Standard Tile Research Articles

Adhesion Stability According to Adhesion Area of Traditional Tile Gluing Method

In this study, verification was conducted through experiments to identify problems caused by traditional attachment methods in order to highlight the need for a suitable attachment method for new tile types according to changes in materials, production technology, and demand. The stability of adhesion strength was evaluated by subdividing the size of the adhesion area and adhesion strength measurement method for the country-type attachment method. The adhesion area on the back of the tile was divided into 60% and 80%, and the test specimens used in the experiment were tested for partial adhesion strength (Ta-1), overall adhesion strength (Ta-2), and adhesion strength after splitting (Ta-3), and the results were derived. As a result of conducting the adhesion test presented in the current national building standard tile specification (KCS 41 48 01) for 80% of the backfill area, the average adhesive strength was 0.85 N/mm2, and the standard strength was 0.39 N/mm2. However, as a result of the arithmetic average test of the adhesive strength of all tiles or cutting of the entire tile, rather than the partial adhesion test method of the mortar-attached part, it was confirmed that the adhesive strength was about −20% less than the current KCS 0.39 N/mm2.

Classification of Visual Smoothness Standards Using Multi-Scale Areal Texture Parameters and Low-Magnification Coherence Scanning Interferometry.

The ability to objectively specify surface finish to ensure consistent visual appearance addresses a vital need in surface coating engineering. This work demonstrates how a computational framework, called surface quality and inspection descriptors (SQuID™), can be leveraged to effectively rank different grades of surface finish appearances. ISO 25178-2 areal surface metrics extracted from bandpass-filtered measurements of a set of ten visual smoothness standards taken on a coherent scanning interferometer are used to quantify different grades of powder-coated surface finish. The ability to automatically classify the standard tiles using multi-scale areal texture parameters is compared to parameters obtained from a hand-held gloss meter. The results indicate that the ten different surface finishes can be automatically classified with accuracies as low as 65% and as high as 99%, depending on the filtering and parameters used to quantify the surfaces. The highest classification accuracy is achieved using only five multi-scale topography descriptions of the surface.

ScabyNet, a user-friendly application for detecting common scab in potato tubers using deep learning and morphological traits

Common scab (CS) is a major bacterial disease causing lesions on potato tubers, degrading their appearance and reducing their market value. To accurately grade scab-infected potato tubers, this study introduces “ScabyNet”, an image processing approach combining color-morphology analysis with deep learning techniques. ScabyNet estimates tuber quality traits and accurately detects and quantifies CS severity levels from color images. It is presented as a standalone application with a graphical user interface comprising two main modules. One module identifies and separates tubers on images and estimates quality-related morphological features. In addition, it enables the extraction of tubers as standard tiles for the deep-learning module. The deep-learning module detects and quantifies the scab infection into five severity classes related to the relative infected area. The analysis was performed on a dataset of 7154 images of individual tiles collected from field and glasshouse experiments. Combining the two modules yields essential parameters for quality and disease inspection. The first module simplifies imaging by replacing the region proposal step of instance segmentation networks. Furthermore, the approach is an operational tool for an affordable phenotyping system that selects scab-resistant genotypes while maintaining their market standards.

A novel method for seed cotton color measurement based on machine vision technology

Color of seed cotton is one of the key indexes of seed cotton quality, which greatly affects the price, grading, storage, and processing of seed cotton. Currently, there are shortage of mature color measurement methods and equipment specifically for seed cotton. Therefore, a color measurement method for seed cotton based on machine vision technology was proposed in this research. To solve the problem of color difference in images, a color difference correction algorithm based on multiple linear regression was proposed, which significantly reduced the color difference by 54.19%. To segment large impurities and large hard particles (cotton seeds, cotton stalks, and boll shells) that are easy to produce shadows from seed cotton images, a quadratic dynamic thresholding segmentation algorithm based on multi-channel fusion was proposed, which significantly improved the segmentation accuracy. The verification results showed that the average value of the intersection over union was 0.9. In the calculation of the color indexes of seed cotton, a correction algorithm based on the BP neural network was used to correct the indexes by taking standard tiles as a reference to reduce the difference caused by system error. The results of the machine vision method were compared with those of the detection of corresponding lint by HVI 1000 and spectrophotometer HX-410. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the Reflectance degree (Rd) and Yellowness (+b) measured by HVI 1000 were 0.790 and 0.865, respectively. The R2 for Rd and +b measured by HX-410 were 0.809 and 0.879, respectively. In addition, the analysis results of the effect of impurities and shadows on seed cotton color showed that both impurities and shadows had a negative effect on Rd. However, the effect of shadows on +b was negative and the effect of impurities was positive. This study indicated that it was feasible to detect seed cotton color using machine vision method.

