a Chinese sample from 2000 to 2014. This study uses fixed-effects models for the analysis. Baseline results show that a unit increase in the standardized temperature will result in a 4.6% reduction in corporate pollutant emissions. The heterogeneous analysis shows that extreme high temperatures will have an obvious effect on enterprises with low financing constraints and high policy and public constraints as well as on enterprises in cities with a high level of economic development, in innovative cities, and in the eastern region. We also explore the mechanism through which extreme high temperatures reduce pollutant emissions from the two dimensions of external environmental pressure and internal environmental governance. Extreme high temperatures will prompt enterprises to improve their energy efficiency, engage in innovative production processes, adopt source-and-end governance measures, and curb their pollutant emissions while strengthening government environmental supervision. This study provides new ideas for enterprise pollution reduction and serves as an inspiration to the government in formulating environmental policies.

Delineating the predominant impact of rising temperature on the enhancement of severity in compound drought-hot events in China: An empirical Copula and path analysis-based approach

Study regionChina Study focusCompound drought-hot events (CDH) inflict serious socio-economic damages on our society and the natural environment. Given the inverse relationship between average summer temperature and precipitation, this investigation introduces an innovative empirical copula-based compound drought-hot index (CDHI). This index is crafted from the joint distribution of the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized temperature index (STI). While previous research has documented a rising trend in these complex events on both regional and global stages, scrutiny into their escalating severity remains limited. To highlight the critical role of climbing temperatures in the increasing severity of CDH events within China, our research utilizes the CDHI in tandem with a path analysis to precisely assess severity shifts in CDH occurrences during the warm season from 1901 to 2022. New hydrological insights for the regionThis study used an empirical copula-based CDH index and implemented the path analysis to quantify the response of severity changes of compound drought-hot events to shifts of summer mean temperature and water deficit from the historical perspective. Our findings reveal a marked escalation in CDH severity across much of China. Path analysis divulges that the influence of rising summer temperatures on CDH severity has seen a significant uptick in the last 60 years (1962–2022), displaying a more considerable contribution rate than the earlier 60-year span (1901–1961). This points to the changing impact of temperature on CDH events over recent decades. During the initial interval (1901–1961), we saw a 0.7% and 1.7% per-decade increase in areas affected by severe and moderate CDH events, respectively. Contrastingly, the subsequent period (1962–2022) experienced a more significant rise, with the area affected by severe and moderate events expanding over twice as much. Totally speaking, this exploration enhances our comprehension of the intensification in CDH event severity and the role of climatic drivers. These insights can contribute to improved risk assessments and the development of tailored adaptation and mitigation strategies in the face of ongoing climate change.

Contribution of standardized indexes to understand groundwater level fluctuations in response to meteorological conditions in cold and humid climates

Understanding the fluctuations in groundwater levels in response to meteorological conditions is challenging, especially given the slow transit time associated with groundwater reservoirs and the short duration of time series for groundwater levels. Nevertheless, this knowledge is crucial for water resource management, especially given that global warming will drastically impact the hydrological dynamics in cold and humid climates. The objective of this work was to quantify how standardized indexes contribute to understanding groundwater level fluctuations in response to meteorological conditions in cold and humid climates and with short time series (10 to 23 years). The relationships between the standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized temperature index (STI), global climate indexes, and standardized groundwater index (SGI) were analyzed. The reactivity of groundwater levels was examined between 2000 and 2022 using groundwater level measurements from 152 wells located between 46 °N and 52 °N in the province of Quebec (Canada). The results showed that the available time series were sufficient to provide new insights into the role of precipitation and temperature on groundwater fluctuations, demonstrating the usefulness of the indexes. One of the main contributions of this study was that hydrogeological systems in cold and humid climates go through an annual reset due to the prolonged freezing period. This annual reset was one of the drivers isolating year-to-year hydrogeological conditions, contributing to short-duration droughts.

