Standardized Ileal Digestibility Of Most AA Research Articles

PSVII-3 Nutritional Value of a New Source of Cheese Co-Product Fed to Weanling Pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, and metabolizable energy (ME) are greater in a new source of cheese co-product (Keys Manufacturing Co., Inc.) than in fish-meal or enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM). The second hypothesis was that cheese co-product can replace spray dried plasma (SDP) or ESBM in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp 1, eight ileal-cannulated weanling barrows (11.0 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to a repeated 4 × 4 Latin-square with 4 diets (cheese co-product, fish meal, ESBM, N-free) and four 7-d periods. In Exp. 2, 32 weanling barrows (14.0 ± 1.1 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn diet or diets containing corn and cheese co-product, fish meal, or ESBM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with diet as fixed effect and pig as random effect. Cheese co-product had greater (P < 0.05) SID of most AA and greater (P < 0.05) ME compared with fish meal and ESBM (Table 1). In Exp. 3, 128 weanling pigs (6.2 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 4 diets, eight pens per diet, and 4 pigs/pen. The 4 phase 1 diets were fed from d 1 to 14 post-weaning and included a control diet containing ESBM and SPD or diets in which 6, 7, or14 % cheese co-product replaced ESBM, SPD, or both ESBM and SPD. Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of including cheese co-product in the diets. Results demonstrated that cheese co-product had no influence on growth performance. In conclusion, cheese co-product has greater SID of most AA and greater ME than fish meal and ESBM, and cheese co-product can replace ESBM and SDP in phase 1 diets without affecting growth performance of pigs.

218 Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids Is Greater in Sunflower Expellers Than in Sunflower Meal When Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the null hypothesis that country of origin and oil extraction method does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expeller (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States. Eight barrows (initial BW: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were housed individually and allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods. Each source of SFM or SFE was included in one diet as the only source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used. Data for SFM were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with the fixed effect of ingredient and the random effects of animal and period. A contrast statement was used to compare results for SFM and SFE. Pig was the experimental unit and an alpha value of 0.05 was used. Results indicated that the SID of most AA in SFM sources 2 and 6 were greater (P < 0.05) than in source 4, but the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp were not different among the 6 sources of sunflower meal (Table 1). The SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater (P < 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of all AA except Lys, Met, and Trp in SFM sourced from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, or the United States were observed, but the SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that country of origin or site of production as well as oil extraction method influence SID of AA.

PSII-23 Addition of Hydrogen Chloride to Collection Bags or Containers Did Not Change Basal Endogenous Losses or Digestibility of Amino Acid in Corn, Soybean Meal, or Wheat Middlings Fed to Growing Pigs

Abstract The hypothesis that apparent ileal digestibility (AID), basal endogenous losses, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA are not affected by adding acid to collection containers or bags used to collect ileal digesta from pigs was tested. Twenty-four barrows (initial BW: 77.8 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were fed diets for three 7-d periods. Corn, soybean meal, and wheat middlings were the sole AA sources in each diet and an N-free diet was also used. Within each period, each of the 4 diets was fed to 6 pigs. Among the 6 pigs, digesta from 3 pigs were collected in bags containing no HCl, whereas 40 mL of 3N HCl was included in the bags used to collect digesta from the remaining 3 pigs. Every other bag collected from each pig was emptied into a container without adding HCl, whereas the remaining bags were added to a container along with 40 mL of 3N HCl for each bag. All digesta were stored at –20 °C immediately after collection. Data were first analyzed using a model that included feed ingredient, HCl in bags, HCl in containers, and all 2-way and 3-way interactions as fixed effects. No 3-way interactions were significant, and data were, therefore, analyzed independently for each diet as a 2 × 2 factorial. Results indicated that there were no interactions between adding HCl to collection bags and to containers, and no effects of adding HCl to collection bags or containers for AID, basal endogenous losses, or SID of most AA were observed (Table 1). In conclusion, if digesta are stored at –20 °C immediately after collection, it is not necessary to add acid to digesta collection bags or collection containers.