Comparison of plant growth and yield of rice under double-row and tile transplanting systems

To increase rice production for meeting community needs and reduce yield loss under the climate change, the Indonesian government has been recommending double-row transplanting systems, which are Jajar Legowo (JL) and Jejer Manten (JM). Some researchers found that those systems could increase the yield of the Indica rice cultivar without scientific investigations, such as differences in micrometeorological conditions under the different planting spaces. This study aimed to compare plant growth, yield, and solar radiation within the canopy in JL and JM with those in a standard tile transplanting system (TL) by planting Japonica rice cv. Nikomaru, from June 18 to October 7 2022. The result showed that the yield was higher in JL and JM than in TL, by 18.2% and 20.4%, respectively. In addition, the number of filled grain was higher in JL and JM than in TL, by 19.0% and 21.0%, respectively. JM and JL had higher leaf area index than TL during the generative stage causing higher photosynthesis in the unit area. Comparing JL and JM, JL had a smaller leaf area index resulting in lower absorption of solar radiation by the leaves. We suggested that JM is the best transplanting system for producing a higher yield.

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of boso fish (Oxyeleotris marmorata) protein based on the degree of hydrolysis and the physical properties of the resultant hydrolysates

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) were produced from boso fish (Oxyeleotris marmorata) through enzymatic hydrolysis using papain as the hydrolysis agent. Papain concentration (0.2–0.4%), temperature (45–55°C), and time (4–12 hrs) were chosen as the independent factors while the degree of hydrolysis (DH), viscosity, and turbidity of the resultant FPHs were recorded as the responses. This study aimed to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis of boso fish protein using the Box-Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design. The optimum condition for the boso fish protein hydrolysis based on the DH was predicted at 0.2% of papain concentration, 55°C, and 12 hrs, which would give a DH of 18.63% and an R2 of 90.90%. The FPHs prepared with moderate hydrolysis conditions (0.3% of papain concentration at 50°C for 8 hrs) were spray-dried with the yield ranging from 5.37% to 16.70% (w/w). The spray-dried FPH displayed a globular structure with a diameter of 1–7 μm as observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The total colour difference of the dried FPH was 10.15 compared to the standard white tile. The particle size analysis in distilled water exhibited some distinct peaks which were distributed within 200–1,100 nm with an intensity of 18.1%. This study showed the potential of boso fish for FPH production by using the papain enzyme.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) between standard gypsum ceiling tile and polyurethane gypsum ceiling tile

In this paper, the LCA of two gypsum ceiling tiles is compared, the first one is a traditional gypsum tile and the second is a new eco ceiling tile in which polyurethane foam waste has been incorporated. Both tiles were made at one of the largest gypsum tile factories in Europe. The life cycle assessment has been considered from cradle to grave for which the corresponding production stages have been defined. This includes the extraction and transportation of raw materials, the manufacturing process, transportation to the client, the use of the product and the end of its useful life. The results show that the tile with polyurethane has a better environmental performance than the standard commercial ceiling tile. This is quantified as a 14% reduction in energy consumption, a 14% reduction in CO2 emissions and a 25% reduction in water consumption compared with the standard tile, all the while maintaining the technical performance. An analysis of the results suggests that the new eco product has a competitive advantage on the market thanks to its environmental improvements and good technical performance.

Analysis Ready Data of the Chinese GaoFen Satellite Data

Analysis Ready Data (ARD) has been greatly recommended by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) for simplifying and fostering long time series analysis at large scale with minimum additional user effort. Landsat ARD has been successfully made and widely used for large scale analysis. Subsequently, the Chinese satellite data similar to Landsat data have been processed and will be processed into ARDs to promote the use of the Chinese satellite data. At the first stage of the mission, the 4 Wide Field Viewing (WFV) data on GaoFen 1 (GF1) covering the whole of China and the surrounding areas have been processed into ARD. The ARD is provided as standard tiles under a common and unified projection with per pixel quality assurance and metadata for tracing back and further processing data, which are finally stored into a Hierarchical Data File (HDF); furthermore, all spectral bands are georegistered and radiometrically cross-calibrated as top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance and are atmospherically corrected as surface reflectance (SR). Therefore, the ARD can be further used easily to produce land cover and land cover change maps and retrieve geophysical and biophysical parameters.