Determining features in the application of redundancy for the thermistor cubic transformation function using computer simulation

The object of research is the process of temperature measurement with a platinum thermistor. We have conducted studies on the cubic transformation function of the thermistor when using redundancy that yielded the equation of redundant measurements of the desired temperature. Owing to this, it became possible to directly apply the resulting equation without additional measures to linearize the function of the thermistor transformation. In addition, the obtained value of the desired temperature does not depend on the values of the parameters of the cubic transformation function and their deviations from the nominal values. Experimental studies have proven that the value of the normalized temperature T0 has a greater influence on the result of redundant measurements and the value of the normalized temperature DT on the entire range of measured temperatures Tx is almost unaffected. The best accuracy results (value of relative error δ=0.02 %) were obtained at T0 values lower than –60 °C. When the error of reproduction of normalized temperatures increased from ±0.02 °C to ±0.1 °C, the best accuracy results (value of relative error δ=0.06 %) were obtained at values of normalized temperature T0 below –130 °C. Analysis of results of the absolute error DT revealed that with an error of reproduction of normalized temperatures of ±0.02 °C and at T0=–180 °C, its value does not exceed 0.02 °C, that is, it is within the error of reproduction of normalized temperatures. This allows us to state that it is recommended to use sources of standardized temperatures of high accuracy during measurement control. Thus, there are reasons to assert the prospect for redundant measurements when directly measuring temperature with a thermistor with a cubic transformation function with high accuracy

A new global time-series GPP production: DFRF-GPP

Understanding the global ecosystem carbon cycle requires a quantitative estimation of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP). Although most existing GPP estimates can accurately reflect the spatial distribution, interannual trends and even seasonal cycles of GPP under average conditions to some extent, the GPP estimates of different models under extreme climate conditions are still unsatisfactory. In this study, based on the random forest algorithm, we integrated the multimodel GPP simulation results published by the Multiscale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project, the FLUXNET flux-site-observed GPP, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and the standardized temperature index (STI) to generate a set of global GPP time-series data products from 2001 to 2010. The new GPP product was named DFRF-GPP, referring to the GPP generated by data fusion based on random forest. The quality of DFRF-GPP was evaluated by comparison with current commonly used GPP datasets and GPP observations at FLUXNET flux sites. The results showed that DFRF-GPP is in great agreement with other GPP products and can reproduce the spatial and temporal patterns and interannual trends of global GPP, with optimal performance in regions such as those north of 30° in the Northern Hemisphere where there are more FLUXNET flux sites. DFRF-GPP has higher accuracy and excellent performance on drought and high-temperature samples, with higher sensitivity to drought and high temperature. This study not only provides a set of time-series products of global gross primary production but also provides a convenient and practical solution for enhancing the applicability of GPP estimation products in large-scale extreme climate studies.

The role of protective liners and glass ionomer in managing pulp temperature during light curing.

To evaluate the thermal insulation of protective liners and glass ionomer cement during light-curing procedures. Human third molars underwent Class I preparations with dimensions 5 mm long × 4 mm wide × 4 mm deep in a standardized manner ensured a consistent ±0.5 mm dentin thickness at the pulpal floor. The teeth were attached to a customized oral cavity chamber simulator with a circulating bath at a standardized temperature of 34.2 ± 1oC. The temperature variations at the pulpal floor were captured in real-time by video using an infrared thermal camera (FLIR ONE Pro, FLIR Systems). The materials evaluated were: Dycal (Dentsply), TheraCal LC (Bisco), Activa (Pulpdent), and Fuji II LC (GC). All light-activation procedures were performed with the same light-curing unit (Valo Grand, Ultradent) in standard mode, 1000 mW/cm2, and time of exposure following manufacturer instructions. A power analysis was conducted to determine the sample size considering a minimal power of 0.8, with α=0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. The temperature at the pulpal floor increased above the 5.5 ºC safety threshold difference for clinical scenarios tested. None of the materials provided proper thermal insulation for light-curing procedures (p = 0.25). The higher the number of light-cured steps, the longer the pulp remained above the 5.5 ºC temperature threshold. The materials tested provided improper thermal insulation (Δ > 5.5 ºC). Thus, prolonged or multiple light-curing exposures can be harmful to the pulp tissues. Therefore, for indirect pulpal capping procedures, self-cured materials or a reduced number of steps requiring light curing must be adopted to reduce the amount of time the pulp remains above the 5.5 ºC safety temperature threshold. Key words:Dental Pulp Capping, Calcium hydroxide, Bioactive, Thermal Damage.

