Standard Word Research Articles

Affine Standard Lyndon Words: A-Type

Abstract We generalize an algorithm of Leclerc [ 6] describing explicitly the bijection of Lalonde–Ram [ 5] from finite to affine Lie algebras. In type $A_{n}^{(1)}$, we compute all affine standard Lyndon words for any order of the simple roots and establish some properties of the induced orders on the positive affine roots.

Captioning for Clarity: Mastering Stress with Word-Based vs. Phonetic Video Transcriptions

This study explores an understudied aspect of video captioning in language learning: the use of phonetic transcription. While extensive research has examined the effects of traditional word-based captioning, the potential benefits of phonetic transcription captions remain largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, a quasi-experimental study was conducted comparing two captioning conditions: traditional word-based captions and phonetic transcription captions. Two groups of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners were purposively selected based on their course enrollment, with participants volunteering for the study. The control group viewed videos with standard word captions, while the experimental group watched videos captioned with phonetic transcriptions. Pre- and post-tests were administered to assess improvements in word stress pronunciation. The results revealed no statistically significant difference between the post-test scores of the control and experimental groups. This suggests that both captioning methods - words and phonetic transcription - positively impact stress pronunciation learning. The findings indicate that enhanced stress pronunciation may contribute to overall language intelligibility and fluency, potentially leading to improved language learning outcomes. This study opens avenues for future research on the application of phonetic transcription in other areas of pronunciation, such as intonation and connected speech.

Exploring the impact of word prediction assistive features on smartphone keyboards for blind users

Assistive technologies have been developed to enhance blind users’ typing performance, focusing on speed, accuracy, and effort reduction. One such technology is word prediction software, designed to minimize keystrokes required for text input. This study investigates the impact of word prediction on typing performance among blind users using an on-screen QWERTY keyboard. We conducted a comparative study involving eleven blind participants, evaluating both standard QWERTY input and word prediction-assisted typing. Our findings reveal that while word prediction slightly improves typing speed, it does not enhance typing accuracy and increases both physical and temporal workload compared to the default keyboard. We conclude with recommendations for improving word prediction systems, including more efficient editing methods and the integration of voice pitch variations to aid error recognition.

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for the diagnosis of pronunciation of speech sound disorders in Korean children.

This study presents a model of automatic speech recognition (ASR) that is designed to diagnose pronunciation issues in children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) to replace manual transcriptions in clinical procedures. Because ASR models trained for general purposes mainly predict input speech into standard spelling words, well-known high-performance ASR models are not suitable for evaluating pronunciation in children with SSDs. We fine-tuned the wav2vec2.0 XLS-R model to recognise words as they are pronounced by children, rather than converting the speech into their standard spelling words. The model was fine-tuned with a speech dataset of 137 children with SSDs pronouncing 73 Korean words that are selected for actual clinical diagnosis. The model's Phoneme Error Rate (PER) was only 10% when its predictions of children's pronunciations were compared to human annotations of pronunciations as heard. In contrast, despite its robust performance on general tasks, the state-of-the-art ASR model Whisper showed limitations in recognising the speech of children with SSDs, with a PER of approximately 50%. While the model still requires improvement in terms of the recognition of unclear pronunciation, this study demonstrates that ASR models can streamline complex pronunciation error diagnostic procedures in clinical fields.

Association of solid fuel use with cognitive function and the modifying role of lifestyle: A nationwide cohort study in China