160 Effects of dietary amino acid concentration on digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA. In Exp. 1, thirty cannulated pigs (BW:31.4 ± 3.9 kg) were allotted to 5 diets. Four diets were formulated to contain 4.7 to 30.4% CP, by including 10, 30, 50, or 70% soybean meal. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The model included diet as a fixed variable and polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary AA. The SID of CP, Lys, Phe, and Thr decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary AA increased (Table 1). However, this effect was primarily a result of the SID of AA in the diet containing 30.4% CP and the SID of CP and most AA was not affected by dietary AA if diets contained 4.7 to 22.1% CP. In Exp. 2, twenty-four cannulated pigs (BW:22.8 ± 1.7 kg) were used. Pigs were allotted to a quadruplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with 6 diets and 2 periods. Five diets were formulated to contain 6.8 to 31.8% CP, by including 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% soy protein concentrate. An N-free diet was also used. Data were analyzed as for Exp. 1. The SID of His and Lys decreased quadratically (P < 0.05) with increased dietary AA (Table 2). However, if dietary CP was 26.6% or less, no effect of dietary AA on SID of CP and most indispensable AA was observed. In conclusion, the SID of most AA is not influenced by dietary AA if dietary CP does not exceed around 26%. Hence, the SID of AA in feed ingredients may be determined in diets containing AA below, at, or slightly above requirements without impacting results.

162 Digestibility of energy and nutrients and concentration of metabolizable energy in soybean expellers and soybean meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that energy and nutrient digestibility and concentrations of DE and ME are greater in soybean expellers than in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, two diets based on soybean expellers or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet were formulated. Nine cannulated barrows (BW: 55.98 ± 13.75 kg) were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and square, period, and animal as random effects. Results indicated that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of most AA were greater (P < 0.05) or tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in soybean expellers compared with SBM (Table 1). In Exp. 2, a corn-based diet and 2 diets based on corn and each of the 2 soybean products were formulated. Twenty-four barrows (BW: 44.88 ± 2.17 kg) were allotted to 1 of the 3 diets with 8 pigs per diet. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. The statistical model included diet or ingredient as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE was not different among pigs fed the 3 diets. Concentrations of DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater (P < 0.05) compared with SBM, but the ATTD of total dietary fiber was not different between the 2 soybean products. In conclusion, values for SID of most AA and the DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater than in SBM.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in canola meal fed to gestating and lactating sows1.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in solvent extracted canola meal (CM) fed to gestating and lactating sows without or with a multi-enzyme complex. Eight sows cannulated on day 40 of gestation were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The 4 diets included 2 cornstarch-based diets with 31.3% CM as the only source of AA, without or with a multi-enzyme complex, a casein-cornstarch diet to determine ileal endogenous AA losses, and a phosphorus-free diet (phosphorus digestibility data reported elsewhere). All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide. Gestating sows were fed 3.0 kg/d of the respective experimental diets, whereas, during lactation, sows had ad libitum access to experimental diets. Ileal digesta samples were collected in midgestation, late gestation, and lactation. In each period, after 6-d acclimation to the experimental diets, on days 7 and 8, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 12 h. Results indicated that sows in lactation had greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and all AA (P < 0.05) compared with sows in gestation. Enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the AID of histidine, lysine, methionine, valine, and alanine, and a tendency (P < 0.10) for improvement in AID was observed for arginine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and cysteine during lactation, but not during gestation. However, the SID of most AA was not affected by collection phase, but enzyme supplementation improved (P < 0.05) the SID of arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, and valine during lactation. The SID of indispensable AA in CM fed to gestating and lactating sows were as follows: arginine, 89.2 and 91.3%; histidine, 93.1 and 94.0%; isoleucine, 85.9 and 87.0%; leucine, 89.2 and 89.2%; lysine, 87.0 and 87.7%; methionine, 92.2 and 93.2%; phenylalanine, 89.2 and 87.8%; threonine, 84.3 and 82.7%; tryptophan, 88.1 and 91.5%; valine, 85.9 and 84.3%. In conclusion, the SID of AA in CM fed to lactating sows may be improved if a mixture of carbohydrases is included in the diet, but under the conditions of this experiment, the carbohydrase mixture did not affect SID of AA in CM fed to gestating sows in midgestation or late gestation.

Ileal digestibility of amino acids in selected feed ingredients fed to young growing pigs.