Demonstration of process-based reconstruction of annual temperatures from tree ring oxygen isotope

Forecasting the global warming of the post-industrial period requires knowledge of natural variations in climatic parameters, especially temperature in preceding times. Due to its stable time resolution and known physiochemical formation process, tree ring cellulose isotope datasets have immense potential to yield climatic variability information. The first standardized site-independent temperature reconstruction model from tree-ring cellulose oxygen isotope data is demonstrated here using data from a montane site in the western Himalayas. This model does not require any statistical calibration and can be directly compared with instrumental or modelled data. The resulting temperature amplitude is dependent on moisture availability and this input is needed to modulate the reconstruction. The present work tests the possibility of input of carbon isotope discrimination as a proxy of relative humidity. This input achieved amplitude control but additional frequency components were introduced to the reconstruction.

Spatial-temporal variations and drivers of the compound dry-hot event in China

Compound extremes such as compound dry-hot events (CDHEs) have received more attention in the last decade due to their more devastating impacts than those caused by droughts or heatwaves separately. A daily-resolution CDHE index, i.e., compound dry-hot index daily (CDHId), based on the copula and conditional probability is proposed to identify dry and hot days to quantify the CDHE severity. Standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized temperature index (STI), and CDHId are used to explore the spatial-temporal variations of droughts, heatwaves, and CDHEs in China from 1961 to 2020. Results show that CDHEs occurred more frequently after the period from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. Northeast China, Southwest China, and the Tibetan Plateau witnessed the most significant increases in CDHEs. CDHEs are further classified into two types based on the sequential order of the drought and heatwave occurrence, and the drought-preceded CDHEs accounted for 85.2% of all events, indicating that CDHEs were more likely to be induced by antecedent dry conditions. Stronger land-atmosphere coupling was observed both prior to and during CDHEs compared to periods under non-dry-hot conditions, which played a major role in the formation of CDHE at the local and short-time scale. However, the annual variation of CDHE frequency in multi-decades was dominated by heatwaves, with a more significant direct path coefficient than droughts over China. Overall, the increase and enhancement of CDHEs since the early 1980s were consistent with global warming.

ENERGY SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES IN THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE

Purpose. Analysis of the main advantages of innovative technologies of energy efficiency and thermal efficiency of construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures at various stages of construction. Methodology. Along with the spread of organizational processes of technology and construction organization of modern well-known. Construction is one of the largest consumers of energy resources (up to 40%). Construction is one of the most important areas of the country’s economy, which must provide the necessary conditions for saving electricity consumption during construction and the further use of energy-saving and heat-saving technologies, taking into account the environmental consequences of construction and the climatic conditions of the construction site. Energy efficiency and thermal efficiency is becoming one of the main issues for the economic, ecological and social development of construction in Ukraine. Findings. The paper analyzes the use of innovative energy-saving and heat-saving technologies in the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures, and the material provided can be used by the teacher of construction technologies in practical work for training students. Originality. The factors – architectural, design, construction, materials, which affect the energy efficiency and thermal efficiency of the construction – have been determined, and the provided material can be used by the teacher of construction technologies in practical work for the training of students. Practical value. The thermal properties of the enclosures must ensure a standardized temperature and humidity regime in the room, the permissible value of temperature fluctuations on the inner surface with temperature changes of the outside air. The purpose of carrying out thermal engineering calculation of energy-efficient enclosing structures of buildings is to ensure increased thermal protection of residential buildings and structures for new construction, reconstruction and major repairs.

