Reporting Standards Research Articles

Streamlining Radiology Reporting: A hands-free approach with voice-to-text and generative AI

ObjectiveIn radiology, report generation is critical for patient management, though can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of a hands-free radiology reporting system, leveraging voice-to-text technology and generative AI to improve time efficiency, report standardization, and reduce radiologist workload. Methods100 chest and musculoskeletal radiographs reports were generated using both traditional methods and an automated process using generative AI. To use generative AI, a radiologist dictated their findings into a voice-to-text software (Dragon), creating a raw text transcript. GPT-4 was then used to develop a report based on our institution’s template. Completion time for each traditional report and voice-to-text transcript was recorded. All reports were then evaluated for comprehensiveness, clarity, factual accuracy, and conciseness on a 5-point Likert scale. ResultsThe AI-driven system demonstrated considerable proficiency in transcribing and generating radiology reports, albeit with occasional inaccuracies. While it achieved a high level of precision in standard scenarios, its performance varied in more complex cases. Notably, the system significantly reduced the time taken to generate reports by 38% (p < 0.0001), signifying a potential increase in overall radiological workflow efficiency. ConclusionThis study highlights the potential of voice-to-text and generative AI integration in radiology reporting. Increased time efficiency, even in standard scenarios, can allow radiologists to focus more on complex cases and patient care. However, further development and refinement are required to address comprehensiveness and occasional inaccuracies. Ongoing advancements in AI and speech recognition technologies suggest a positive outlook for future implementations in medical reporting.

Control technologies to prevent aerosol-based disease transmission in animal agriculture production settings: a review of established and emerging approaches.

Transmission of infectious agents via aerosols is an ever-present concern in animal agriculture production settings, as the aerosol route to disease transmission can lead to difficult-to-control and costly diseases, such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus and influenza A virus. It is increasingly necessary to implement control technologies to mitigate aerosol-based disease transmission. Here, we review currently utilized and prospective future aerosol control technologies to collect and potentially inactivate pathogens in aerosols, with an emphasis on technologies that can be incorporated into mechanically driven (forced air) ventilation systems to prevent aerosol-based disease spread from facility to facility. Broadly, we find that control technologies can be grouped into three categories: (1) currently implemented technologies; (2) scaled technologies used in industrial and medical settings; and (3) emerging technologies. Category (1) solely consists of fibrous filter media, which have been demonstrated to reduce the spread of PRRSV between swine production facilities. We review the mechanisms by which filters function and are rated (minimum efficiency reporting values). Category (2) consists of electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), used industrially to collect aerosol particles in higher flow rate systems, and ultraviolet C (UV-C) systems, used in medical settings to inactivate pathogens. Finally, category (3) consists of a variety of technologies, including ionization-based systems, microwaves, and those generating reactive oxygen species, often with the goal of pathogen inactivation in aerosols. As such technologies are typically first tested through varied means at the laboratory scale, we additionally review control technology testing techniques at various stages of development, from laboratory studies to field demonstration, and in doing so, suggest uniform testing and report standards are needed. Testing standards should consider the cost-benefit of implementing the technologies applicable to the livestock species of interest. Finally, we examine economic models for implementing aerosol control technologies, defining the collected infectious particles per unit energy demand.

Orthopedic hardware in trauma – A guided tour for the radiologist-Associated complications (Part 2)

With the increasing number of options available for surgical management of fractures now available, it is imperative that radiologists should familiarize themselves with the various hardwares used to provide a good support system for orthopedic surgeons. Understanding fracture union and “why a device may fail” are basic concepts that have been discussed in this review article, as their success is mutually dependent. While it may be easy to identify frank loosening, fracture, or migration of the hardware, it is more important to identify any early signs of these complications. However, before that, as a radiologist, one should be able to accurately identify the hardware type, assess their position, and then identify any potential complications. Another important aspect that is clinically important is the ability to differentiate between aseptic and septic loosening. Apart from these, avascular necrosis, pseudoaneurysms, bursitis, muscle impingement with atrophy, adverse reaction to metal debris, nerve impingements, traumatic neuroma formation, tendon impingement, snapping syndromes, and sarcoma are uncommon complications that may be rarely encountered. While conventional radiology is still the backbone of radiological evaluation, CT, MRI, and Ultrasound can be used as problem-solving tools, further aiding in the diagnosis of any hardware-related complications. In this series, we have also described a checklist based approach of reporting so that the radiologist can accurately identify the hardware, assess their position, and identify any potential complications. We hope that this learning will facilitate the interobserver consensus and standardization of reports.

