Standard Terms Research Articles

Osteonecrosis

Osteonecrosis has become the standardized term for a condition of many and varied etiologies. In this brief review, we note the evolution of the standardization of the condition and we also delve into the intraosseous versus extraosseous etiologies. Additionally, we list some of the more common medications known to cause osteonecrosis.

Pointwise Weyl laws for Schrödinger operators with singular potentials

We consider the Schrödinger operators HV=−Δg+V with singular potentials V on general n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds and study the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions under this perturbation. These singular potentials appear naturally in physics, most notably the Coulomb potential |x|−1. Sogge and the first author [14] proved the sharp Weyl laws for these HV with potentials in the Kato class, which is the minimal assumption to ensure that HV is essentially self-adjoint and bounded from below and the eigenfunctions of HV are bounded. Later, Frank-Sabin [9] studied the problem on the pointwise Weyl laws for these HV in three dimensions by extending the method of Avakumović [2], while it is unknown how to reconstruct this argument in other dimensions. In this paper, we completely solve this problem in any dimensions by using a different argument. First, we establish the pointwise Weyl law for potentials in the Kato class on any n-dimensional manifolds. This extends the 3-dimensional results of Frank-Sabin [9] by a different method. Second, we prove that the pointwise Weyl law with the standard sharp error term O(λn−1) holds for potentials in Ln(M). This extends the classical results for smooth potentials by Avakumović [2], Levitan [18] and Hörmander [12] to critically singular potentials. In three dimensions, this L3 condition also naturally appears in Boccato-Brennecke-Cenatiempo-Schlein [6] on the ground state energy of the Hamilton operator in the Gross-Pitaevskii regime. These two results are sharp, and our proof exploits Li-Yau's heat kernel bounds and Blair-Sire-Sogge's eigenfunction estimates.

BiodivBank: designing a global repository and portal for structured biodiversity data

Our goal is to mobilize global species abundance and assemblage information, via a dedicated and openly accessible data repository and web portal. Preservation of raw observational data is a complement to the modelled geographic projections that are the focus of related projects such as the EBV Data Portal, which provides access to EBV (Essential Biodiversity Variables) raster datasets. Key to this effort is an emphasis on the use of standardized terms to ensure interoperability with other services, as well as annotation of (meta)data fields and values to aid discoverability and create a product that adheres to the FAIR data principles, requesting data to be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (Wilkinson et al. 2016). For example, retrieval and storage of globally unique, persistent and resolvable identifiers for core aspects of the data such as taxon names and geospatial locations can serve not only to underpin more advanced search functionality for portal users, but also facilitate future efforts to link open data within online knowledge networks. However addressing social challenges may be equally important in determining the success of the portal. Where do we fit within the biodiversity data landscape and how can we incentivize researchers to submit datasets? What is our data policy? How should we retain provenance and ensure visibility for data providers? Sometimes the choice of a technical solution can itself lower social barriers, for example by providing an intuitive graphical interface to ease upload of the detailed methodological metadata characteristic of these event-based datasets, or by blurring geographic coordinates in order to reduce the risk that threatened species are located. We will present our plans for the web platform currently under construction, and welcome comment on them, to ensure that the portal meets the needs of a diverse range of potential stakeholders.

Leadership of the Principal in Planning the Internal Quality Assurance System at Islamic Elementary School

The purpose of this research is to describe the principal’s leadership in planning the internal quality assurance system (IQAS) of Al Azhar School in terms of content, process, and assessment standards. This research used a qualitative approach with a case method. The subjects of the research were principal, teachers, students, and parents of students. Data were collected by using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The validity of the research data was done through triangulation. The data analysis model used was an interactive data analysis developed by Miles and Huberman through several stages, starting from data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data verification or conclusion. The research findings showed that the principal's leadership in planning the internal quality assurance system was indicated by his School Income and Expenditure Budget Plan (SIEBP) carried out through school meetings by involving different school development teams such as curricular, exclassical, religious, and support teams as well as school committee. He carried out quality improvement through comparative studies and collaboration with other institutions stated in the memorandum of understanding. He also made a special team to carry out internal quality improvements related to content standards, educational processes, performance assessments, giving certificate of award and salary increase for teachers who achieve work performance. In addition, he also ran academic and non-academic activities as a continuous internal quality improvement for achieving National Education Standards (NES).

