Standard Policy Research Articles

Implementation of the Standard Inpatient Class Policy at RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Makassar

Background: Based on Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2024, which replaces Presidential Regulation No. 82 of 2018 on Health Insurance, the implementation of the Standard Inpatient Class (KRIS) is mandated for four types of hospitals in Indonesia, including RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar. The KRIS policy must be implemented in all hospitals in Indonesia cooperating with BPJS Health by June 30, 2025. However, the current implementation of KRIS primarily focuses on adjusting medical facilities and infrastructure toward a single class. To analyze the implementation of the KRIS policy at RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar in 2024 based on Input and Process aspects. Method: This study employed descriptive research with a qualitative approach, using interviews, observations, and document reviews conducted from February to March 2024 at RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar. Eleven informants were selected using purposive sampling. Result: The "Man" input is adequate but faces obstacles. There is no specific budget allocation ("Money") and no difference in financial management before and after policy implementation. "Material" needs are not fully met, and there are established "Methods" or rules for implementing the KRIS policy. Conclusion: Overall, the implementation of KRIS at RSUP Dr. Tadjuddin Chalid Makassar, as a pilot hospital for KRIS, has been successful. However, several variables still need improvement. It is recommended that the hospital enhance its strategies in various aspects of KRIS policy implementation.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE MANAGEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This systematic review, based on 37 articles, explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in criminal justice, focusing on its applications in predictive policing, judicial risk assessments, and surveillance, as well as the associated ethical and regulatory challenges. AI has demonstrated substantial potential for improving efficiency and accuracy in criminal justice systems, from optimizing law enforcement resource allocation to providing data-driven risk assessments that support judicial decisions. However, the review identifies significant ethical issues, especially related to algorithmic bias, which can perpetuate existing societal inequalities and disproportionately affect marginalized communities. Concerns around transparency and accountability are prevalent, as the "black-box" nature of many AI algorithms complicates public understanding and trust in AI-driven outcomes. Surveillance tools, including facial recognition and behavioral analysis, enhance real-time threat detection but raise privacy and civil rights concerns, highlighting the need for regulatory oversight. Gaps in legal frameworks suggest the urgency for standardized policies that address data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and accountability in AI applications. The findings underscore that interdisciplinary collaboration, transparent practices, and comprehensive regulatory measures are essential to responsibly integrate AI into criminal justice, balancing technological advancements with justice, equity, and public trust.

Financial conflicts of interest among authors of clinical practice guideline for headache disorders in Japan

BackgroundFinancial relationships between clinical guideline authors and pharmaceutical companies introduce conflicts of interest (COI), potentially biasing guideline recommendations. Thus, proper management of COI is paramount for clinical guideline authors. Nevertheless, little is known about COI among neurology clinical guideline authors. This study aimed to evaluate the financial relationships between pharmaceutical companies and authors of Clinical Practice Guideline for Headache Disorders (CPGHD) in Japan.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of 2016–2020 personal payments data disclosed by all pharmaceutical companies affiliated with the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. We examined amounts and fraction of personal payments to all 57 CPGHD authors and all neurologists board-certified by the Japanese Society of Neurology. Payment data was descriptively analyzed at individual author level.ResultsAmong 57 CPGHD authors, 56 (98.3%) received personal payments totaling $2.7 million from pharmaceutical companies between 2016 and 2020. Median five-year payments were $89,955 for CPGHD authors, while $521 for board-certified neurologists. The CPGHD chairperson and vice chairperson received substantial payments during the guideline development period. Nevertheless, because of less rigorous and transparent COI policy compared to international standard policies, only 10 authors disclosed their financial relationships with the pharmaceutical companies in the guideline.ConclusionsMore than 98% of CPGHD authors received much higher personal payments from pharmaceutical companies than those to board-certified neurologists during the guideline development period in Japan.