An experiment was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in brewers rice, full-fat rice bran (FFRB), defatted rice bran (DFRB), peanut meal, sesame meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, soybean expellers, cassava meal, and bakery meal fed to young growing pigs. Twenty-two barrows (initial BW: 14.09 ± 1.48 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 11 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and four 7-d periods in each square. Eleven experimental diets were prepared and test ingredients were the sole source of CP and AA in 10 diets and the eleventh diet was a N-free diet used to measure basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.4%) was included in all diets as an indigestible marker and ileal digesta were collected on day 6 and 7 of each period. Results indicated that the SID of CP and AA was greatest (P < 0.05) in brewers rice and sesame meal and least (P < 0.05) in cassava meal. The SID of indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal compared with all other ingredients except brewers rice. Full-fat rice bran had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Arg, Ile, Leu, Lys, and Met compared with DFRB. The SID of CP and most AA was not different among rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. Bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) SID of most AA compared with all other ingredients, with the exception of cassava meal. The concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP was greater (P < 0.05) in sesame meal and peanut meal (482.32 and 452.44 g/kg DM, respectively) than in all other ingredients. Soybean expellers had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible Lys (22.98 g/kg DM) followed by rapeseed meal (16.11 g/kg DM) and rapeseed expellers (16.17 g/kg DM). Cassava meal and bakery meal had the least (P < 0.05) concentration of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA compared with the other ingredients. Concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and AA in brewers rice, FFRB, and DFRB were less (P < 0.05) than in rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers. In conclusion, peanut meal and sesame meal have greater concentrations of standardized ileal digestible CP and most AA, with the exception of Lys, than other ingredients. Rapeseed meal, rapeseed expellers, and soybean expellers have the greatest concentrations of standardized ileal digestible Lys.

Impact of PRRSV infection and dietary soybean meal on ileal amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid losses in growing pigs.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant disease in the swine industry, and increasing soybean meal (SBM) consumption during this disease challenge may improve performance. Our objectives were to determine the impact of SBM level on apparent total tract (ATTD) and ileal (AID) digestibility during PRRSV infection and to determine ileal basal endogenous losses (BEL) during PRRSV infection. Forty PRRSV negative gilts were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with high and low SBM (HSBM, 29% vs. LSBM, 10%), with and without PRRSV (n = 6/treatment). The remaining pigs (n = 8/challenge status) were fed a N-free diet. Chromic oxide was used as an indigestible marker. On day post inoculation (dpi) 0, at 47.7 ± 0.57 kg BW, 20 pigs were inoculated with live PRRSV; 20 control pigs were sham inoculated. Infection was confirmed by serum PCR. Feces were collected at dpi 5 to 6 and dpi 16 to 17, and ileal digesta collected at dpi 7 to 8 and dpi 18 to 19. Feed, feces, and digesta were analyzed for DM, N, and GE. Digesta and feed were analyzed for AA. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 + 2 factorial design to determine main effects of diet and PRRSV and their interaction. Data from N-free fed pigs were analyzed separately to determine BEL and hindgut disappearance due to PRRSV infection. All control pigs remained PRRSV negative. There were no interactions for AID of AA; however, HSBM reduced DM, GE, Lys, and Met AID and increased Arg and Gly AID during both collection periods (P < 0.05). At dpi 7 to 8 only, PRRSV reduced DM and GE AID (P < 0.05). At 7 to 8 dpi, BEL of Arg, Ala, and Pro were reduced (P < 0.05) due to PRRSV by 64%, 39%, and 94%, respectively. At dpi 18 to 19, BEL of Thr tended (P = 0.06) to be increased in PRRSV-infected pigs; however, no other differences were observed. Pigs fed LSBM had increased Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Pro standardized ileal digestibility (SID), primarily at 7 to 8 dpi. At 7 to 8 dpi, PRRSV reduced Arg, Gly, and Pro SID (P < 0.01), and SID Pro continued to be reduced by 17% at dpi 18 to 19. Compared with HSBM pigs, LSBM reduced hindgut disappearance of DM and GE at dpi 5 to 8 and dpi 16 to 19, while N disappearance was reduced at dpi 5 to 8. There were no differences between control and PRRSV N-free fed pigs. Altogether, SBM inclusion impacts SID of AA and hindgut disappearance of nutrients, regardless of PRRSV. In contrast, there is minimal impact of PRRSV on BEL, and therefore, SID of most AA are not different.

Amino acid digestibility by weanling pigs of processed ingredients originating from soybeans, 00-rapeseeds, or a fermented mixture of plant ingredients.