Semiotic Analysis Of Wardah Beauty Moves You Ads Through Youtube Media


 This study discusses the Semiotic Analysis of Wardah Beauty Moves You advertisements which aired through the Wardah Beauty YouTube channel published since October 2021 with a duration of 60 seconds. With the development of technology, YouTube has become one of the most practical and easily accessible social media, so that it becomes the most popular site and is watched by thousands of people every day. The advertisement emphasizes that women's beauty can be a driving force for change that can have an impact and benefit on the environment. This study aims to determine the representation of symbols and meanings of beauty in Wardah Beauty Moves You advertisement, using a qualitative approach with virtual ethnographic methods. Researchers analyzed advertisements by collecting data from YouTube and then taking pictures of several scenes related to the meaning of beauty in the advertisement. The results of this study indicate that the representation of the symbol of beauty in the advertisement is showing Dewi Sandra as Wardah's brand ambassador who can represent the beauty of Indonesian women. The meaning of women's beauty is that they are capable of driving change according to the ad's tagline, namely #BeautyMovesYou. The beauty of women shown in advertisements is not monotonous in terms of beauty standards for Indonesian women in general, namely having white skin and long straight hair. However, the advertisement wants to show that in fact beauty is not only physical beauty. The meaning of beauty varies depending on the perspective of people.

Implementation of E-Warong Program

In the implementation of the BPNT program in Wonomlati Village in terms of standards and policy objectives it has not been effective enough, because there is still an inaccuracy in the target recipients of assistance, as well as the timeliness of aid delivery. The results of this study indicate that the measurement of the success of the implementation of the non-cash food assistance program in Wonomlati Village which is said to be effective is a resource indicator because the resources can run well because the service providers can help make it easier for the community to obtain good services, the characteristics of the implementing organization in this case can work. with unity and in the established procedures that are appropriate so that they can achieve the same goal, the attitude of the implementers in this e-warong program is good, this can be seen from the role of officers who are very selective in determining the people who receive the BPNT program, communication between organizations running quite well so that there is no difference in the data of BPNT recipients, and the socio-economic and political environment can be said to be effective because it can help the community's economy. While one indicator in the implementation of the non-cash food assistance program that has not been achieved is the standard indicators and policy targets, because there are still delays in receiving aid which causes confusion and queues in taking aid at the specified e-warong.

Between Topographical Groundwork and Neocolonial Aspirations: The ‘Best Practice’ of Survey Photography in the Chilean-Argentine Boundary Case of 1902

This article investigates photography as a tool of neocolonial territorial politics in the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case of 1902, in which Chile and Argentina re-negotiated their border in Patagonia. To avoid an impending war, they brought their case to the English King for arbitration. Scientists from all three sides compiled reports, maps and notably, photographs, providing proof for each country’s interpretation of the border. In a first step, I argue that the images of the hitherto uncharted land posed a challenge to the understanding of this land as national territory, having first to undergo a process of overcoming the uncertainty of empty space and acquiring scientific meaning during the arbitration. In a second step, I trace how the photographs and the case itself were resignified as expressions of neocolonial modernity and nation building. In this process, the previously limited capacity of photography was extended to support legal claims. The analysis of the development of the visual material in the trilateral negotiation distills the key factors that made the survey photography of this case successful in terms of contemporary imperial standards, or in other words, an example of ‘best practice’.

Static quark potential from center vortices in the presence of dynamical fermions

For the first time, center vortices are identified on SU(3) lattice ensembles that include dynamical fermions. Using a variational method, the static quark potential is calculated on untouched, vortex-removed, and vortex-only fields. Two dynamical ensembles and one pure gauge ensemble are studied, allowing for an exploration of the impact of dynamical fermions on the center-vortex vacuum. Novel modifications to the standard Coulomb term are introduced to describe the long range behavior of the vortex-removed potential. These modifications remove a source of systematic error in the fitted string tension on the original ensembles. Our pure Yang-Mills result is consistent with previous studies, where projected center-vortex fields only reproduce approximately two thirds of the string tension. Remarkably, we find that the vortex-only fields on both dynamical lattices are able to fully reproduce the respective untouched string tensions.

