Standard Unit Of Measurement Research Articles

Benefit as a Standard Unit of Measure for Arts Organizations: A Conceptual Analysis

Benefit is a commonly used concept for expressing positive outcomes of arts participation. The inherent ambiguity of benefit applied to a broad range of arts activities raises issues for research, decision-making, program design, and evaluation. This article offers a conceptual analysis of benefit as a standard unit of measure for design and evaluation of third sector arts organization services. In this article, we explore the possibilities for a standard unit of measure, called Benefit Unit that works toward dispelling the inherent ambiguities of “benefit” in the current discourse on arts programs and services. Conceptual analysis is applied to existing theories of benefit analysis and transaction theory, to advance a framework for Benefit Unit that offers ease of use, coherence, and wide acceptance. Developed for arts organizations, we see potential for any nonprofit organization seeking to establish appropriate measures of the intangible merits of its services. Our research is aimed at decision makers, policy agents, public administrators, and funders who have interest in improving available tools for measuring outcomes of arts services.

Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Alan Ölçme Bilgi ve Becerilerinin İncelenmesi

In this study, it is aimed to examine the area measurement knowledge and skills of secondary school students. In the study, in which the descriptive method was used, the data were collected in written form with 8 open-ended questions from 92 seventh grade students. Students' answers to open-ended questions were analyzed with a scoring scale. The research shows that the majority of students who correctly estimate the size of the area measurement units are in the majority, but they have difficulty in transforming the standard area measurement units. Students who can calculate the area as the number of unit squares covering a region are in the majority. It was observed that the students who were successful in measuring the area of the rectangle had low success in measuring the area of the parallelogram, triangle and trapezoid, and it was observed that the students tended to multiply the two sides of the polygon while measuring the area. In addition, it was determined that some students confused the area with the environment.

Kata Satuan Bahasa Korea dalam bidang Kuliner

Measure word is a group of words functions as a noun counter and complementing a numeral. Each language has a different set and types of measure words. Korean has a lot of measure words and it is used based on the semantic feature of the counted noun. This paper examines types of Korean measure words in a culinary-related text. Data were collected from recipes written in Korean. Then, Data were classified and analyzed to see the similarities and differences between those measure words. Our results showed that there are four types of Korean measure words. First, measure words that are standard measurement units (e.g geuraem 'gram' and litheo 'liter'). Second, measure words that are Korean traditional measurement units like geun. Third, measure words that came from measuring tools like byeong 'bottle' and keunsul 'spoon' and the last, measure words that are classifiers. In a phrasal structure, measure words placed after the numeral, and the noun is mainly placed before the numeral but it also can be placed after the measure words by adding a genitive particle -eui between the measure word and noun. Commonly-used measure words and classifiers that have one-to-one equivalent word in Indonesian will be easier to learn by learners from Indonesian background.

Experts Reflect on What New Law Might Mean for Cannabis Research

Experts Reflect on What New Law Might Mean for Cannabis Research

Розкриття екологічного капіталу в інтегрованій звітності

The concept of integrated reporting assumes that the value of the enterprise and its future development is determined not only by financial but also by human, intellectual, social, and natural capital. Traditional financial indicators are not enough to fully assess the company's investment attractiveness and sustainable development. The article aims to structure financial and non-financial information about natural capital, which can be disclosed in integrated reports to obtain future economic and social effects. Natural capital is the used natural resources and ecosystem services that support people's lives and well-being. Unlike financial capital, which can be measured in monetary units, natural capital does not have a standard unit of measurement. It can include elements such as soil quality, availability of water resources, biodiversity, availability of natural landscapes, and much more. Disclosure of information about natural capital in integrated reporting may include the following elements: assessment of natural resources used by the company; the cost of ecosystem services, namely air and water purification measures, control of soil purity, storage of water resources, flood control; assessment of the impact of the company's activities on the environment; minimization of the impact on the environment through the use of advanced technologies in the energy sector and resource-saving technologies; environmental risks and threats. An environmentally-oriented approach in the company's development strategy will have an ecological, social, and economic effect since resource-saving and energy-saving technologies significantly reduce the costs of activities and the cost of products. Companies demonstrating their commitment to sustainable development receive more opportunities to attract investment and participate in government programs and projects.