An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 4 sources of processed soybean products, in conventional dehulled soybean meal (SBM-CV), in conventional 00-rapeseed expellers (RSE), and in a fermented coproduct mixture (FCM) that contained rapeseed meal, wheat, soy molasses, and potato peel fed to weanling pigs. The 4 processed soybean products included 2 sources of enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM-1 and ESBM-2), extruded soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate (SPC). Twenty-seven weanling barrows (9.29 ± 0.58 kg initial BW) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were randomly allotted to three 9 × 5 Youden squares with 9 pigs and five 7-d periods in each square. Seven cornstarch-based diets were prepared using each of the protein sources as the sole source of CP and AA. A N-free diet was prepared to calculate basal endogenous losses of CP and AA, and this diet was fed to 2 groups of pigs, which resulted in a total of 9 dietary treatments. Results indicate that the SID of CP was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, RSE, or FCM. The SID of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Met, and Phe were greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, and the SID of Lys was greater ( < 0.05) in SBM-CV than in ESBM-2. The SID of Thr, Trp, Val, and total indispensable AA were not different among the soybean products, but the SID of total dispensable AA in ESBM-1 was greater ( < 0.05) than in SPC. Therefore, the SID of total AA was greater ( < 0.05) in ESBM-1 than in SPC, but no other differences were observed among soybean meal (SBM) products. The SID of most AA in RSE and the SID of all AA in FCM were less ( < 0.05) than in all the SBM products, but the SID of all AA in RSE were greater ( < 0.05) than in FCM. Results of this research indicate that although processing of SBM results in increased concentration of CP, processing may also reduce the digestibility of AA, which is likely due to heat damage during processing. There are, however, differences among processed soy products, with some products having greater SID of AA than others. Results also indicate that fermentation of a mixture of rapeseed meal, wheat, and relatively low quality coproducts does not result in SID values that are similar to those of unfermented 00-rapeseed expellers or soybean products.

Effects of ileal digesta collection time on standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn, soybean meal, and distiller's dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the minimum collection time needed to obtain representative samples of ileal digesta from pigs fed different types of diets. Eight barrows with an initial BW of 34.6 kg (SD 2.1) were individually fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods per square. Three diets contained corn, soybean meal (SBM), or distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as the sole source of CP. An N-free diet was also prepared. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Equal meals were provided at 0800 and 2000 h. Ileal digesta samples were collected in 2-h intervals from 0800 to 2000 h during the last 3 d of each 7-d period. When pigs were fed the corn diet, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of most indispensable AA and dispensable AA increased and then decreased (quadratic, < 0.05) during each of the six 2-h periods. The SID of most AA were less ( < 0.05) if the ileal digesta samples were collected from 1800 to 2000 h or from 1600 to 2000 h compared with the SID values from the ileal samples collected over the entire 12-h period. When pigs were fed the SBM diet, the SID of Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp, Val, Ala, and Cys increased and then decreased (quadratic, < 0.05) but the SID of all other AA linearly decreased ( < 0.05) during the six 2-h periods. The SID of almost all AA were greater ( < 0.05) if the ileal samples were collected from 0800 to 1000 h, from 0800 to 1200 h, from 1000 to 1400 h, or from 0800 to 1400 h but less ( < 0.05) if collected from 1600 to 1800 h, from 1800 to 2000 h, from 1600 to 2000 h, or from 1400 to 2000 h compared with the SID values from the ileal samples collected over the entire 12-h period. When pigs were fed the DDGS-based diet, the SID of Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Trp, Val, and Tyr increased and then decreased (quadratic, < 0.05) during the six 2-h periods. The SID of most AA were less ( < 0.05) if the ileal samples were collected from 1800 to 2000 h compared with the SID values from the ileal samples collected over the entire 12-h period. In conclusion, diurnal variations in SID of AA in pigs indicate that 6 h of ileal sample collection starting 4 or 6 h after feeding may provide representative samples of ileal digesta from pigs fed different types of diets.

Influence of wet heating and autoclaving on chemical composition and standardized ileal crude protein and amino acid digestibility in full-fat soybeans for pigs.