BackgroundAs opposed to a healthy lifestyle, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use may be harmful for cognitive function. However, the extent to which lifestyle modifies the association between solid fuel use and cognitive function remains unknown. MethodsA total of 21,008 individuals aged 16 to 92 were enrolled in 2010 and followed up to 2014 in the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Cognitive function was assessed using standardized math and word tests in two waves. Solid fuel use at baseline was assessed by self-reporting of firewood, straw, or coal used for cooking. Lifestyle profile was classified into two groups (favorable vs. unfavorable) based on five modifiable lifestyle factors including alcohol drinking, smoking, body mass index, diet, and physical activity. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to assess the association of solid fuel use and lifestyle with cognitive function. The effect modification of lifestyle was analyzed. ResultsA total of 49.7% of the study population used solid fuels for cooking and 17.4% had a favorable lifestyle. Solid fuel use was associated with a significant decrease in cognitive function (β = −0.29, 95% CI: −0.39, −0.19 for math test; β = −0.62, 95% CI: −0.84, −0.41 for word test). Lifestyle significantly modified this association (p-interaction: 0.006 for math test; 0.016 for word test), with the corresponding association being less pronounced among participants adhering to a favorable lifestyle compared to those with an unfavorable lifestyle. ConclusionA favorable lifestyle may attenuate the adverse association between solid fuel use and cognitive function. Adopting a favorable lifestyle has the potential to mitigate the adverse neurological effects due to indoor air pollution.

Communicating the Links between Climate Change and Heat Waves with the Climate Shift Index

Abstract Extreme weather, including heat waves, poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. As global temperatures continue to rise, the frequency and severity of heat waves will increase. Because of this, communicating heat-related risks to the public is increasingly important. One commonly used communication tool is the Climate Shift Index (CSI), which establishes how much more likely an extreme weather event, such as a heat wave, has been made by climate change. To test the impact of the CSI on people’s understanding of the links between climate change and extreme weather, we conducted an experiment informing 3902 American adults that climate change made the July 2023 heat wave in the United States at least 5 times more likely. In addition to this standard CSI wording and two control messages, we also explored the effectiveness of reframing magnitude as a percentage and whether mechanistic and attribution explanations of the relationship between climate change and heat waves further increase understanding. All treatments increased the belief that climate change made the July 2023 heat wave more likely and is making heat waves in general more likely as well. Additionally, we found that expressing the magnitude as a percentage was more effective than the standard CSI framing. We also found that just talking about the heat wave, without mentioning climate change, was enough to change beliefs.

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Dan Struktur Dalam Jurnal Matematika

It is very common to find journal publications and scienntific articles according to certain fields and the influence of a method on cases that have been investigated first, then reviewed in a scientific article. However, language errors are often found in scientific articles that have been read, both in spelling, punctuation, and so on. This research is qualitative research that uses descriptive methods. The data collection technique used in this research is document study. After conducting a review, the researcher still found several errors in language, for example the author still could not differentiate between standard and non-standart words. There are still structural errors. Therefore, through review by other researchers to analyze journals that have been released, it will certainly help to improve future journals.

Assessment Methods and Intervention Strategies for Cleft-Related Lateral Misarticulation in Chinese-Speaking Children.

The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics and error speech features of cleft-related lateral misarticulation and provide a basis for clinical evaluation and rational intervention. Participants who were diagnosed with lateral misarticulation after cleft palate repairment were 126 children aged 4, 6 to 16, and 11, and they had complete palatopharyngeal closure, no abnormalities in their speech organs and occlusion, and no hearing or intellectual impairments. The Chinese standard pronunciation clarity word list, the American KAY CSL4500, the Beijing Yangchen YF-16 computer speech analysis workstation, soundproof rooms, Wechsler scales of intelligence-fourth edition, and audiometers were used to evaluate the cleft-related lateral misarticulation. Statistical analysis was performed on the age, gender, error rate, corner of the mouth deviation direction, comorbidity, duration of intervention, period of treatment, and therapeutic effect of concentrated or normal intervention group in different patients. Our results showed that 2 to 3 straight stripes were visible at the onset of consonants /ti:/ /t'i:/, and 3 clear straight lines were visible in /tʂ/, indicating that the lateralized sound had 2 or 3 bursts and lasted for 1 to 2ms. The onset age of lateralized sound was mostly below 12 years old. Chinese lateralized sound mainly occurred in vowel /i:/, and the occurrence rate of consonants with tongue surface /tɕ]/ /tɕ'/ /ɕ/ was the highest. In addition, the corner of the mouth deviation was also an indicator of lateralization sound, and other types of speech disorders mostly accompanied it. There was a significant difference in the improvement of speech clarity between the concentrated intervention group and the normal group before and after treatment. The 2 groups' average duration and course of treatment were not significantly different. Still, the period of concentrated intervention was shortened considerably, and the speech clarity of both groups of children after treatment exceeded 96%, reaching a normal level.