The responses of ecological indicators to compound extreme climate indices in Southwestern China

Global warming has been leading to frequent climate extremes, and a single variable of climate extremes is no longer sufficient to fully assess the impact of climate extremes on ecosystems, requiring a synergistic multivariate inquiry. We obtain the compound warm-dry index (CWD) and the compound cold-dry index (CCD), based on a Copula theory with a binary distribution of a standardized precipitation index (SPI) and a standardized temperature index (STI). Changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of the compound extreme climate indices (CECIs) and the direct and lag responses of ecological indicators (EIs) to the CECIs in Southwestern China (SWC) are analyzed using these two indices. We find that CECIs rise continually during 1980–2019 (p < 0.05), with spring CCD being particularly pronounced (74.8 %, p < 0.01). Moreover, there are regional asymmetries and seasonal asymmetries in the direct and lag responses of ecosystems to compound extreme climate events (CECEs). CWD promotes productivity in spring and the response diminishes in summer, with the response area shifting towards higher altitudes. Spring CWD has a strong lag effect that will suppress summer productivity at higher elevation (>3000 m). Spring CCD promotes the growth of vegetation at low elevation (<1000 m), while summer CCD inhibits it at high elevation. Meanwhile, spring CCD has a strong lag positive effect on summer vegetation growth at low elevation specifically in Sichuan Basin, especially for crops (46.8 %). Our findings highlight the impact of compound climatic conditions on vegetation at specific geographical terrain, and vegetation in different regions can have complex and different responses to compound climate extremes.

Temperature management in the intensive care unit: a practical survey from China

ABSTRACT Introduction: Temperature management is an important aspect of the treatment of critically ill patients, but there are differences in the measurement and management of temperature in different Intensive Care Units (ICUs). The objective of this study was to understand the current situation of temperature measurement and management in ICUs in China, and to provide a basis for standardized temperature management in ICUs. Methods: A 20-question survey was used to gather information on temperature management strategies from ICUs across China. Data such as method and frequency of temperature measurement, management goals, cooling measures, and temperature management recommendations were collected. Results: A total of 425 questionnaires from unique ICUs were included in the study, with responses collected from all provinces and autonomous regions in China. Mercury thermometers were the most widely used measurement tool (82.39%) and the axilla was the most common measurement site (96.47%). There was considerable variability in the frequency of temperature measurement, the temperature at which intervention should begin, intervention duration, and temperature management goals. While there was no clearly preferred drug-based cooling method, the most widely used equipment-based cooling method was the ice blanket machine (93.18%). The most frequent recommendations for promoting temperature management were continuous monitoring and targeted management. Conclusion: Our investigation revealed a high level of variability in the methods of temperature measurement and management among ICUs in China. Since fever is a common clinical symptom in critically ill patients and can lead to prolonged ICU stays, we propose that standardized guidelines are urgently needed for the management of body temperature (BT) in these patients.

A generalized procedure for joint monitoring and probabilistic quantification of extreme climate events at regional level.

Droughts and heat waves are currently recognized as two of the most serious threats associated with climate changes. Drought is characterized by prolonged dry periods, low precipitation, and high temperature, while heat wave refers to an extended period of exceptionally high temperature, surpassing the region's average for that time of year. There is a close relationship between droughts and heat waves, as both are often caused by similar weather patterns and can exacerbate each other's impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor and quantify both droughts and heat waves jointly at a regional level in order to develop sustainable policies and effectively manage water resources. This article develops a new index, the standardized composite index for climate extremes (SCICE), for joint monitoring and probabilistic quantification of extreme climate events at regional level. The procedure of SCICE is mainly based on the joint standardization of standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized temperature index (STI). In the application of SCICE, results reveal that the long-term probabilities of the joint occurrence of dry and hot events are significantly greater than those of wet and cold events. Furthermore, the outcomes of the comparative assessment support the validity of using SCICE as a compact statistical approach in regional drought analysis. In summation, the study demonstrates the capability of SCICE to effectively characterize and assess the joint monitoring of drought and heat waves at a regional level, providing a comprehensive approach to understanding the joint impact of climate extremes.