Student’s Utilization and Assistance of AI Tools in Assessment Completion: Perceptions and Implications

The study investigates the utilization and impact of AI Tools' usage by students for their assessment completion. It also explores students’ perceptions and examines the implications of using AI technology on students’ learning and development process. A total of 145 students majorly between 21-25 of age studying in Higher Education Institutions in the Sultanate of Oman participated in the survey. Data was collected employing non-probability convenience sampling. Results indicated that improving writing skills, critical thinking and analysis were the top 3 ranked skills which get enhanced in students by AI tools. As to fairness in AI tools' usage, the majority of the students agreed that these tools should only be used for generating ideas and structuring assessments. Results also revealed that 50% of the students were of the opinion that their institutions do not effectively regulate the use of AI. However, responses to questions on utilizing AI indicated that out of the students who had been penalized, 35% had a reduction in marks, 30% were asked to resubmit the assessment, 26% were given warnings, while 10% were given a ‘fail’ grade. Formulating standardized policies and regulations on AI usage, proper dissemination, and their implementation were the general recommendations obtained from the study.

Analisis perlakuan akuntansi sewa berdasarkan PSAK No. 73 pada PT. PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Suluttenggo

State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) must follow changes in the applicable accounting standards policy. This includes the lease accounting policy in accordance with PSAK No. 73. These standards are designed to ensure consistency and transparency in financial reporting. The transition from PSAK No. 30 to PSAK No. 73 will have a significant impact on the accounting treatment of leases and the company's financial statements. This study will analyse the accounting treatment of leases and their impact on State Electricity Company (PT PLN Persero) Unit Induk Distribusi Suluttenggo. This study employs a qualitative research method with a descriptive analysis approach. The data was obtained through interviews with the relevant parties and a thorough examination of the company's financial statements. The results clearly show that the company's accounting treatment of leases is in line with PSAK No. 73. However, there are some areas where the presentation of leases could be improved. The transition has had a positive impact on the company's financial statements, with an increase in total assets and liabilities due to the recognition of lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and a decrease in total operating expenses.

Saving the Health Care Safety Net: Progress and Opportunities.

The health care safety net provides essential clinical care and social services for low-income, uninsured, and underinsured populations in the United States. Despite these important functions, the health care safety net has experienced recurrent financial instability, growing market pressures, and workforce strain. Payment reform has also introduced unique challenges for safety net providers related to measuring and reaching quality benchmarks. A common theme among these challenges is that many of them result from applying standard health policy approaches to the safety net instead of using safety net-specific approaches. This review describes progress toward strengthening the safety net, key challenges, and opportunities moving forward.

Contesting “VIP urbanism”

We live in an age of extreme and worsening urban inequality. One result is the increased prevalence of “VIP urbanism”—the idea that cities govern land use through two sets of rules, one of them reserved for “very important people”. The first set of rules applies to most urbanites, through de jure laws and standardized bureaucratic policies. However, in many places a second set of practices operates quietly alongside the official rules, as a de facto system of loopholes, easements, exemptions, lobbying, and veto power that enable some actors to shape cities in ways that violate the spirit—and sometimes even the letter—of the law. This special issue presents empirical research and theoretical commentary on the VIP urbanism phenomenon, with cases including Bengaluru, Hong Kong, Milan, New York City, Paris, Valparaiso, and Venice. The authors identify how preferential treatment for elites has impacted urban governance in a diverse geography of cities, and evaluate how these practices have been contested by social movements and other urban stakeholders.

Staff Safety Alert Banner Program Against Workplace Violence at an Urban American Hospital.

Workplace violence (WPV) in healthcare has become an issue worldwide, with increasing prevalence after the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, WPV in any setting has individual and systemic repercussions. However, despite extensive literature reporting the prevalence of WPV in healthcare worldwide, effective, standardized prevention policies have not been established. We developed and piloted a WPV initiative at an urban hospital in the state of Maryland. Here, we aim to describe our program development methods and implementation. The 6-month program utilized a reporting tool developed within patients' electronic medical records (EMRs) to request the display of a Staff Safety Alert (SSA) banner to alert healthcare professionals of patients who engaged in violent behavior and are at increased risk of subsequent behavior. This tool was piloted on 21 patient care units. A review committee either approved or denied case requests filed by frontline workers, with holistic consideration involving patient status, potential biases, and communication flaws. Twenty-one banner requests were filed during the course of the pilot. Of which, eight were approved, and 13 were denied. The multi-trauma intermediate care floor filed the most case requests for a safety banner. Our pilot program offers a patient-centered intervention program where extensive personnel training and patient-focused considerations were applied prior to the approval or denial of a banner display. The SSA program was the initial step in institutionally combatting WPV in healthcare as staff are encouraged to officially document unsafe events followed by careful action in response.