Pengaruh Penggunan Kata Gaul dalam Bahasa Inodesia terhadap Kemampuan Berbahasa Siswa SMA

The use of slang words in Indonesian has become a common phenomenon among teenagers. In the context of using the Indonesian language, the use of slang words can affect the language proficiency of high school students. This study aims to explore how the use of slang words in Indonesian affects the language proficiency of high school students. This research employs a qualitative research design with a Case Study approach. The study uses Huberman's Analysis, which involves three main stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of the study indicate that the use of slang words in Indonesian can interfere with high school students' ability to use Indonesian properly and correctly. This is due to the shortening of words, the addition of letters to standard words, the use of letters, and the use of numbers in writing, which can hinder the growth and development of the Indonesian language. Therefore, it is important to increase high school students' awareness of the importance of using proper and correct Indonesian and to instill a love for the Indonesian language among teenagers

Peningkatan Kemampuan Siswa dalam Membedakan Bahasa Baku dan Bahasa Tidak Baku Berdasarkan EYD

The ability to differentiate standard language from non-standard language is an important aspect in learning Indonesian. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of using Enhanced Spelling (EYD) in improving students' ability to differentiate between standard and non-standard language. The method used is a literature study by examining in depth the EYD guidelines published by the Language Development and Development Agency, as well as analyzing scientific journals related to the application of EYD in learning. The results of the study show that the EYD guidelines provide a list of standard and non-standard words arranged alphabetically as well as clear and systematic rules for writing standard language. Several previous studies revealed that intensive use of word lists and rules can increase students' mastery of standard vocabulary and understanding of the differences between standard and non-standard language. However, the obstacle in implementing EYD in the field is the teacher's lack of understanding of the existing rules. Therefore, intensive training and socialization is needed for teachers so that the use of EYD can be optimal in improving students' ability to differentiate between standard and non-standard languages. This research concludes that the EYD guide is a very effective source for improving these abilities by providing a clear list of words and standard language rules as a guide for teachers and students.

It's All About That Case.

Prior evidence has indicated that the act of producing a word aloud is more effortful than reading a word silently, and this effort is related to the subsequent memory advantage for produced words. In the current study, we further examined the contributions of reading effort to the overall production effect by making silent reading more effortful. To do this, participants studied words that were presented in standard lowercase font format and words that were presented in an aLtErNaTiNg CaSe font format (which should be more effortful to read). Half of the words in each font condition were read aloud, and half were read silently. Participants completed an old/new recognition test. Experiment 1 was conducted online; Experiment 2 was conducted in-lab and recorded reading times at study to confirm that alternating case font slows reading. In both experiments, we found a production effect in recognition that was uninfluenced by font type. We also found that alternating case font selectively increased recollection (but not familiarity) relative to lowercase font. Thus, the additional time to read words in a disfluent font does not appear to interact with memory benefit of producing words aloud.

Power and vulnerability: managing sensitive language in organizational communication.

Organizational responsibilities can give people power but also expose them to scrutiny. This tension leads to divergent predictions about the use of potentially sensitive language: power might license it, while exposure might inhibit it. Analysis of peoples' language use in a large corpus of organizational emails using standardized Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) measures shows a systematic difference in the use of words with potentially sensitive (ethnic, religious, or political) connotations. People in positions of relative power are ~3 times less likely to use sensitive words than people more junior to them. The tendency to avoid potentially sensitive language appears to be independent of whether other people are using sensitive language in the same email exchanges, and also independent of whether these words are used in a sensitive context. These results challenge a stereotype about language use and the exercise of power. They suggest that, in at least some circumstances, the exposure and accountability associated with organizational responsibilities are a more significant influence on how people communicate than social power.