평균온도와 자살 사망률의 연관성

Temperature increase due to climate change is approaching as a practical problem. A recent study showing that temperature increase can trigger suicide is noteworthy in Korea, where the suicide rate is high. Distributed lag (DL) models have been used in many epidemiological studies to evaluate the cumulative effect of temperature on suicide. Although the effect of temperature on suicide differs by age and gender, DL models have been frequently used at the aggregated level. We used a age-specific DL models to confirm the effect of temperature by age. This model uses data from different ages to estimate age-specific DL effects. We used the model to explore the association between the standardized suicide mortality ratio and mean temperature by age in Seoul from 2010 to 2019. As a result, short-term exposure to high temperature was significantly associated with an increase in suicide mortality in those aged 65 years or older and those aged 35-64 years. On the other hand, 10-34 years of age showed a significant association with a decrease in suicide mortality. As the lag days increased, the effect of temperature decreased. The cumulative effect of mean temperature over the lag period of 0-3 days showed a significant association with suicide mortality only in those aged 65 years or older. The association between high temperature and suicide mortality was significantly higher in men than in women. This research method can be used in various ways in other studies to confirm the association between environmental factors and diseases by age.

Hydroclimatic Trends and Drought Risk Assessment in the Ceyhan River Basin: Insights from SPI and STI Indices

This study examined the spatiotemporal climate variability over the Ceyhan River basin in Southern Anatolia, Türkiye using historical rainfall and temperature observations recorded at 15 meteorology stations. Various statistical and geostatistical techniques were employed to determine the significance of trends for each climatic variable in the whole basin and its three sub-regions (northern, central, and southern regions). The results revealed that the recent years in the basin were generally warmer compared with previous years, with a temperature increase of approximately 4 °C. The standardized temperature index analysis indicated a shift towards hotter periods after 2005, while the coldest periods were observed in the early 1990s. The spatial distribution of temperature showed non-uniform patterns throughout the basin. The first decade of the study period (1975–1984) was characterized by relatively cold temperatures, followed by a transition period from cold to hot between 1985 and 2004, and a hotter period in the last decade (2005–2014). The rainfall analysis indicated a decreasing trend in annual rainfall, particularly in the northern and central regions of the basin. However, the southern region showed an increasing trend in annual rainfall during the study period. The spatial distribution of rainfall exhibited considerable variability across the basin, with different regions experiencing distinct patterns. The standardized precipitation index analysis revealed the occurrence of multiple drought events throughout the study period. The most severe and prolonged droughts were observed in the years 1992–1996 and 2007–2010. These drought events had significant impacts on water availability and agricultural productivity in the basin.

Variations of air temperature differences at different temporal scales over the Tibetan Plateau since 1961 and their possible causes