Measuring the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in the light of the UNCTAD-ISAR guidance

Purpose: The article has two related purposes. The first is to identify the indicators used to measure the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the integrated or non-financial reports of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) using the methodology of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards (UNCTAD-ISAR). The second objective is to determine the factors that affect the number of SDG indicators disclosed by listed companies.Methodology/approach: The study covers the 62 reports of listed companies on the WSE for 2020 and 55 reports for 2019 (random selection). The following research methods were used: analysis of the content of reports and selected methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics (linear multiple regression and nonparametric U Mann-Whitney test).Findings: The companies disclosed, on average, few SDG indicators in their integrated report or non-financial report, i.e., 11 of the 33 adopted in the UNCTAD-ISAR guidance. The most indicators of this type included in the integrated report of a very large company was 21. The study results indicate that the number of disclosed measures of SDGs depends on company size, the type of report, and the company’s activity in controversial industries. Including a company in the WIG-ESG index does not affect the number of measures presented by the company.Research limitations/implications: The limitation of the study is the small research sample and the inclusion of only companies listed on the WSE.Originality/value: A novelty in the study is the inclusion of the UNCTAD-ISAR guidance and linking disclosures by companies in their external reports with the measurement of implementation of global SDGs.

Challenges, Barriers, and Successes of Standardized Report Templates: Results of a Society of Interventional Radiology Survey

Registry data are being increasingly used to establish treatment guidelines, set benchmarks, allocate resources, and make payment decisions. Although many registries rely on manual data entry, the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) is using automated data extraction for its VIRTEX registry. This process relies on participants using consistent terminology with highly structured data in physician-developed standardized reports (SR). To better understand barriers to adoption, a survey was sent to 3,178 SIR members. Responses were obtained from 451 interventional radiology practitioners (14.2%) from 92 unique academic and 151 unique private practices. Of these, 75% used structured reports and 32% used the SIR SR. The most common barriers to the use of these reports include SR length (35% of respondents), lack of awareness about the SR (31%), and lack of agreement on adoption within practices (27%). The results demonstrated insights regarding barriers in the use and/or adoption of SR and potential solutions.

Investigating the impact of structured reporting on the linguistic standardization of radiology reports through natural language processing over a 10-year period

ObjectivesTo investigate how a transition from free text to structured reporting affects reporting language with regard to standardization and distinguishability.MethodsA total of 747,393 radiology reports dictated between January 2011 and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The body and cardiothoracic imaging divisions introduced a reporting concept using standardized language and structured reporting templates in January 2016.Reports were segmented by a natural language processing algorithm and converted into a 20-dimension document vector. For analysis, dimensionality was reduced to a 2D visualization with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and matched with metadata. Linguistic standardization was assessed by comparing distinct report types’ vector spreads (e.g., run-off MR angiography) between reporting standards. Changes in report type distinguishability (e.g., CT abdomen/pelvis vs. MR abdomen) were measured by comparing the distance between their centroids.ResultsStructured reports showed lower document vector spread (thus higher linguistic similarity) compared with free-text reports overall (21.9 [free-text] vs. 15.9 [structured]; − 27.4%; p < 0.001) and for most report types, e.g., run-off MR angiography (15.2 vs. 1.8; − 88.2%; p < 0.001) or double-rule-out CT (26.8 vs. 10.0; − 62.7%; p < 0.001). No changes were observed for reports continued to be written in free text, e.g., CT head reports (33.2 vs. 33.1; − 0.3%; p = 1).Distances between the report types’ centroids increased with structured reporting (thus better linguistic distinguishability) overall (27.3 vs. 54.4; + 99.3 ± 98.4%) and for specific report types, e.g., CT abdomen/pelvis vs. MR abdomen (13.7 vs. 37.2; + 171.5%).ConclusionStructured reporting and the use of factual language yield more homogenous and standardized radiology reports on a linguistic level, tailored to specific reporting scenarios and imaging studies.Clinical relevanceInformation transmission to referring physicians, as well as automated report assessment and content extraction in big data analyses, may benefit from standardized reporting, due to consistent report organization and terminology used for pathologies and normal findings.Key Points• Natural language processing and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding can transform radiology reports into numeric vectors, allowing the quantification of their linguistic standardization.• Structured reporting substantially increases reports’ linguistic standardization (mean: − 27.4% in vector spread) and distinguishability (mean: + 99.3 ± 98.4% increase in vector distance) compared with free-text reports.• Higher standardization and homogeneity outline potential benefits of structured reporting for information transmission and big data analyses.