Spleen Stiffness on Magnetic Resonance Elastography for the Detection of Portal Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Chronic liver disease, complicated by portal hypertension (PH), may alter the extra-hepatic hemodynamic condition and spleen stiffness (SS). We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRI-based elastographic methods (MRE) for detecting PH. Seven studies were included with reference to SS with regard to the prediction of PH patients. Major outcomes considered for data extraction were diagnostic parameters for MRI for concluding mild PH, clinically significant PH and severe PH. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane and Science Direct databases were used to extract the published literature through to May, 2021Using the Rayyan Zotero and R softwares. Out of 587 studies extracted, 7 were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A QUADAS-2 assessment showed that all studies were clear in terms of patient selection and reference standard. A funnel plot showed that all the selected studies were outliers, indicating a low level of accuracy for the studies included. Subgroup analysis, with reference to SS as a predictor of PH, revealed raw mean difference (RMD) of 7.78% (95% CI 5.23-10.34, P<0.01). The corresponding RMD observed for <60 years and >60 yr were 34.26% (95% CI 9.33- 59.20, I2=100%, τ2=646.7688, P=0), and 46.92% (95% CI 20-59.33, I2=97%, τ2=1003.023, P=0) respectively. The specificity and sensitivity noted for MRI in determining SS were 0.721 and 0.747, respectively with an area-under the curve of 0.788. The estimated random effect models for specificity and sensitivity were 0.938 and 0.842, respectively. The real-time MRE has acceptable specificity and sensitivity for diagnosing SS.

Development of an Ontology for Biocatalysis

AbstractEnzyme activity data for biocatalytic applications are currently often not annotated with standardized conditions and terms. This makes it extremely hard to retrieve, compare, and reuse enzymatic data. With advances in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), the automated usability of data in the form of machine‐readable annotations will play a crucial role for their success. It is becoming increasingly easy to retrieve complex data sets and extract relevant information; however, standardized data readability is a current limitation. In this contribution, we outline an iterative approach to develop standardized terms and create semantic relations (ontologies) to achieve this highly desirable goal of improving the discoverability, accessibility, interoperability, and reuse of digital resources in the field of biocatalysis.

Investigating an agent based modelling approach for SDI planning: A case study of Tanzania NSDI development

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) provides a platform for spatial data sharing and is a key for sustainable development. Developing countries, including Tanzania, are at different stages of implementing SDIs. The importance and advantage of implementation lie in the fact that considerable funds can be saved by avoiding duplication of data, and improving quality of decisions making as well as public services. However, SDI is very complex in nature, including many influencing factors and different stakeholders. This paper investigates the possibilities of using Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) for simulating an SDI development process in Tanzania, for better understanding and making better planning. The roles and actions of organizations were identified through interviews, and the results were analysed. The behaviour of individual organizations (stakeholders) while interacting with the system were observed and analysed. The growth results in terms of data availability, standards, and data sharing for each organization were plotted and priority tables were generated. The model was evaluated for consistency and the results were judged to be within a reasonable range. The ABM simulation depicted the main attributes of agents, their roles and their interactions while pursuing SDI development in Tanzania. The results will help SDI planners and stakeholders to understand the roles of partners and prioritize activities and actions for successful SDI implementation.

Determination of Dust Emission Fractions as an Optimizing Tool for Monitoring and Managing the Quality of Atmospheric Air

Comprehensive studies of dust emissions were performed and the dust components profile of the main sources was determined using industrial example. Based on the results of dispersion calculations and a study of the quality of atmospheric air in the adjacent territory, the share contribution of the enterprise to the total air pollution was identified and priority (marker) substances for production were identified. Conclusions were drawn about the reliability of using the dust emission profile as a tool for assessing the actual impact of the enterprise in terms of monitoring, standardization and quotas.