Workplace intervention among pregnant hospital employees − a cluster randomised trial evaluating sick leave

ObjectiveSick leave during pregnancy is common and associated with strenuous working conditions and multiple occupational exposures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of midwifery facilitation of sessions with pregnant employees and managers focusing on work adjustment, to reduce discomfort and occupational risks. MethodsA cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted. Hospital employees were randomised to intervention or reference. The intervention group received additional midwifery support in addition to the standard hospital pregnancy policy provided to the reference group. Outcomes were pregnancy-related sick leave and general sick leave. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed with mixed-effect models. ResultsSick leave was similar between the intervention and reference groups, and 51 % of pregnant employees did not take any days of full pregnancy related sick leave, while approximately 21 % took more than 30 days. Group differences in mean estimates for partial sick leave were −0.5 (CI −2.3;1.3) days. Differences in full sick leave was 1.2 (CI −2.9;5.2) days, and 0.6 (CI −1.0;2.1) days for general sick leave. ConclusionMidwifery support as an add-on to usual pregnancy policy did not decrease sick leave during pregnancy compared to usual practice in a study population of Danish healthcare professionals. Midwifery support tailored towards the specific work environment may perhaps provide better results.

Beijing consensus diplomacy: A promoter or threat to Africa’s pathway to sustainable development

Using a qualitative research methodology and explanatory approach to collect data, we assessed whether the Beijing Consensus diplomacy in Africa is a promoter or threat to Africa’s pathway to sustainable development. The collected data were analysed using document and content analysis techniques. Analysis of the data revealed that the Beijing Consensus diplomacy in Africa is a positive initiative that has created a win-win situation, promoting sustainable development. The Beijing Consensus is opposed to the Washington Consensus, which influenced a win-lose situation that has deepened poverty, making Africa unable to move towards achieving sustainable development. The study found that China’s resource-for-development approach has similarities with pre-colonial Africa’s barter trade approach, which Africans practised in the entire continent. The analysis showed that applying the Beijing Consensus diplomacy to Africa has led to economic growth and development. The results showed that China’s Belt Road Initiative has transformed Africa, changing the continent from poverty to economic productivity, as road infrastructure is associated with economic growth and development. Moreover, it was evident from the analysis that without an African continental foreign policy rooted in continental sovereignty with transparent terms and conditions, Africa’s current benefits from China’s investments would lead to poverty instead of sustainable development. A continental foreign policy would create an African Consensus, which would act on behalf of the entire continent. This African Consensus diplomacy would thus become a continental foreign policy defining Africa globally. However, as it stands, the Beijing Consensus diplomacy is a promoter of sustainable development, but this promotion would not last long without African Consensus diplomacy. The study recommends that Africa should establish a continental foreign policy with African Consensus diplomacy to enable the continent to have one standard foreign policy and goal when trading with China and any other external world.

Blockchain-Driven Generalization of Policy Management for Multiproduct Insurance Companies

This article presents a Blockchain-based solution for the management of multipolicies in insurance companies, introducing a standardized policy model to facilitate streamlined operations and enhance collaboration between entities. The model ensures uniform policy management, providing scalability and flexibility to adapt to new market demands. The solution leverages Merkle trees for secure data management, with each policy represented by an independent Merkle tree, enabling updates and additions without altering existing policies. The architecture, implemented on a private Ethereum network using Hyperledger Besu and Tessera, ensures secure and transparent transactions, robust dispute resolution, and fraud prevention mechanisms. The validation phase demonstrated the model’s efficiency in reducing data redundancy and ensuring the consistency and integrity of policy information. Additionally, the system’s technical management has been simplified, operational redundancies have been eliminated, and privacy is enhanced.