Documentation of polysomnographic and home sleep apnea test interpretations: room for improvement?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a heterogeneous disorder with many different presentations, is diagnosed with sleep studies. In standard clinical practice, test data are reviewed and scored, and interpretations are documented. Little standardization exists regarding what should be included in interpretations. We aimed to determine how consistently the documented interpretation included references to study quality parameters and accepted disease phenotypes. This study was performed at a single academic center in January 2021. From the literature, we formulated a list of test and titration quality criteria and OSA phenotypes that should be reflected in study interpretations, including total recording time, total sleep time, positionality, and supine rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during titration. We retrospectively reviewed the documentation of sleep studies to determine how often these factors were reflected in interpretation reports or clinical notes. Of 134 patients in the study, 81 were diagnosed with OSA. A finding of inadequate total recording time during polysomnography or total sleep time on home sleep apnea testing was most often not documented. Positionality of OSA was not documented in 33% of applicable studies. The absence of supine REM sleep during positive airway pressure titration was not mentioned in 15% of interpretations. The documentation of quality concerns and clinically important OSA phenotypes in interpretations was inconsistent. Documentation of meaningful test quality information and sleep apnea phenotypes might be improved with report standardization or by developing enhanced data displays. Herberts MB, Morgenthaler TI. Documentation of polysomnographic and home sleep apnea test interpretations: room for improvement? J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(6):1043-1049.

Indeterminate skeletal and lymph node lesion on 18F PSMA 1007 PET/CT scanning: lessons from a review at 12 months with PSMA-RADS.

The study utilizes the prostate-specific membrane antigen-reporting and data system (PSMA-RADS) version 1.0 in a real-world patient scenario in the evaluation of equivocal lesions using the PSMA-RADS categorization for patient management and communication in multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings. A retrospective analysis of 203 patients who had 18F PSMA PET/CT for either restaging or staging over 12 months was undertaken. The scans were evaluated for local disease, lymph node involvement and distant metastases. The scan findings were classified as suspicious for metastases, and equivocal and benign lesions. Experience with PSMA ligand imaging was considered while classifying the lesions, equivocal lesions were assessed with PSMA-RADS and followed up with complementary imaging and/or clinical follow-up assessment or MDT for further patient management. A total of 91 of 203 patients had equivocal lesions. Follow-up assessment was performed in 47 of 91 patients with imaging ( n = 36) or MDT discussion ( n = 11).On follow-up imaging ( n = 36), equivocal lesion was seen in skeletal lesions ( n = 24), pelvic lymph nodes ( n = 6), both skeletal and pelvic nodes ( n = 4), hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes ( n = 1) and spleen ( n = 1). The patients were reclassified as benign, metastatic with few lesion remained equivocal. Overall follow-up assessment impacted clinical management in 47% patients. 18F PSMA PET/CT may show equivocal lesions; many of them in the skeleton, a small proportion of which are ultimately proven metastatic. In contrast, a higher proportion of the equivocal nodes in the pelvis end up being metastatic on follow-up. A structured reporting with PSMA-RADS grading helps in the proper classification of lesions and standardization of reports.