Waste minimisation of ceramic wall tiles

Many wastes are commonly produced during the ceramic tiles manufacturing process such as: Roller kiln grinding waste, cyclone dust waste, and ceramic sludge. Those wastes are landfilled because they have been predictable to be less conducive to recycling. In this study, the recyclability of the mentioned wastes is enhanced to minimize natural resource consumption, save energy, reduce cost and decrease hazards to the surrounding environment. Three types of collected wastes were added in different ratios to a standard wall tile mix and factorial 23 design techniques was used to investigate the effect of adding these wastes in different ratios on the properties of unfired and fired bodies. Suggested recipes were shaped in standard tile form, dried and fired at 1,160 oC for 15 min. Tests performed on these tiles revealed that they abide by standard requirements for ceramic wall tiles.

Benthic grazing in a eutrophic river: cascading effects of zoobenthivorous fish mask direct effects of herbivorous fish.

Benthic grazing strongly controls periphyton biomass. The question therefore arises whether benthic grazing could be used as a tool to reduce excessive growth of periphyton in nutrient-enriched rivers. Although benthic invertebrate grazers reduce the growth of periphyton, this is highly context dependent. Here we assessed whether the only obligate herbivorous fish in European rivers, the common nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.), is able to reduce periphyton biomass in a eutrophic river. We conducted three consecutive in situ experiments at low, intermediate and high densities of nase in the river using standard tiles on the river bottom naturally covered with periphyton that were accessible to fish and tiles that excluded fish foraging with electric exclosures. The biomass of benthic invertebrate grazers was very low relative to nase. We hypothesised that nase would reduce periphyton biomass on accessible tiles and therefore expected higher periphyton biomass on the exclosure tiles, at least at intermediate and high densities of nase in the river. Contrary to our expectation, the impact of fish grazing was low even at high fish density, as judged by the significantly lower chlorophyll a concentration on exclosure tiles even though the ash-free dry mass on accessible and exclosure tiles did not differ. The lower chlorophyll a concentrations on exclosure tiles might be explained by a higher biomass of invertebrate grazers on the exclosure tiles, which would indicate that the effect of invertebrate grazers was stronger than that of herbivorous fish grazers. The high biomass of invertebrate grazers on exclosure tiles likely arose from the exclusion of zoobenthivorous fish, which occur in the river at high densities. The results of our small-scale experiments suggested that cascading top-down effects of zoobenthivorous fish have a higher impact on periphyton biomass than direct effects of herbivorous nase.

Relationship between ABO Blood Groups and Lipid Profile Level in Healthy Adult Residents in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria

A multitude of risk factors are responsible for development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with the ABO blood antigens is increasingly being reported. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between ABO blood groups and lipoprotein profiles of apparently 150 healthy adult patients attending Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria following due consent to participate in the study. The serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels were determined by standard methods. ABO blood grouping was carried out by standard tile technique. Results show that the mean of the TC and LDL-C of most of the subjects in all the blood groups appeared desirable (< 5.81 mmol/L and < 3.37 mmol/L) respectively in both males and females. HDL-C was deficient in all blood groups both in males and females while the triglycerides level in the subjects was desirable (< 2.83 mmol/L). While significant variation (p<0.05) was observed between the means of the blood groups in the females, no such variation was seen the males. Strong positive correlations were observed between the lipoproteins in blood group B, AB and O females. As a result of the fact the rate of prevalence of CVD in our population is increasing, it is recommended that diagnosis, management and treatment of CVD in Nigeria should take into consideration the blood group status of the subjects.Key Words: Lipoproteins, Blood groups, cardiovascular diseases, triglycerides

Investigation of high impact resistant porcelain tile composition

In this study, it is aimed to design porcelain tile composition with high impact strength. In the composition developed, according to the composition failed in impact strength test, amount of mullite crystals is aimed to be increased and amount of vitreous phase is aimed to be decreased. Technical properties of the composition developed were compared with the standard composition. SEM and XRD analyses were conducted. Porcelain tiles prepared with the newly developed composition and standard porcelain tiles were tested with the method stated in -CSTB-NF UPEC (French Quality Certificate)-Specification No: 2898 (resistance of the tiles against the impact strength and 510 g mass) standard and the results were compared. It was stated that the newly developed composition (D1) has passed the impact strength test and has been taken to production.