Quantification of the development of trunk control in healthy infants using inertial measurement units.

Trunk motor control is essential for the proper functioning of the upper extremities and is an important predictor of gait capacity in children with delayed development. Early diagnosis and intervention could increase the trunk motor capabilities in later life, but current tools used to assess the level of trunk motor control are largely subjective and many lack the sensitivity to accurately monitor development and the effects of therapy. Inertial measurement units could yield an objective quantitative assessment that is inexpensive and easy-to-implement. We hypothesized that root mean square of jerk, a proxy for movement smoothness, could be used to distinguish age and thereby presumed motor development. We attached a sensor to the trunks of six young children with no known developmental deficits. Root mean square of jerk decreases with age, up to 24 months, and is correlated to a more established method, i.e., center-of-pressure velocity, as well as other standard inertial measurement unit outputs. This metric therefore shows potential as a method to differentiate trunk motor control levels.

GROSS MARGIN ANALYSIS OF MARKETING PADDY RICE (Oryza sativa) IN SELECTTED MARKETS IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the gross margin and factors influencing marketing margin, as well as constraints to paddy rice (Oryza sativa) marketing in selected markets in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Six (6) markets were purposively selected and a total of 124 marketers were randomly chosen. Primary data were collected by the use of structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Based on the findings of the study, paddy rice marketing was a profitable enterprise in Bauchi State, Nigeria with gross margin of N1,126.20 and marketing efficiency was 13.5%. Factors that influenced marketing margin of paddy rice include marital status at P≤0.01, household size at P≤0.1, years of experience and educational level at P≤0.05, respectively. The result indicates that the model has an F-ratio (11.562) which shows that the whole model was significant at P≤0.01 level of probability. The coefficient of determination (R2) indicated that 45.5% variation in the dependent variable was explained by the explanatory variables included in the model, while the remaining was as a result of variables not included in the model as well as errors in estimation. The results further revealed that 48.4% of the market participants were retailers. The major constraints identified include inadequate capital, poor road network and storage facility, seasonality of supply and lack of standard unit of measurement. It was recommended that Government provides credit facilities; improved transportation network and marketers encouraged to form cooperatives so that they can pool their resources together to increase their scale of operation.

Development and Validation of Measurement Traceability for In Situ Immunoassays.

Immunoassays for protein analytes measured in situ support a $2 billion laboratory testing industry that suffers from significant interlaboratory disparities, affecting patient treatment. The root cause is that immunohistochemical testing lacks the generally accepted tools for analytic standardization, including reference standards and traceable units of measure. Until now, the creation of these tools has represented an insoluble technical hurdle. We address the need with a new concept in metrology-that is, linked traceability. Rather than calculating analyte concentration directly, which has proven too variable, we calculate concentration by measuring an attached fluorescein, traceable to NIST Standard Reference Material 1934, a fluorescein standard. For validation, newly developed estrogen receptor (ER) calibrators were deployed in tandem with an array of 80 breast cancer tissue sections in a national external quality assessment program. Laboratory performance was assessed using both the ER standards and the tissue array. Similar to previous studies, the tissue array revealed substantial discrepancies in ER test results among the participating laboratories. The new ER calibrators revealed a broad range of analytic sensitivity, with the lower limits of detection ranging from 7310 to 74 790 molecules of ER. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that the variable test results correlate with analytic sensitivity, which can now be measured quantitatively. The reference standard enables precise interlaboratory alignment of immunohistochemistry test sensitivity for measuring cellular proteins in situ. The introduction of a reference standard and traceable units of measure for protein expression marks an important milestone.

Measuring complex for monitoring carbon dioxide in air

The advantages and disadvantages of infrared and electrochemical gas analyzers for carbon dioxide CO2 are described. The possibility of using conductometric sensors with distilled water for monitoring the CO2 content in the air has been investigated. Two identical measuring systems were manufactured, each containing two open-type conductometric cells, a matching device and a personal computer. With the help of these complexes, experiments were carried out on the simultaneous measurement of the CO2 content in the air in two places (a laboratory room and a building in a forest, located at a distance of 15 km from each other) with deliberately different daily dynamics of the CO2 level change. A special experiment was carried out, which made it possible to obtain an estimate of the inertia of conductometric cells and a conversion factor for the values of CO2 content into standard units of measurement. It is shown that the daily dynamics of changes in the electrical conductivity of distilled water in open cells corresponds to the expected dynamics of changes in the CO2 content in the rooms where the measurements were carried out. The operability of the measuring complex and the possibility of creating on its basis a device for long-term monitoring of the CO2 content in the air mixture of gases has been confirmed. The principal high selectivity of the measuring complex to CO2 in relation to other gases of the atmosphere has been established.