The impact of the adoption of international accounting and auditing standards on corruption perception

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of the adoption of international accounting and auditing standards on corruption perception. In addition, this study examines the strength of auditing and reporting standards (SARS) that mediate the relationship. Design/methodology/approach Agency theory and bonding theory were applied in this paper to investigate the impact of the adoption of international accounting and auditing standards on corruption perception. Data from 130 countries during three years were collected from Transparency International, Worldwide Governance Indicators, International Federation of Accountants, World Economic Forum, World Bank, Freedom House and World Justice Project. Hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Findings The results show a positive impact of the adoption of international accounting and auditing standards on corruption perception, directly and indirectly, through the SARS. Practical implications The results provide an insight into corruption eradication strategy through the adoption of international accounting and auditing standards and strengthen the auditing and reporting standards. Originality/value This study is distinctive, as no study has yet examined the impact of the adoption of international accounting standards construct, which contains International Financial Reporting Standards and International Standards on Auditing, on the corruption perception. The corruption perception construct is developed by combining the corruption perception index and the control of corruption indicators.

The modern correlation of RAS and IFRS systems of the public and non-public sectors

Currently, the process of reforming the Russian Accounting Standards (RAS) systems for organizations in both the state and nonstate sectors (or organizations in the budget and not budget spheres) is ongoing. At the same time, this process continues to be carried out taking into account the systems of International Financial Reporting and Accounting Standards for organizations of the public and non-public sectors (IFRS, IAS, IPSAS). Therefore, today it is relevant to determine the modern ratio of the RAS and International Standards systems of the state (public) sector, as well as the RAS and International Standards systems of the non-state (non-public) sector. In addition, a comparative analysis of the systems of domestic accounting standards of organizations in the state and non-state sectors makes it possible to identify possible future changes in these systems. Indeed, in general, the accounting methodology for these organizations (including healthcare organizations in these sectors) should be unified. As a result, any innovation in the accounting of one of the above sectors may indicate the feasibility and possibility of making similar adjustments to the accounting of another of these sectors. For similar reasons, it is relevant to determine the current relationship between public and non-public sector International Standards systems. A comparative analysis of all these systems (including for healthcare organizations of the above sectors) is carried out in this article. Grouping method, comparison, analogy method, analysis and synthesis, systematic approach, logical approach were used as research methods. As a result of the research, the article presents proposals for the further development of the RAS and International Standards systems of the state/public and non-state/non-public sectors (including for healthcare organizations).

Falsified corporate financial statements

The article presents the results of a study of various tools and methods for detecting falsification of financial statements, and indirect signs of its distortion. Distortion of financial statements has a significant impact on the sustainable development of the company. In recent years, financial reporting fraud has become a significant problem, both for domestic companies and in world practice. In modern conditions, companies commit fraud with financial statements in such areas as the distortion of financial information in terms of size, liabilities, costs, assets. Nowadays, the importance of financial information and the requirements for transparency and integrity are increasing, which requires the identification of tools for detecting misstatements. The subject of the study is the tools for identifying and preventing the facts of falsification of financial statements. The information base was made up of International Financial Reporting and Auditing Standards, experience in implementing measures to assess the reliability of corporate financial statements in international and domestic practice.

The role of UNCTAD-ISAR guidance in monitoring the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals by enterprises

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the activities of the Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on International Accounting and Reporting Standards (UNCTADISAR), and to explain and evaluate the importance and the role of its Guidance on Core Indicators for Entity Reporting on Contribution Towards Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which were set by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda. Methodology/approach: The general review article was based on an analysis of the literature on the subject, an analysis and synthesis of UNCTAD materials and guide-lines, as well as regulations and other documents regarding sustainable development and corporate reporting in this area. Findings: The UNCTAD-ISAR guidance, issued in 2019, contains 33 core indicators designed for enterprises to measure the economic, environmental, social, and institutional aspects of sustainable development. The guidance and the training materials need to be disseminated globally in order to become a real tool for monitoring private sector contributions to SDG implementation. Their application by enterprises in Po-land, especially SMEs, may contribute to improving the perception of sustainable de-velopment and reporting issues in this regard by their skeptics and opponents. Research limitations/implications: Increased awareness of academics, students and accounting practitioners in Poland about the importance of global SDG and the need for their implementation and monitoring at the micro level. Originality/value: The article expands knowledge in the accounting research commu-nity about the ability of enterprises to measure and report their sustainability perfor-mance in line with the goals and tasks set out in the 2030 Agenda.