Effect of ulexite concentrator waste on the physical and mechanical properties and sintering behaviour of floor tile bodies

AbstractThe effect of ulexite concentrator waste on the physical and mechanical properties and sintering behaviour of a standard floor tiles (FT) body fired at 1080°C was studied. The linear firing shrinkage, water absorption and fired bending strength of the floor tile/tiles were determined. X-ray diffraction analyses identified quartz, albite, mullite and hematite phases in the floor tiles containing 3 wt.% waste material. The FT body with the smallest water absorption (∼0.2%), the greatest bending strength (∼335 kgf/cm2) and the second greatest linear firing shrinkage values had optimal composition. In light of the excellent physical-mechanical properties and the results of the scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analyses, the authors determined that the sintering temperature of the FT body containing 3 wt.% ulexite concentrator waste was reduced by 100°C.

Effect of addition of Avanos’s (Nevsehir) clays on the physical and microstructure properties of ceramic tile

Requirements of natural raw materials for construction and ceramic coating materials which basically used clay-silica-feldspar system are increasing every day. In this study, two different clays (white and Ayhanlar clays) from the north east of Nevsehir (Turkey) in Avanos were examined for ceramic wall tile compositions. These clays were added in specific proportions instead of different clays to the ceramic wall tile compositions. Then physical (chromatic coordinates, water absorption, linear shrinkage, thermal expansion coefficient) and mechanical properties were investigated in comparison with an industrial standard tile. Phase and microstructure development of samples were examined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The Anorthite formation using Avanos’s clays was quite successful in sintered samples. This study is important work both alternative clay material for Turkish ceramic tile industry in terms of feature of usage of these white and red clays and broaden usage areas and exhibition of Avanos’s clays.

Reusing sanitaryware waste products in glazed porcelain tile production

Reusing the waste products generated in ceramic manufacturing is an environmentally responsible and sustainable approach. This study aims to protect natural resources, minimise raw material costs and manage waste-generated pollution by reusing the vitrified sanitaryware waste (VSW) products from Canakkale Kalebodur Seramik San. A. S. Six sample formulations were prepared under industrial conditions and compared with a standard tile body. The results indicated that using VSW in place of feldspar results in an increased firing shrinkage and decreased bending strength, whereas using VSW in place of pegmatite results in an increased bending strength and reduced thermal expansion coefficients. The reduction in the thermal expansion coefficients is an important finding that aids in meeting the dimensional and deformation requirements of porcelain tiles and also results in a slight lightening of the tile colour. This study shows that the fired VSW products can be used in glazed porcelain tile production as a sustainable and technologically, economically and environmentally suitable approach.

The Distribution of Abo and Rhesus Blood Groups Among Blood Donor Attending Transfusion Medicine Department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital in 2014

Objective: This study was aimed to identify the distribution patterns of ABO and Rh-D blood group among the blood donor attending at transfusion medicine department DMCHin order to promote social awareness and safe blood transfusion among the population.Method: It was a cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Transfusion Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from January to December 2014. After proper ethical consideration, a total of 39,512 blood donors were included in this study. They were selected irrespective of age and sex by systematic random sampling. ABO and Rh-D blood groups were determined by the antigen antibody agglutination test in our blood bank by standard tile techniques.Results: Among 39,512 blood donors male blood donors were 31,602(79.98%), female blood donors were 7,910(20.01%).14,817(37.5%) blood donor were identified as having blood group B, while 12,565 (31.8%) were blood group O, 8614( 21.80%) and3516( 8.9% )were blood group A and AB respectively. Rh-D positive were 38,247(96.79%) and Rh-D negative were 1,265(3.2%).J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 24, No.1, April, 2015, Page 53-56

Environmental release of engineered nanomaterials from commercial tiles under standardized abrasion conditions

The study presented here focuses on commercial antibacterial tiles whose emissivity of (nano) particles due to abrasion has yet barely been investigated. The tiles have been characterized regarding their surface properties and composition throughout their chain-of-use, i.e. from their state of commercialization until the experimental end-of-service life. In contrast to plane standard tiles, their surfaces form hilly surfaces. In the depressions, titanium dioxide is found at the surface, thus theoretically protected by the hilly areas against abrasion on the tile’s surface.Furthermore, a deposition technique has been put in place by producers allowing for coating the before mentioned commercial tiles with titanium dioxide, thus being similar to those commercially available. It consists in depositing titanium dioxide on the surface, latter one allowing fixing the first. This development allows for better understanding the future options for product formulation and thus improvement with respect to particle release.The tests reveal the aerosolization from commercial antibacterial tiles of micronic and submicronic particles in the inhalable region or particles that can subjected to be released in the environment (<10μm). The aersolization of the particles from the coated tiles was found to be significantly higher compared to the non coated tiles.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Fast – Fired Clinker Tiles Based on Wierzbka I Raw Material