Intelligent material classification of traditional Chinese medicine based on semantic analysis

A method for material classification of traditional Chinese medicines based on the physical properties of powder has been established by our research group. This method involves pre-treatment of traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces, powder preparation, and determination of physical properties, being cumbersome. In this study, the word segmentation logic of semantic analysis was adopted to establish the thesaurus and local standardized semantic word segmentation database with the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of 36 model traditional Chinese medicines as the basic data. The physical properties of these medicines have been determined and the classification of these medicines is clear in the cluster analysis. A total of 55 keywords for powdery, fibrous, sugary, oily, and brittle materials were screened by association rules and the set inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the weights of the keywords were calculated. Furthermore, the algorithms of the keyword matching scores and the computation rules of the single or multiple material classification were established for building the intelligent model of semantic analysis for the material classification. The semantic classification results of the other 35 TCMs except Pseudostellariae Radix(multi-material medicine) agreed with the clustering results based on the physical properties of the powder, with an agreement rate of 97.22%. In model validation, the prediction results of semantic classification of traditional Chinese medicines were consistent with the clustering results based on the physical properties of powder, with an agreement rate of 83.33%. The results showed that the method of material classification based on semantic analysis was feasible, which laid a foundation for the development of intelligent decision-making technology for personalized traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

Славянизация языка законодательных актов в Петровскую эпоху

The article is devoted to Slavization of business writing in the Peter the Great period. The focus is on legislative acts of the first decades of the 18 th century. Their language testifies that bookish-Slavic elements penetrated into it rather early. It is proved that the process under study took place in stages and began with documents that serviced international relations. In that kind of writings, literary means were actively used as early as in the first years of the century. The decrees related to the activities of the Patriarchal and Monastic prikazes reveal the use of bookish-Slavic lexical and syntactic means approximately in the same period. The research establishes the causal relationship between the early fixation of Slavonisms with the linguistic experience accumulated in those fields of activity during the previous period. In the language of legislative acts aimed at solving domestic problems, literary means were used more intensively at the end of the first – at the first half of the second decade of the 18 th century. The article emphasises that it was a certain stage of developing new linguistic and stylistic means in the normative legal and administrative documents. Also, it is highlighted that their composition was arranged either according to the standard word usage of prikazes or to the word usage in international documents. It was primarily due to the subject content of the documents and the communicative and pragmatic attitudes of their drafters.

Ability To Distinguish Between Standard Vocabulary And Non-Standard Vocabulary In Indonesian Language Courses For Semester 1 Class F Students At Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine In 2023

Standard words are words that follow linguistic rules recognized in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. This research aims to describe the level of students' ability to differentiate standard vocabulary from non-standard vocabulary in Indonesian. The population in this study were students in semester 1 (one) class F of the Veterinary Medicine Education Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mandalika Education University totaling 39 people. Data collection was carried out using test techniques, while data analysis was carried out using percentage techniques. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is known that the level of student ability is adequate. This can be seen from the results of data analysis which shows that 74.36%Sample students who got a score of 6.5 and above, while students who got a score below 6.5 were 25.64%%.On this basis, it is hoped that in the learning process in class, lecturers who teach Indonesian language courses will intensively provide assignments or training to students, especially in terms of the differences between standard and non-standard vocabulary. So that in the end students are able to determine the differences between the two

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Bidang Morfologi Pada Teks Karangan Narasi Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 5 Dersalam

This study aims to examine errors in the morphological aspects found in the narrative texts of fifth-grade students at SD Negeri 5 Dersalam. The methodology employed is qualitative descriptive, focusing on data containing morphological errors or improper sentence usage. The narrative compositions of the fifth-grade students from SD Negeri 5 Dersalam serve as the primary data source. Data collection was conducted through the documentation of student compositions. The data analysis was carried out using the Milles Huberman analysis model. The research findings indicate a variety of language errors in the students' narrative texts, including errors in the use of prepositions, incorrect writing of standard words, and errors in affixation writing .