On the relation between sustainability report and assurance standards in Brazilian financial institutions

On the relation between sustainability report and assurance standards in Brazilian financial institutions

PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis.

Reporting standards, such as PRISMA aim to ensure that the methods and results of systematic reviews are described in sufficient detail to allow full transparency. Flow diagrams in evidence syntheses allow the reader to rapidly understand the core procedures used in a review and examine the attrition of irrelevant records throughout the review process. Recent research suggests that use of flow diagrams in systematic reviews is poor and of low quality and called for standardised templates to facilitate better reporting in flow diagrams. The increasing options for interactivity provided by the Internet gives us an opportunity to support easy-to-use evidence synthesis tools, and here we report on the development of a tool for the production of PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review flow diagrams. We developed a free-to-use, Open Source R package and web-based Shiny app to allow users to design PRISMA flow diagrams for their own systematic reviews. Our tool allows users to produce standardised visualisations that transparently document the methods and results of a systematic review process in a variety of formats. In addition, we provide the opportunity to produce interactive, web-based flow diagrams (exported as HTML files), that allow readers to click on boxes of the diagram and navigate to further details on methods, results or data files. We provide an interactive example here; https://prisma-flowdiagram.github.io/. We have developed a user-friendly tool for producing PRISMA 2020-compliant flow diagrams for users with coding experience and, importantly, for users without prior experience in coding by making use of Shiny (https://estech.shinyapps.io/prisma_flowdiagram/). This free-to-use tool will make it easier to produce clear and PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review flow diagrams. Significantly, users can also produce interactive flow diagrams for the first time, allowing readers of their reviews to smoothly and swiftly explore and navigate to further details of the methods and results of a review. We believe this tool will increase use of PRISMA flow diagrams, improve the compliance and quality of flow diagrams, and facilitate strong science communication of the methods and results of systematic reviews by making use of interactivity. We encourage the systematic review community to make use of the tool, and provide feedback to streamline and improve their usability and efficiency.

CONVERGENCE OF REPORTING ON QUALITY COSTS AND THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORTS OF MACHINE-BUILDING ENTERPRISES

The convergence of reporting information on quality costs and reporting on sustainable development of machine-building enterprises, the study of theories and terminology of corporate social responsibility and the role of quality costs in its context as well as reporting standards in the field of sustainable development regarding disclosure of non-financial information. Methodology. Analysis of the theoretical foundations and terminology of corporate social responsibility and the role of quality costs in its section, reporting standards in the field of sustainable development regarding the disclosure of non-financial information, the convergence of reporting information on quality costs and reporting using the methods of theoretical generalization, grouping and comparison. The convergence of quality cost reporting and sustainability reporting is based on synthesis and system analysis methodology. Results. The development of theories and terminology of corporate social responsibility and the role of quality costs in its context was summarized. The principles of ensuring sustainability, which include a comprehensive approach to the assessment of management decisions in managing the enterprise and the effective use of all material and non-material resources of the enterprise, were considered. Forecasting a decrease in integral indicators of enterprise sustainability has a direct impact on the number of quality costs. It was established that the traditional financial reporting of enterprises does not disclose all data on quality costs. A comparative characterization of the standards of sustainable development reports regarding the disclosure of non-financial information was carried out. An attempt to converge quality cost reporting and sustainability reporting using internationally recognized sustainability reporting has been made. The conditions for improving analytical support for quality cost management have been determined. The problems of displaying data on quality costs, mainly due to incomplete disclosure of information in the financial statements of enterprises, were identified. The possibilities of expanding reporting information on quality costs in the existing practice of sustainable development reporting were outlined. Scientific novelty. It is proposed to shift from financial accounting to sustainability accounting by adjusting the main reports, which should include profits and losses, to show how quality-related costs and revenues can directly affect the financial performance of the enterprise. Practical significance. The results of this study contain practical recommendations regarding the convergence of reporting information on quality costs and existing reporting on sustainable development in the implementation of economic activities of machine-building enterprises.