Abstract The article presents results of research on microstructural and mechanical properties of floor tiles clinker manufactured on the basis of Wierzbka I raw material, which is part of the deposit Wierzbka, near Suchedniów. Wierzbka I clay was added in various volume fractions to the standard tile compositions used in industrial practice. The samples were pressed in a range of from 21 MPa to 42 MPa and fired in the laboratory furnace at 1130°C to 1190°C. Selected compositions were pressed at 28 MPa and fired in a standard industrial environment. The process of firing was conducted in an industrial kiln at temperature of 1160°C for 38 minutes, with holding for 4 minutes at maximum operating temperature. The samples, which were prepared in the laboratory and industrial conditions were evaluated for the effect of addition of the Wierzbka I clay on their microstructural and mechanical properties based on the measurement results of linear shrinkage, bulk density, open porosity, water absorption and flexural strength (Ϭ) of the tiles. Microstructural changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the tested tiles were characterized by a high degree of sintering, an apparent density of 2.5 g/cm3, an open porosity and water absorption below 0.5%. The measurement results of mechanical bending strength showed that the tested samples had a high strength of 50 MPa.

Haemoglobin Electrophoretic Patterns, ABO and Rhesus D Blood Groups Distribution among Antenatal Women in Sokoto, Nigeria

Background: This study was carried out to determine the haemoglobin electrophoretic patterns and distribution of ABO and Rhesus D blood group among antenatal women attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto. Method: Three hundred consecutively-recruited and consenting pregnant women aged 18 – 45 years (mean age 27.62 ± 3.6 years) constituted the subjects for this study. Standard method involving cellulose acetate electrophoresis was carried out using Tris EDTA borate at alkaline pH of 8.6. Hemoglobin S was confirmed using sickling test involving sodium metabisulphite. Standard tile method using potent antisera was used for the determination of ABO and Rhesus D blood group. Results: Among the 300 pregnant women studied, 221 (73.7%) were HbAA, 67 (22.3%) were HbAS, 11 (3.7%) were HbAC and 1 (0.3 %) was HbSC (p=0.01). HbAA was more prevalent among group O subjects followed by A, B and AB. HbAS was more prevalent among group A followed by B, O and AB. HbAC was more prevalent among group A and O followed by B and AB. The prevalence of HbSC was concentrated among blood group O subjects. There was no homozygous S and C haemoglobinopathies. The ABO blood group distribution indicated that blood group O was the predominant blood group followed by group A, B and AB (p=0.01). The ABO distribution among the subjects followed the pattern O>A>B>AB. A significant number of subjects were Rhesus D positive (94%) compared to 6% who were Rhesus D negative (p=0.001). Conclusion: This study indicates that haemoglobinopathies is prevalent among pregnant women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. The results from this study also show that blood group O is the predominant ABO blood. Evidenced based data obtained from this study will facilitate optimum stocking of blood and blood products in blood banks in the area and the management of Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction and Haemolytic Disease of the Foetus and Newborn.

XCSF with tile coding in discontinuous action-value landscapes

Tile coding is an effective reinforcement learning method that uses a rather ingenious generalization mechanism based on (1) a carefully designed parameter setting and (2) the assumption that nearby states in the problem space will correspond to similar payoff predictions in the action-value function. Previously, we extended XCSF with tile coding prediction and compared it to tabular tile coding, showing that (1) XCSF performs as well as parameter-optimized tile coding, while also (2) evolving individualized parameter settings in each problem subspace. Our comparison was based on a set of well-known reinforcement learning environments (2D Gridworld and the Mountain Car) that involved no action-value discontinuities and so posed no challenge to tabular tile coding. In this paper, we go a step further and test XCSF with tile coding on a set of problems designed to challenge tile coding by introducing discontinuities in the action value landscape. The new testbed (called MazeWorld) extends 2D Gridworld with impenetrable obstacles, a conceptually simple modification that can dramatically increase the problem complexity for tabular tile coding. We compare four versions of XCSF with tile coding (each adapting a different set of parameters) to tabular tile coding on four problems of increasing complexity. We show that our system (1) needs fewer training problems than standard tile coding to reach an optimal policy; (2) it can evolve adequate coding parameters in each subspace without any previous knowledge; and that (3) even when XCSF is not allowed to evolve these parameters, the genetic algorithm will still adapt classifier conditions to properly decompose the problem into subspaces thus being much less sensitive to the parameter settings than tabular tile coding.