One batch each of eight full-fat soybeans (FFSB) was used to determine the effect of different heat treatments including wet heating (WH) and autoclaving (AC) on chemical composition and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in growing pigs. The raw FFSB (K0) were either treated by WH at 80°C for 1 min (K1), at 100°C for 6 min (K2), or at 100°C for 16 min (K3). Thereafter, these batches were expanded at 125°C for 15 s. A further heat treatment included AC at 110°C for 15 (Z1), 30 (Z2), 45 (Z3), or 60 (Z4) min of FFSB that were subjected to the same WH treatment as K3. Diets were formulated to contain the respective FFSB as the sole source of CP and AA. A N-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA in an additional period at the end of the experiment. Eight ileally cannulated pigs (28 ± 1 kg) were allocated to a row-column design with 8 diets and 6 periods of 7 d each. An increase in the duration of WH had no effect on contents of AA (% of CP) and NDF, but NDIN contents linearly increased ( < 0.05) with increasing time for WH. Autoclaving resulted in a linear decrease ( < 0.05) of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), contents of Arg, Leu, Ala, Asp, Cys, and Gly as well as Lys to CP ratio (Lys:CP), reactive Lys to CP ratio (rLys:CP), and in an increase ( < 0.05) in contents of NDF and NDIN. There was a quadratic response ( < 0.05) of SID of CP and AA as time for WH at 100°C increased from 0 (K0) to 6 (K2) up to 16 (K3) min. Moreover, a quadratic response ( < 0.05) to increasing time of AC was observed for SID of Arg, Phe, and Pro. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA showed a quadratic response ( < 0.05) to decreasing TIA, urease activity, protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide, protein dispersibility index, Lys:CP, (lightness), and to increasing NDIN and (redness). In addition, there was a linear increase ( < 0.05) in SID values with decreasing rLys:CP and increasing NDF contents. In conclusion, WH proved to be suitable for increasing SID values. Further improvement of SID of most AA could be achieved on additional AC treatment from Z1 to Z3, however, it needs to be considered, if the observed increase due to AC is cost effective in view of the additional production costs. Several chemical and physical parameters can be used in the feed industry for quality control purposes to predict the extent of heat damage on SID of CP and indispensable AA in FFSB.

Digestibility of energy, amino acids, and phosphorus in a novel source of soy protein concentrate and in soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA, DE and ME, and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in a new source of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and in soybean meal (SBM). In Exp. 1, 9 barrows (initial BW: 13.08 ± 1.98 kg) were prepared with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. A nitrogen-free diet and 2 diets that contained corn starch and SPC or SBM as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Each period lasted 7 d, and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The SID for Ile, Leu, Phe, Pro, and Tyr was greater ( < 0.05) in SPC than in SBM, but for CP and all other AA, no difference between SPC and SBM was observed. In Exp. 2, 24 barrows (initial BW: 13.94 ± 1.34 kg) were housed individually in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. A corn-based diet (96.9% corn) and 2 diets that contained corn and SPC or corn and SBM were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker to marker method with 5-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME in SPC and SBM were calculated using the difference procedure. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE was lower ( < 0.05) in SBM than in corn and the DE and ME in SPC were greater ( < 0.01) than in corn and SBM. In Exp. 3, 40 barrows (initial BW: 14.12 ± 2.08 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 diets in a randomized complete block design with 10 pigs per diet. Two diets were based on SPC or SBM as the sole source of P. Two additional diets were formulated by adding microbial phytase to diets that were otherwise similar to the 2 initial diets. Feces were collected for 5 d after a 5-d adaptation period and values for ATTD and STTD of P were calculated. No differences were observed in ATTD and STTD of P between SPC and SBM, but the ATTD and STTD of P of both SPC and SBM were greater ( < 0.01) if microbial phytase was added to the diets. In conclusion, the concentrations of DE and ME are greater in SPC than in SBM, but the SID of most AA and the STTD of P are not different between SPC and SBM.