Clinical Study of Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Combined with Gemcitabine Chemotherapy in Multiline Treatment of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy combined with gemcitabine chemotherapy in multiline treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 32 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer treated with sintilimab regimen from January 2019 to December 2021 in our hospital. All patients were followed up until death or April 2022, in the form of outpatient, in-hospital review, or telephone follow-up. Follow-up content included routine blood, liver and kidney functions, tumor markers, plain or enhanced abdominal CT, and abdominal MRI examinations. Clinical efficacy was evaluated according to mRECIST criteria, and the severity of adverse effects was evaluated according to American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Standard Term for Adverse Events, Version 5.0. Results During treatment, the dosage of sintilimab was halved in 2 patients due to adverse reactions. All patients were treated with sintilimab for 1~10 times, with an average of 6 ± 4 times. The total response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 6.25% and 12.50% and 25.00% and 37.50%, respectively, after 1 and 3 months of treatment. The mean follow-up time of 32 patients was 1-12 months, and the median follow-up time was 4 ± 3 months. By the end point of follow-up, a total of 25 patients died, and the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.8 (95% CI (1.85-5.63)) months. The median overall survival (OS) was 5.1 months (95% CI (3.63~7.68). After treatment, the levels of tumor markers CA125, CEA and CA199 were partly decreased compared with those before treatment (all P < 0.001). After treatment, the blood routine indexes d-dimer, CRP (C-reactive protein), NLR (neutral granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio), and MLR (monocyte to lymphocyte ratio) decreased compared with those before treatment. In 32 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the adverse reactions with an incidence more than 10% included fatigue, rash, hypothyroidism, hyperuricemia, and renal insufficiency. Only 2 patients showed grade 3 fatigue symptom, and all the others showed no adverse reactions of grades 3~5. In this study, all patients' adverse reactions were relieved after symptomatic treatment. Conclusion Gemcitabine chemotherapy in multiline treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with sintilimab can achieve certain clinical benefits without serious adverse reactions.

Diagnostic terms psychiatrists prefer to use for common psychotic and personality disorders

ObjectiveThere are ongoing discussions on updating various standard psychiatric terms, including schizophrenia, which can be confusing, and personality disorders, which can be pejorative. To contribute to this process, suggestions and recommendations on terminology were sought from academic psychiatrists with substantial clinical experience. MethodsIn an online survey, 263 psychiatrists were asked how often they used alternative instead of standard terms for the diagnosis or symptom description of psychotic disorders and DSM Cluster B personality disorders. They were also asked what specific terms they preferred to use. Reasons for their views and choices were obtained. Results125 clinicians (48%) responded. Only a minority of clinicians (31%) tended to use the term schizophrenia often, preferring to say psychosis or to refer to thinking and perceptual problems. Even lower proportions of clinicians (7–14%) often use the terms for Cluster B personality disorder subtypes: antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, and borderline. Alternatives suggested for these disorders included discussing emotional dysregulation, traits of sensitivity and reactivity, and relational difficulties. Reasons cited for choosing alternative terms were to avoid miscommunication (71% of responders) and to avoid offending the patient (78% of responders). ConclusionsThere are practical alternatives to standard psychiatric terminology that may improve communication with patients and be more respectful choices, as well. The suggestions of the psychiatrists responding to this survey might be of immediate value to others in their practices and might be worthy of consideration by those writing the next versions of the standard manuals, both the DSM and the ICD.

Exact smooth and sharp-fronted travelling waves of reaction–diffusion equations with Weak Allee effects

We provide new exact forms of smooth and sharp-fronted travelling wave solutions of the reaction–diffusion equation, ∂tu=R(u)+∂xD(u)∂xu, where the reaction term, R(u), employs a Weak Allee effect. The resulting ordinary differential equation system is solved by means of constructing a power series solution of the heteroclinic trajectory in phase plane space. For specific choices of wavespeeds and standard Weak Allee reaction terms, extending the celebrated exact travelling wave solution of the FKPP equation with wavespeed 5/6, we determine a family of exact travelling wave solutions that are smooth or sharp-fronted.