Understanding the evolution of China's technology standard policy from 1949 to 2019 through the lens of policy learning

Understanding the evolution of China's technology standard policy from 1949 to 2019 through the lens of policy learning

Fast and efficient heuristics for the (s, S, T) inventory policy

We consider a single-echelon inventory system facing stochastic demand controlled by the standard ( s , S , T ) periodic review policy. While an exact algorithm for optimising all three policy variables exists, high computational requirements prohibit real industrial applications. To deal with this problem, here we propose three search heuristic algorithms that can approximate the optimal policy solution very fast and accurately. All heuristics make use of the empirical observation that the optimisers of the ( s , S , T ) policy are closely related to those of the classical ( r , nQ , T ) policy. For the latter, however, a fast near-optimal heuristic exists. Therefore, starting with the ( r , nQ , T ) optimal solution, all algorithms employ local neighbourhood search to determine the required ( s , S , T ) policy solution approximation. Experiments with well-known meta-heuristics such as Simulated Annealing, Tabu Search, and others show that the heuristics compare favourably in both solution time and quality. Moreover, compared with the existing exact algorithm heuristic solutions are very satisfactory in quality and are obtained in a fraction of CPU-time.

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Diagnostic Processes and Comprehensive Multimodal Models in Pain Medicine.

Pain diagnosis remains a challenging task due to its subjective nature, the variability in pain expression among individuals, and the difficult assessment of the underlying biopsychosocial factors. In this complex scenario, artificial intelligence (AI) can offer the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict treatment outcomes, and personalize pain management strategies. This review aims to dissect the current literature on computer-aided diagnosis methods. It also discusses how AI-driven diagnostic strategies can be integrated into multimodal models that combine various data sources, such as facial expression analysis, neuroimaging, and physiological signals, with advanced AI techniques. Despite the significant advancements in AI technology, its widespread adoption in clinical settings faces crucial challenges. The main issues are ethical considerations related to patient privacy, biases, and the lack of reliability and generalizability. Furthermore, there is a need for high-quality real-world validation and the development of standardized protocols and policies to guide the implementation of these technologies in diverse clinical settings.

Grand theft ambulance: Media reports of stolen ambulances in the United States, 1980 to 2020

BackgroundAmbulance thefts are frequently reported in the media, particularly over the past decade, with increasing numbers of news stories on these events. Despite these media reports, there is a paucity of peer-reviewed literature describing details and themes of these events. MethodsWe performed a structured review of media reports published between 1980 and 2020 using publicly available databases EMS1.com and Newspaper Source Plus, with keywords “stolen” and “ambulance,” with filters for date range, “1980 to 2020,” and location, “US.” The search was limited to English language articles and duplicate reports were excluded. Results263 unique media reports of stolen ambulances were identified (n = 149 from EMS1.com and n = 114 from Newspaper Source Plus (NSP)). Texas (n = 19) and Pennsylvania (n = 15) had the most media-reported cases of stolen ambulances. Montana, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and Washington, District of Columbia (DC) had the fewest media-reported stolen ambulances. Most cases occurred at a hospital (n = 141), followed by theft on scene (n = 71). Males accounted for approximately two-thirds of alleged perpetrators (68 %, EMS1.com, 66 %, NSP). ConclusionsMedia reports of ambulance thefts in the US have increased in recent years, highlighting the opportunity for improved education, standard policies and procedures, and increased security countermeasures to prevent the potential injuries and economic losses associated with these events.

ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL GUIDELINES FOR STANDARDIZATION OF FINANCIAL REPORTING OF ENTERPRISES AS SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

This article aims to present an approach for determining the most effective administrative and legal guidelines for the standardization of financial reporting in modern open socio-economic systems. It emphasizes the current state of financial reporting of these open socio-economic systems at the time of analysis and the application of the proposed approach. As the most common form of open socio-economic systems today, enterprises are taken as the basis. The method of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), which encompasses various approaches to decision-making based on multiple criteria, including hierarchical analysis, was applied. In addition to its comprehensiveness, the method of pairwise comparison, which involves the use of two elements for comparison, was also applied. Experts were involved in the assessment and determination of the administrative and legal guidelines. As a result, an approach to forming key administrative and legal guidelines for the standardization of financial reporting was developed, which, unlike other similar approaches, aims to take into account external environmental factors and the changes they bring in order to try to adjust financial reporting standardization policies in complex development conditions. The practical value is revealed in the possibility of application by state bodies and structures involved in the development and establishment of financial reporting standards in Ukraine.