Arduino Weighing Machine Using Load Cell and HX711 Module

Although gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental forces that keep the universe from flying apart, it is the only one that we can directly perceive. Everything on the earth that has mass experiences it, as the force of gravity pulls it toward the iron core at the center of our planet. Weight and mass are connected by gravity. The world standard unit of measurement of weight is the kilogram (kg). Even in the USA, where imperial measurements of weight, distance, and volume are still in wide public use, those units are referenced to the metric SI system. So a pound (of weight) in the USA is not defined by another imperial.

Governance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Djansang (<i>Ricinodendron heudelotii</i>) and Wild Mango (<i>Irvingia gabonensis</i>) and Its Influence on the Livelihood of Rural Communities of Yokadouma in the East Region of Cameroon

The objective of the study is to contribute to the sustainable governance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) (Djangsa and Wild mangos) on rural livelihood of communities surrounding the rainforest in Yokadouma. The economic potential of Non-Forest Timber Products (NTFPs) and its influence on rural livelihood and development has made it a constant national and international policy debate. However, Cameroon policies and institutional Legal framework is inconsistent with the exploitation and valorisation of these important rural livelihood activities. This study was carried out in Yokadouma in the East Region of Cameroon between February and July of 2020. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of NTFPs exploiters and marketers. Data was collected through the administration of semi-structured questionnaire design with the aim to answer the research objective. During the recognisances survey, 172 persons concerned in these activities were identified within the 09 villages in the Yokadouma division. Out of these 172 identified persons involved in this economic sector, 165 were interviewed accounting for 96%. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 21 software. Results showed that the NTFPs sector is organized by 02 actors within the value chain who are the producers and retailers. Economic analysis of value chain revealed that producers were able to make 272,780 and 322,367 FCFA per person per season form djansang and wild mangos respectively. The constraints to sustainable management of NTFPs are the gradual disappearance of these tree species, instability of the production cycle, and stumpy involvement of economic operators in the processing chain, the harassments linked to inadequate legislation and the absence of standard measurement units used by retailers of these products. If NTFPs is well managed, it will create jobs and contribute to the economic development and subsequent improvement of livelihood of these rural communities.

Operatory adnumeratywne typu marny, dobry, bity – próba charakterystyki formalno-semantycznej.

This paper presents the multitude and variety of expressions in the Polish language (e.g. góra, minimum, maks, raptem, bagatela, wszystkiego, po (at most, at least, max., only, merely, altogether)), which could be classifi ed as adnumerative operators as defined by Maciej Grochowski. They include metapredictive adjectives such as dobry (milion) (a good (million)), ładne (100 kilometrów) (a good (100 kilometres)), bite (200 stron) (a whole (200 pages)), nędzne (200 złotych) (a measly (200 zloty)), which are characterised by connectivity with selected (standard and non-standard) units of measurement. The semantic and syntactic analysis of corpus examples shows that the discussed adjectives differ from their equivalents from the relevant language level in formal terms (non-predicativity, non-contrastivity, non-gradability, non-negativity) and semantic terms (communicating evaluations ‘to dużo’ (it’s much/many), ‘to mało’ (it’s little/few), indicating a precise or an approximate value, reinforcing assertion).