Procurement Strategy for Facility Management Improvement in PT MBI Tbk

The aims of this study are to determine the major challenges and root cause in facilities management and to recommend solutions to solve the major challenges in PT MBI, which can also be extended to other manufacturing company. The research employs qualitative method to obtain information and opinion from competent stakeholders through interview. Root cause analysis is determined by mapping the primary data obtained from the interview and extracted into keyword. This study finds there are 6 major challenges and root causes causing the issues in facility management, which are communication and close coordination gap, multiple vendors, unprofessional vendor, poor experience development and training, no SLA and report standardization, and complex scope and activity. The result of this study indicates that PT MBI should conduct tender to implement total facilities management (TFM), create more stringent vendor selection criteria, experienced personnel and regular training, involve users to create SLA, KPI, and report, setup regular meeting structure, and review internal SOD and create proper contractual agreement. The implication of the result indicates the importance of internal processes to trigger facilities management and operation improvement in a company.

Comparative Study of Key Supply Chain Management Elements in Sustainability Reports

During the COVID-19 pandemic, several issues have emerged as important in evaluating firm value and investment-oriented decision making. These issues include supply chain management, human rights, climate change, safety, and environmental risks. This study analyzed the sustainability reports of four business firms, each in four different countries, covering 2005/2006, 2013, and 2020. The analysis revealed similar factors and their dimensions that are critical for effective supply chain management: environmental and public sector issues, collaboration and cooperation with partner organizations, environmentally friendly production and development systems, human-centered operation plans, and risk management. While the study results delineated several key categories, there were variations among the four firms’ sustainability reports, indicating a need for global standards for comparative analysis. This study highlights the importance of sustainability, its effective measurement, and global standards for sustainability reports. As governments put pressure on businesses to demonstrate their commitments to environmental issues, many firms have embraced the concept of corporate social responsibility by practicing socially responsible codes of conduct throughout their supply chains.

Current status of postoperative pathological diagnosis of lung cancer in China: a multicenter big data study

Objective: To reveal the current status and problem of surgical pathological diagnosis and to construct a structured pathological database of lung cancer in China, and to further improve the level of pathological standards and scientific data. Methods: Case report form (CRF) was made according to the diagnostic criteria of radical resection specimens of lung cancer, including general information, smoking history, pathological report (including molecular data), treatment and prognosis, etc. The original clinicopathological data of patients with primary lung cancer who underwent surgical resection in 23 centers from January 2013 to December 2017 were retrospectively collected. After desensitization, filtering and natural language processing, combined with domain knowledge base, and the raw data in the form of continuous text were structured. Results: A total of 153 817 non-structured pathological reports, 57 748 molecular reports and 13 295 pieces of treatment and/or follow-up information were collected. Finally, 75 941 effective structured documents (including 86 979 primary lesions) were obtained. The quality of treatment and follow-up data was not satisfactory; Number of CRF index involved showed an increasing trend with time coursing, and had no significant difference between general hospitals and cancer hospitals (P<0.05). The indexes with low use rate until 2017 were peripheral lung disease, pTNM stage, spread though air space, and pathological evaluation of neoadjuvant treatment response. The ratio of male to female was 1.2∶1.0; 8 648 cases (11.39%) had smoking history, and the ratio of smokers to non-smokers was 0.92∶1.00. Age group of the highest incidence was 60-69 years, accounting for 38.76%. The top five common pathological subtypes were adenocarcinoma (74.58%), squamous cell carcinoma (18.01%), small cell carcinoma (2.18%), adenosquamous carcinoma (1.71%) and sarcomatoid carcinoma (0.82%); histological subtypes were significantly correlated with gender, age and smoking status (P<0.05): adenocarcinoma (58.5%) and squamous cell carcinoma (31.6%) were the main pathological types in male patients, while adenocarcinoma (91.6%) and squamous cell carcinoma (3.4%) were the main pathological types in female patients; adenocarcinoma (85.6%) was the main type of non-smoking patients, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma accounted for 50.6% and 37.7% respectively in smoking patients; the proportion of adenocarcinoma decreased with age, while squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma increased. The top five common immunohistochemical (IHC) markers were TTF1, CK7, ALK-Ventana, Napsin A and p63 and the most common panel included 7-9 IHC markers. The overall EGFR mutation rate was 51.32% (all 10 335/20 139 by PCR), the total ALK positive rate was 6.18% (2 084/33 726, PCR, FISH and IHC-Ventana platform positive rates were 3.01%, 8.93% and 6.58%, respectively), the KRAS mutation rate was 7.01% (all 662/9 441 by PCR). The positive rates of EGFR, ALK and KRAS were 58.14% (9 986/17 175), 6.59% (1 791/27 176) and 7.52% (607/8 068) in adenocarcinoma, 5.83% (113/1 939), 0.40% (1/251) and 1.76% (15/852) in squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Due to the poor quality of prognostic data, it was difficult to obtain effective survival analysis. Conclusions: The standardization of pathological reports (including molecular detection) of lung cancer in China is generally fine, but most of the models are still in the state of unstructured continuous text. The postoperative pathological staging, pathological evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy response and high-quality prognosis data need paying more attention and improvement. Panel of IHC markers is balanced although further precision. The use of lung cancer structured report template and intelligent structured database management mode to improve the degree of the pathologic diagnosis standardization and data quality is recommended.