Peningkatan Kemampuan Membedakan Bahasa Baku dan Tidak Baku Berdasarkan EYD

The standard words are words that follow the recognized language rules in Indonesian. Spelling, conventional grammar, and common dictionary words are just some of the linguistic norms that can be found in standard words. The purpose of this research is to ensure how students use common and uncommon words. This research is qualitative and descriptive. Students majoring in Indonesian Language Education at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra participated in the research. Based on the research findings, most students majoring in Indonesian Language Education at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra are able to understand standard and non-standard words, while very few cannot.

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa pada Spanduk dan Pamflet di Jalan Raya dalam Kajian Morfologi

This study aims to identify language errors in the field of morphology on banners and pamphlets. The research uses a descriptive method with observation, photos, and notes to obtain data by observing language usage. Errors in language usage often occur in both spoken and written form, deviating from language rules and not in accordance with EYD (Improved Spelling). Language errors or language processes are closely related to the language learning process. Language errors occur in both spoken and written language, such as in the field of morphology. With these language errors, the analysis of language errors is very important. Language errors on banners on the highway in the field of morphology mostly relate to written language, including the use of standard and non-standard words. Based on the data found and analyzed, it can be concluded that errors in language usage in the field of morphology related to word writing are still often found in banner writings. This study examines eight data related to standard and non-standard word errors.

Vocabulary learning for slow learner students in inclusive elementary schools: A case of Magetan Regency, East Java, Indonesia

This study aimed to describe and explain the conditions for learning vocabulary for slow learners in inclusive elementary schools. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach. Sampling was carried out on students with slow learners at 10 inclusive elementary schools in Magetan Regency, East Java, Indonesia, which were selected based on regional considerations. The data sources selected were 10 special accompanying teachers, vocabulary learning activities in class, and documents or archives related to slow learners. Data collection techniques include passive participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses an interactive analysis model, which is carried out through three activity flows: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that the vocabulary of slow learners is minimal when compared to that of other normal students. Slow-learner students have difficulty using vocabulary in reading and writing and are weak at stringing letters into words. Factors that hinder slow learners’ vocabulary mastery include being less accustomed to using Indonesian and the lack of support from parents. Teaching materials taught by the teacher include the introduction of new terms, synonyms, antonyms, and standard words, filling in gaps in sentences, and constructing sentences with the available words.

Radar Tasikmalaya News Portal's Error Analysis in the Indonesian Language from a Linguistic Category Point of View

There are still many online news portals that make writing errors, not only in terms of spelling, but also in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics. The goal of this language mistake analysis is to analyze and repair phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic faults found on instructional pages of the Radar Tasikmalaya news site. The researcher employed a descriptive analytic method. The research methods employed in this study were observation, interviews, and literature studies, which involved reviewing all of the books, articles, notes, and reports that had anything to do with the issue being addressed. By performing numerous steps in the study process, including: (1) gathering data, (2) describing the data, (3) evaluating the data, and (4) drawing conclusions. The findings of a language mistake study for the Radar Tasikmalaya news portal's edition can be concluded that there are forms of language errors in the fields of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In linguistic-morphological category errors there are errors in affixation. Syntactic errors consist of errors in sentence construction. There are also semantic errors consisting of errors in the meaning of sentences that can make the reader misinterpret the sentence. Then there are errors in the use of spelling or phonology, these spelling errors consist of writing errors in the use of punctuation marks, especially in writing academic degrees, using standard words, writing foreign terms, and writing capital letters.