Ludovic McLellan Mann's place in the history of prehistoric metrology

Megalithic metrology, the notion that Neolithic monument builders employed a standard unit of measurement when setting out stone circles, has a long history. William Stukeley was the first to suggest that this standard unit was the druid cubit. He may have drawn on Isaac Newton's 1728 description of the temple of Abydos, which noted that the layout utilised cubits in the design, though the druid cubit was Stukeley's invention. This idea of a standard universal measure seemingly lay dormant for over a century until Edward Duke, Charles Piazzi Smyth and Sir William Flinders Petrie proposed other metrological systems. The subject was taken up again in 1930 when Ludovic McLellan Mann wrote a pamphlet entitled Craftsmen's Measures in Prehistoric Times in which he detailed new measures; the ‘alpha unit’ (0.619 inches) and the ‘beta unit’ (0.55 inches). A special committee formed from members of the Glasgow Archaeological Society and the Glasgow University Geological Society resoundingly disagreed, but Mann found approval from outside the archaeological community when his ideas were taken up by Major F C Tyler, who used them to elaborate on his own version of the lengths of Alfred Watkins’ old straight tracks. More famously, Alexander Thom made megalithic metrology, (the megalithic rod, yard, foot, and inch) an essential part of his thesis, ideas which received an esoteric twist in the New Age writings of John Michell. Was this an original discovery or was Thom influenced by Mann and others before him?

A universal and independent synthetic DNA ladder for the quantitative measurement of genomic features

Standard units of measurement are required for the quantitative description of nature; however, few standard units have been established for genomics to date. Here, we have developed a synthetic DNA ladder that defines a quantitative standard unit that can measure DNA sequence abundance within a next-generation sequencing library. The ladder can be spiked into a DNA sample, and act as an internal scale that measures quantitative genetics features. Unlike previous spike-ins, the ladder is encoded within a single molecule, and can be equivalently and independently synthesized by different laboratories. We show how the ladder can measure diverse quantitative features, including human genetic variation and microbial abundance, and also estimate uncertainty due to technical variation and improve normalization between libraries. This ladder provides an independent quantitative unit that can be used with any organism, application or technology, thereby providing a common metric by which genomes can be measured.

NCCN Policy Summit: Defining, Measuring, and Applying Quality in an Evolving Health Policy Landscape and the Implications for Cancer Care

Quality measurement is a critical component of advancing a health system that pays for performance over volume. Although there has been significant attention paid to quality measurement within health systems in recent years, significant challenges to meaningful measurement of quality care outcomes remain. Defining cost can be challenging, but is arguably not as elusive as quality, which lacks standard measurement methods and units. To identify industry standards and recommendations for the future, NCCN recently hosted the NCCN Oncology Policy Summit: Defining, Measuring, and Applying Quality in an Evolving Health Policy Landscape and the Implications for Cancer Care. Key stakeholders including physicians, payers, policymakers, patient advocates, and technology partners reviewed current quality measurement programs to identify success and challenges, including the Oncology Care Model. Speakers and panelists identified gaps in quality measurement and provided insights and suggestions for further advancing quality measurement in oncology. This article provides insights and recommendations; however, the goal of this program was to highlight key issues and not to obtain consensus.

Measuring the Magnitude of Health Inequality Between 2 Population Subgroup Proportions.

In this paper, we evaluate 11 measures of inequality, d(p1, p2), between 2 proportions p1 and p2, some of which are new to the health disparities literature. These measures are selected because they are continuous, nonnegative, equal to 0 if and only if |p1 - p2|=0, and maximal when |p1 - p2|=1. They are also symmetrical [d(p1, p2)=d(p2, p1)] and complement-invariant [d(p1, p2)=d(1 - p2, 1 - p1)]. To study intermeasure agreement, 5 of the 11 measures, including the absolute difference, are retained, because they remain finite and are maximal if and only if |p1 - p2|=1. Even when the 2 proportions are assumed to be drawn at random from a shared distribution-interpreted as the absence of an avoidable difference-the expected value of d(p1, p2) depends on the shape of the distribution (and the choice of d) and can be quite large. To allow for direct comparisons among measures, we propose a standard measurement unit akin to a z score. For skewed underlying beta distributions, 4 of the 5 retained measures, once standardized, offer more conservative assessments of the magnitude of inequality than the absolute difference. We conclude that, even for measures that share the highlighted mathematical properties, magnitude comparisons are most usefully assessed relative to an elicited or estimated underlying distribution for the 2 proportions.