Cytomorphological Profile of Thyroid Lesions on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

Background and Objectives: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid offers an alternative, as an immediate, preliminary procedure associated with low cost, little trauma and complications. Being superficial and easily accessible it is an ideal organ for FNAC. It is useful in diagnosis of inflammatory, infectious and neoplastic conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytomorphological profile of thyroid lesions on FNAC with application of Bethesda system for reporting and perform cyto-histopathology correlation whenever possible with regards to age and sex distribution. Methodology: This two-year prospective study was conducted in the Cytology section of Pathology Department &amp; included 243 cases of thyroid gland enlargement. The detailed history of the patient including age, sex, presenting symptoms and duration of thyroid gland enlargement along with any other significant findings was note. FNAC was performed as per the protocol using a 23-gauge needle and smears stained using Haematoxylin &amp; Eosin (H&amp;E) and Papanicolaou stain, while air-dried smears were stained with Giemsa stain. Results: The study period included a total of 243 FNACs of thyroid enlargement. The age of patients ranged from 10 to 80 years with male to female ratio of 1.4. The diagnosis on FNAC was as follows Colloid Goitre (54.7 %), Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (9.54%), Follicular Neoplasm (7.05%), Hashimoto Thyroiditis (5.80 %), Benign Thyroid Lesions (3.31%) and Multinodular Goitre (2.90%). Conclusion: Thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology has proven to be a first line tool to evaluate the thyroid lesions because of its cost effectiveness and high patient acceptance. Fine needle aspiration cytology is highly successful in triaging patients with thyroid nodules into operative and non-operative groups and enables surgeons to take an early decision regarding mode of treatment. The Bethesda system for reporting of thyroid lesions aims at standardization of reports. It makes the cytology report unambiguous and clinically relevant. Keywords: Fine needle aspiration cytology, thyroid lesions.

Analysis of RF Radiation and its Health Effects in Lunglei District of Mizoram

In this paper we present the study of how Radio Frequency (RF) Radiations emitted by mobile base stations effects human health on thirteen different non-specific health symptoms residing in the vicinity of base stations. The survey was conducted on people living within and beyond 50m from mobile base station in Lunglei district, Mizoram for the first time since mobile tower was erected in 2008. Power density from mobile towers have also been measured within and outside 50m from the station for GSM900 and GSM1800 in the same locality. The measured average power densities have been compared with standard limits given by various scientific bodies like International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP,1998), Bioinitiative Report (2012), Salzburg Resolution (2000) and current Indian National Standards. It has been found that the measured power density were well below the recommended limit given by ICNIRP,1998 and the Indian standard (2013) in all the selected sites of study, whereas in four localities the average power density was found to be higher than the recommended limits of Bioinitiative Report,2012 and Salzburg Resolution. Questionnaire survey was also conducted on different health symptoms faced by the inhabitants close to the base stations. The results were statistically analysed based on exposure and sex. From the correlation studies, it has been found that more is the power density more is the number of significant health complaints and, also females were found to be more effected than males.