AbstractThe air temperature difference is an essential indicator to measure weather and climate change. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a sensitive area to global climate change. The study on its temperature difference variations is of great significance for further understanding the evolution of weather and climate systems, and scientific disaster prevention and mitigation. In this study, the spatio‐temporal evolution characteristics of the temperature difference on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales and their possible causes are analysed based on the daily observations at 59 meteorological stations over the TP from 1961 to 2020 and the circulation indexes such as the East Asian summer monsoon, South Asian summer monsoon, midlatitude westerly and TP summer monsoon. The results indicate that the diurnal temperature range (DTR) on the TP tends to decrease from 1961 to 2020. Compared with the situation in the late 20th century, the annual average of the DTR in the eastern TP turns from a nonsignificant increasing trend into a pronounced decreasing trend, while that in the western TP maintains a decreasing trend. This phenomenon is primarily influenced by the minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation and atmospheric circulations. The standardized temperature difference at different temporal scales shows decreasing trends and is distributed in north–south and east–west distribution patterns. The annual temperature range is mainly influenced by the remarkable increase of the minimum temperature, especially in the northern and southeastern TP. Besides, the increases of maximum temperature and precipitation also affect the annual temperature range. In terms of the seasonal temperature range, it is dramatically influenced by different meteorological factors, especially in the northern TP. The monthly temperature range (Mon‐TR) is dramatically influenced by the maximum and minimum temperature in the first and second half years, respectively. Moreover, the circulation systems, such as the midlatitude westerly, South Asian summer monsoon and TP summer monsoon, are the main influencing factors of the temperature difference variations on the TP. The midlatitude westerly have a large influence on Mon‐TR in June and September, and the significantly influenced stations reaches 54.2% and 35.6%. The impact stations of the TP summer monsoon on Mon‐TR is the largest in August, and the significantly influenced stations is 39%. In July, the influenced stations of the TP summer monsoon and South Asian summer monsoon on the Mon‐TR reaches 30.5%–33.9%. The influenced area of the Mon‐TR in June is largest affected by single summer monsoon or westerly index. Previous studies have shown that the warming mechanisms and their influencing factors have changed in the TP since the 21st century. The study results might provide the foundation for a scientific understanding of climate warming on the TP.

Comparison of behavioural and transcriptional responses to a heat stressor between freshly collected and an inbred strain of Lymnaea

Different populations of organisms occurring across varying thermal regimes show diversity in responses to heat stress. We use a “common garden experimental” approach designed to deal with phenotypic plasticity to study in Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) the behavioural and molecular responses to a heat shock in laboratory-inbred snails (W-strain) and freshly collected snails (Stony strain) from ponds. In the W-strain, which has been reared under standardized temperatures for generations, the exposure to 30 °C for 1 h (heat shock, HS) when experienced after a novel “taste” results in a taste-specific aversion known as the “Garcia effect”. This learned avoidance requires the upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs). In contrast, freshly collected Stony strain, which experiences temperature fluctuations regularly, does not exhibit a Garcia effect. Here, we found that (1) Stony-strain snails have higher basal mRNA levels of HSPs than W-strain ones; (2) in the W-strain, the training procedure to cause the Garcia effect upregulates the mRNA levels of HSPs and key neuroplasticity-related genes such as CREB1 and GRIN1; (3) in Stony-strain snails, the same training procedure fails to alter the mRNA levels of those targets. These data suggest that Stony-strain snails do not perceive the HS as a stressor because of the higher HSP basal mRNA levels, which may confer a higher thermal tolerance.

On the statistical distribution of temperature and the classification of extreme events considering season and climate change—an application in Switzerland

With the increased occurrence of hot spells in recent years, there is growing interest in quantifying the recurrence of extreme temperature events. However, pronounced temperature anomalies occur all year round, and a reliable classification in terms of the time of occurrence in the year is needed. In this study, we present a novel approach to classifying daily air temperatures that take into account the seasonal cycle and climate change. We model the distribution of the daily Swiss temperatures using the skewed generalized error distribution with four time-varying parameters, thereby accounting for non-Gaussianity in daily air temperature, while the climatic trend is modeled linearly with smoothed northern hemisphere temperature as an explanatory variable. The daily observations are then transformed into a standard normal distribution. The resultant standardized temperature anomalies are comparable within a year and between years and are used for quantile-based empirical classification. The approach is suitable to classify historical and current extreme temperatures with respect to the temperature range expected at the time of the event. For example, a heat wave occurring at the end of June is classified as less likely to occur than a heat wave of similar intensity occurring in mid-July, as is shown for the two 7-day heat waves that struck Switzerland in the summer of 2019. Furthermore, climate change has increased the probability of hot events and decreased the probability of cold events in recent years. The presented approach thus allows a fair classification of extreme temperatures within a year and between years and offers new possibilities to analyze daily air temperature.