Energy concentration and amino acid digestibility in high-protein canola meal, conventional canola meal, and soybean meal fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in 2 sources of high-protein canola meal (CM-HP1 and CM-HP2), conventional canola meal (CM-CV), and soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 40 barrows (51.5 ± 4.0 kg initial BW) were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. A corn-based diet (97.4% corn) and 4 diets that contained both corn and each of the 3 sources of canola meal or SBM were formulated. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after a 5-d adaptation period. The DE and ME were 3,347 and 3,268 kcal/kg in corn, 3,312 and 2,893 kcal/kg in CM-HP1, 3,627 and 3,346 kcal/kg in CM-HP2, 2,798 and 2,492 kcal/kg in CM-CV, and 4,000 and 3,796 kcal/kg in SBM, respectively. Values for DE and ME were greater (P< 0.05) in SBM than in all other ingredients, but DE and ME were greater (P < 0.05) in corn and the 2 high-protein canola meals than in CM-CV. The DE and ME were also greater (P< 0.05) in CM-HP2 than in CM-HP1. In Exp. 2, 10 barrows (65.3 ± 10.4 kg initial BW) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 diets and 5 periods in each square. A N-free diet and 4 corn starch-based diets that contained CM-HP1, CM-HP2, CM-CV, or SBM as the sole source of AA were formulated. Each period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The SID of CP and all AA except Pro were greater (P < 0.05) in SBM than in the 3 sources of canola meal. With the exception of His and Lys, no differences in SID of indispensable AA were observed among the 3 sources of canola meal. The SID of His and Lys were greater (P < 0.05) in CM-HP1 and CM-HP2 than in CM-CV and the SID of CP was greater (P < 0.05) in CM-HP2 than in CM-CV, but no differences in the SID of indispensable AA were observed between CM-HP1 and CM-HP2. In conclusion, the 2 high-protein canola meals used in this experiment have ME values that are not different from corn but greater than in CM-CV. The SID of most AA is greater in SBM than in canola meals, but SID of His and Lys are greater in high-protein canola meals than in CM-CV. As a consequence, high-protein canola meals supply more ME and SID of AA for growing pigs than CM-CV.

Energy concentration and amino acid digestibility in corn and corn coproducts from the wet-milling industry fed to growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine DE and ME and the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in corn and corn coproducts (high-fat corn germ [HFCG], corn bran, liquid corn extractives [LCE], and a mixture of corn germ meal and LCE [CGM-LCE]) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 40 growing barrows (initial BW: 33.4 ± 5.77 kg) were housed individually in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 diets. A corn-based diet (97.4% corn) and 4 diets that contained both corn and each of the corn coproducts were formulated. Each diet was fed to 8 pigs. Feces and urine samples were collected using the marker to marker method with 5-d adaptation and 5-d collection periods. The DE and ME were calculated using the difference procedure. The concentrations of DE and ME in HFCG, corn bran, LCE, and CGM-LCE were less (P < 0.05) than in corn. Among corn coproducts, the concentration of DE in HFCG was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn bran, but the DE in corn bran was not different from DE values in LCE and CGM-LCE. No differences were observed in the ME concentrations among corn coproducts. In Exp. 2, 6 growing barrows (initial BW: 96.6 ± 1.16 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. A N-free diet and 5 diets that contained corn, HFCG, corn bran, LCE, or CGM-LCE as the sole source of CP and AA were formulated. Each period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.05) in corn than in all corn coproducts with the exception that the SID of Lys in corn was not different from the SID of Lys in HFCG, and the SID of Trp in corn was also not different from the SID of Trp in CGM-LCE. Among corn coproducts, the SID of CP, Arg, and Lys were greater (P < 0.05) in HFCG and CGM-LCE than in corn bran, the SID of Lys and Val was greater (P < 0.05) in LCE than in corn bran, and the SID of Arg was greater (P < 0.05) in HFCG and CGM-LCE than in LCE, but for the remaining indispensable AA, no differences among corn coproducts were observed. In conclusion, the corn coproducts used in these experiments contain less ME and have reduced SID of most AA compared with corn, but there are no differences in ME among corn coproducts and only few differences in the SID of indispensable AA among HFCG, corn bran, LCE, and CGM-LCE.

Concentration of digestible, metabolizable, and net energy and digestibility of energy and nutrients in fermented soybean meal, conventional soybean meal, and fish meal fed to weanling pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of energy and nutrients and the concentration of DE, ME, and NE in fermented soybean meal (FSBM), conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV), and fish meal fed to weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 36 barrows (initial BW: 22.0 ± 3.85 kg) were placed in metabolism cages and allotted to a randomized complete block design with 4 diets and 9 pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after a 5 d adaptation period. Four diets including a corn-based diet and 3 diets consisting of corn and each of the experimental ingredients (FSBM, SBM-CV, and fish meal) were formulated. Results indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE in corn, FSBM, and SBM-CV was 88.6, 88.2, and 90.3%, respectively, but the ATTD of GE in fish meal (84.0%) was less (P < 0.01) than in the other ingredients. The concentrations of DE, ME, and NE in SBM-CV were 4,553, 4,137, and 2,972 kcal/kg DM. These values were greater (P < 0.01) than the DE, ME, and NE in FSBM (4,296, 3,781, and 2,710 kcal/kg DM), corn (3,951, 3,819, and 2,791 kcal/kg DM), and fish meal (3,827, 3,412, and 2,450 kcal/kg DM). However, FSBM contained more (P < 0.01) DE, ME, and NE than fish meal and more (P < 0.01) DE than corn. The biological value of the protein in fish meal (75.4%) was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn (34.8%) and FSBM (62.8%), and the biological value of protein in SBM-CV (67.1%) was greater (P < 0.05) than in corn but not different from FSBM and fish meal. In Exp. 2, 8 barrows (initial BW: 10.4 ± 0.47 kg) were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and randomly allotted to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 diets and 4 periods per square. Three diets containing FSBM, SBM-CV, or fish meal as the sole source of AA and a N-free diet were formulated. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AA except Lys, Thr, and Trp was greater (P < 0.01) in FSBM than in fish meal. The SID of Met and Val was also greater (P < 0.05) in FSBM than in SBM-CV, but for the remaining indispensable AA, no difference between FSBM and SBM-CV was observed. In conclusion, the concentration of DE, ME, and NE is less in FSBM than in SBM-CV. However, DE, ME, and NE are greater in FSBM than in fish meal, but the SID of most AA is not different between FSBM and SBM-CV although they are greater than in fish meal.