Developing Clinically Relevant Scales of Breathy and Rough Voice Quality

The most common measurement tools used in the perceptual evaluation of voice quality yield ordinal data and thus do not support the establishment of mathematical relationships among different measurement values. This makes their interpretation challenging. Among the many desirable features of any psychophysical measurement tool is the ability to quantify the difference between two or more measurements and the ability to interpret the measurements in a manner that is related to the experience of the observer. The former allows one to compare among measurements using simple mathematics, while the latter allows that comparison to be interpreted in constructive ways. In this paper we describe the development of standard measurement scales for two dimensions of voice quality, following an approach that has been applied successfully to the perception of loudness. The scales follow step-by-step procedures used to develop the sone scale of loudness, which ties physical units to the perceptual estimates of loudness magnitude. Goals of the current work include development of analogous scales for the perception of breathy and rough voice qualities. First, the relationship between perceived voice quality and physical units were established using single-variable matching tasks. Second, the relationship between a change in physical units from the single-variable matching tasks and perceived voice quality magnitude were established using magnitude estimation tasks. Third, single reference points were identified on breathy and rough continuums. Finally, all points on the newly established voice quality continuums were rescaled relative to these arbitrary reference points. The proposed breathiness and roughness scales result in ratio-level data with standard measurement units that support quantitative comparisons of perceptual judgments. Such judgments can be used, for example, to compare magnitude of change pre- and post-treatment.

Profit Ability of Fresh Fish Marketing in Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria

The study examined the profitability of fresh fish marketing in Bauchi Metropolis, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using questionnaire from 90 fish marketers selected randomly. Descriptive statistic and market margin analysis were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that majority (76.7%) of the marketers were female while 23.3% were male. The years of marketing experience indicated that 45.6% had marketing experience of 1 – 10 years. Age of the marketers indicated that54.4% of the marketers had ages, which ranged from 21 – 30 years. Majority (43.3%) of the marketers had tertiary education and only1.1% of the respondents had adult education. The average marketing margin stood at 25.35% and the average gross margin was N41.45. The result further revealed that the average marketing efficiency was 147.2% and the average return to naira invested was 0.27 Problems associated with fish marketing included inadequate storage facilities (96.7%), high cost of transportation (87.8%) and lack of standard unit of measurement (47.8).Among others; the study recommends that formation of co-operative societies should be encouraged to help in the provision of storage facilities and vans for the transportation of fresh fish in good time.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP AND GOATS TRADERS IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

The study analyzed socio-economic characteristics of sheep and goats traders in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 321 sheep traders and 220 goats’ traders. Data were collected with aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (mean score) were employed for the study. The result revealed that marketing of sheep and goats was dominated by married men with non-formal education and had marketing experience of 14 years to 18 years. However, the mean household size of sheep and goats traders was 9 persons and 7 persons, respectively. The mean current capital level of sheep and goats traders was N93,231.58 and N67,927.02, respectively. This shows that both sheep and goat’s traders in the study area were small scale traders. The result further discloses that, 51.40% and 47.73% of sheep and goats traders sourced their capital through personal savings, which are non-institutional credit sources. Inadequate capital (1st), poor access to formal credit (2nd), lack of standard unit of measurement (3rd), lack of cooperative/association (4th), disease and physical risk (5th) as well as seasonality of demand and supply (6th) were the major constraints associated with marketing sheep and goats in the study area. The study concludes that socio-economic characteristics of traders play an important role in marketing of sheep and goats in the study area, which will also have effects on the level of profit margin. The study recommends that traders should improve their level of education. This should be seen as a step option for combating illiteracy among traders in the study area. Provision of mini credit facilities to the traders, formation of sheep and goats traders association or cooperatives should be given serious consideration so as to improve the effectiveness of sheep and goats marketing in the study area.

Salt Making and Pottery Production: Community Craft Specialization in Alburquerque, Bohol, Philippines

ABSTRACTThis ethnoarchaeological study examines contemporary salt and earthenware pottery production in Alburquerque, Bohol, Central Philippines. It highlights the intersection of these two craft industries through the use of locally made earthenware pots for salt making, serving both as brine boiling containers, as well as standard units of measurement for trade. It examines the spatial distribution of production activities and related material culture, from the procurement of resources through the stages of production, to distribution, and the resulting archaeological correlates to serve as a framework for interpreting prehistoric salt sites with pottery remains. Moreover, this research contributes to research on household-based production activities, demonstrating that households can be active and integral participants in inter-community and regional markets and long-distance exchange.