Implementation of Standardization Policy for Cross-Border Service Posts

Implementation of Standardization Policy for Cross-Border Service Posts

Cellular therapy site-preparedness: Inpatient pharmacy implementation at a large academic medical center.

With the recent Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approval of cellular therapy that requires product manipulation prior to administration in combination with a short stability window, the need was identified for local dose preparation within the pharmacy rather than the off-site stem cell processing laboratory. This approval gave rise to assessment of regulatory standards surrounding cellular therapy, evaluation and revision of current standard operating procedures and policies with formal process validation, assessment of occupational exposure mitigation and safety considerations, and development of staff training and education. To describe and provide insight into the stepwise process of FACT validation and onboarding of commercially available cellular therapy products that require sterile compounding manipulation within a pharmacy prior to administration. A multidisciplinary effort is required to attain FACT certification and implement pharmacist compounding of cellular therapy products.1 Local preparation within a pharmacy facilitates a sound operational workflow and provides a pathway to perform aseptic manipulations of cellular therapy products safely and efficiently. Safe and successful administration of cellular therapies handled and compounded by pharmacy department staff along with program validation requires a preemptive review utilizing a multidisciplinary approach for process development. This manuscript will provide a foundation based on consistency and transparency in effective cellular therapy sterile compounding and aseptic manipulation, proper handling and disposal procedures, increased communication through creation and optimization of treatment plans and order-sets, standardized medical center staff education, and development of policies and standard operating procedures for the entire health care team.

Impartial policymakers prefer to impose carbon pricing to capping, especially when combined with offsets

Sustainable socio-economic development requires a global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize an incentivized experiment to map the preferences of ‘policymakers’ over climate actions of ‘decision-makers’. Our design guarantees that these preferences are unaffected by selfish motives such as a concern about being re-elected or an unwillingness to pay for the greater good. Few of our impartial policymakers choose interventions that leave the autonomy of decision-makers' completely untouched. The choice patterns of those who intervene suggest that policymakers care not only about minimizing emissions, but also about how emissions are reduced. Policymakers strongly prefer pricing policies over capping emissions, and among the pricing policies, they prefer those that include voluntary carbon offsets, even if this leaves considerable scope for decision-makers to selfishly emit CO2. The reason is that policymakers expect decision-makers to voluntarily offset some of their emissions at their own cost, and believe that this would eventually improve the outcome in terms of both emissions and the decision-makers' profit relative to a standard carbon pricing policy (without offsetting). Our decision-making data confirm this expectation.

An inter-provincial coordinate model under Renewable Portfolio Standards policy based on tradable green certificate options trading

The current territorial management model under Renewable Portfolio Standards in China cannot fully develop renewable energy due to the mismatch between high energy-consumption regions and renewable energy-rich regions. Therefore, we proposed an inter-provincial coordinate model based on tradable green certificate options trading (CMTOT), which includes four components: (1) A dual-objective optimization model is established to minimize the RPS target realization cost and maximize the pollutant emission reduction based on Blacke-Scholes option pricing model. (2) The identification of buyer and seller provinces of tradable green certificate (TGC) options based on the above model. (3) An optimization model in buyers' or sellers' cooperation alliance is established. (4) The cost allocation models by Shapley value and Nucleolus are established to ensure the fairness in different scenarios. A case study of Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia shows that the CMTOT can effectively reduce the RPS target realization cost by 16.79 % and increase the pollutant emission reduction by 4.32 %. A sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the CMTOT. The results show that the CMTOT can both fully develop renewable energy and effectively reduce pollutant emission. Therefore, we proposed some policy recommendations to support the implementation of the CMTOT.