Comparison of standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities in protein supplements and cereal grains for weaned pigs1

Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in protein ingredients and grains was determined in weaned piglets (5 kg initial BW) using the difference method. Animals were fitted with a simple ileal T-cannula on day 24 or 25 of age. A synthetic diet based on corn (Zea mays) starch and casein was either supplemented with an extruded soybean (Glycine max) meal (ESM), rice (Oryza sativa) protein concentrate (RPC), full fat heat-treated soybeans (SB), corn, barley (Hordeum vulgare), or wheat (Triticum aestivum). The contribution of CP and AA from casein and from the assay feed ingredients to the assay diet averaged 50% each. Each diet was fed to 6 animals according to a row-column design with 3 periods. Apparent ileal digestibility was corrected for basal ileal endogenous losses of AA to obtain SID values. Between RPC and soy products, differences (P < 0.05) in SID of most AA such as Lys, Met, and Thr were greater than within soybean products (ESM and SB). The SID of indispensable AA did not differ (P > 0.05) between barley and wheat, except for Met (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SID of Arg, His, Ile, Phe, and Trp was lower (P < 0.05) in corn than wheat. In conclusion, SID of most AA in the present study with piglets was lower than tabulated SID values determined in studies with grower-finisher pigs. Furthermore, the use of RPC, despite its high CP content, in diets for weaned piglets is limited due to its low SID of AA.

Amino acid digestibility in canola, cottonseed, and sunflower products fed to finishing pigs

Our objective was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in soybean meal (SBM) and canola, cotton, and sunflower products fed to finishing pigs. Each of 8 barrows (average initial BW = 106.6 ± 5.5 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Pigs were allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. The 7 protein ingredients were canola seeds (CS), canola meal (CM), cottonseed meal (CSM), sunflower seeds (SFS), sunflower meal (SFM), dehulled sunflower meal (SFM-DH), and SBM, with each ingredient included as the sole source of AA in the diet. A N-free diet was used to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA. Among tested ingredients, SBM had the greatest (P < 0.05) SID of Lys, and CS had the least (P < 0.05) SID of Phe, Thr, and Tyr. The SID of all indispensable AA except Trp was less (P < 0.05) in CS than SBM, and CM had a greater (P < 0.05) SID of all indispensable AA except Arg, His, Lys, and Trp than CS. However, the SID of all indispensable AA except Arg and Trp were less (P < 0.05) in CM than in SBM. The SID of all indispensable AA except Arg and Trp also were less (P < 0.05) in CSM than in SBM, and the SID of Met was less (P < 0.05) in CSM than in all other ingredients. Among sunflower products, the SID of His, Leu, Phe, and Thr were less (P < 0.05) in SFM-DH than in SFS and SFM, and the SID of Ile, Met, and Val were less (P < 0.05) in SFM-DH than in SFS; however, for CP, Arg, Lys, and Trp, no differences among SFS, SFM, and SFM-DH were observed. The SID of all indispensable AA except Trp were less (P < 0.05) in SFM-DH than SBM, and the SID of His, Ile, Lys, Thr, and Val in SFM were also less (P < 0.05) than in SBM. Except for Lys, no differences between SBM and SFS were observed. In conclusion, the SID of most AA in CS, CM, CSM, SFM, and SFM-DH are less than in SBM.