Bhutanese Pre-service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs towards Teaching Secondary Mathematics

Prospective teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs determine the success of teaching and learning in their future professional practices. Teachers with high self-efficacy are believed to have more confidence and success in teaching as compared to those teachers with low self-efficacy. Thus, this study aimed at examining the Bhutanese pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs towards teaching secondary mathematics. The study employed a survey design within the positivist methodological framework. The study consisted of 81 pre-service teachers who responded to the secondary mathematics teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs questionnaire (SMTSEBQ), an abridged version of several past instruments. This instrument assessed their perceived self-efficacy in terms of process standards of school mathematics. Findings of the study revealed that the Bhutanese pre-service teachers generally perceived their self-efficacy beliefs towards teaching mathematics somewhat positively. Comparison of the pre-service teachers’ mean scores on the five SMTSEBQ scales in terms of gender revealed that there was a statistically significant difference for problem-solving and reasoning-proof scales. In regard to programme level, there was a statistically significant difference in their self-efficacy beliefs on the four scales, except for the communication scale. The study is distinctive because it is the first study investigating into the pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs towards teaching secondary mathematics in Bhutanese context.

SiBERT: A Siamese-based BERT network for Chinese medical entities alignment.

Entity alignment aims at associating semantically similar entities in knowledge graphs from different sources. It is widely used in the integration and construction of professional medical knowledge. The existing deep learning methods lack term-level embedding representation, which limits the performance of entity alignment and causes a massive computational overhead. To address these problems, we propose a Siamese-based BERT (SiBERT) for Chinese medical entities alignment. SiBERT generates term-level embedding based on word embedding sequences to enhance the features of entities in similarity calculation. The process of entity alignment contains three steps. Specifically, the SiBERT is firstly pre-trained with synonym dictionary in the public domain, and transferred to the task of medical entity alignment. Secondly, four different categories of entities (disease, symptom, treatment, and examination) are labeled based on the standard terms selected from standard terms dataset. The entities and their standard terms form term pairs to train SiBERT. Finally, combined with the entity alignment algorithm, the most similar standard term is selected as the final result. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we conduct extensive experiments on real-world datasets. The experimental results illustrate that SiBERT network is superior to other compared algorithms both in alignment accuracy and computational efficiency.

Learning in Standard-Form Contracts: Theory and Evidence

Abstract Why are some contractual terms revised continuously while others are stubbornly fixed? We offer an account of both change and stickiness in standard-form contracts. We hypothesize that drafters (sellers) are more likely to revise their standard terms when they have an opportunity to learn about the terms’ costs from experience. Consider a warranty. Offering a warranty in an initial period will expose sellers to claims about malfunction by purchasers, allowing sellers to learn whether it is desirable to offer it going forward. When drafters are unable to learn in this manner, either because they fail to experiment or because the term in question is one where there is no increased opportunity to learn from experience, such terms will be revised relatively less frequently. While learning and change occur through various channels, we posit that, all else equal, terms that carry an opportunity to learn from experience will be revised more frequently, whereas terms or term modalities that do not will contribute to stickiness and stagnation. Our results support this hypothesis. Using a large sample of changes in business and consumer standard-form contracts over a period of seven years, we find that sellers are more likely to revise terms that offer an opportunity to learn from experience than those that do not. These findings are further illustrated and supported by interviews with in-house counsel. The results suggest that standard-form contract terms evolve over time as sellers learn experientially about their costs and risks. Our analysis offers new accounts for the use of boilerplate, stickiness, and change and has normative implications for the optimal design of default rules and product features (JEL codes: K12).

Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PurposeWith type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) occurring at a younger age, a greater number of women with T2DM experience reproductive health problems. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common reproductive disease associated with T2DM, remains unknown in women with T2DM. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of PCOS in women with T2DM.MethodsStata 15.1 was used to perform a meta-analysis on the prevalence of PCOS in patients with T2DM included in this study. Additionally, a narrative review of the effects of different diagnostic methods, obesity, state, and other factors on the prevalence of PCOS was conducted.ResultsMeta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence of PCOS in women with T2DM was approximately 21%. Subgroup analysis showed that the incidence of PCOS in female patients aged 25-45 years was higher than that in female patients aged < 25 years. The prevalence of PCOS in obese women was 14%, which was lower than that in normal weight women and normal weight or overweight or obese women. Women with T2DM in Oceania had the highest incidence of PCOS, followed by those in Europe and Asia; women with T2DM in North America had the lowest incidence. In terms of PCOS diagnostic standards, the prevalence of PCOS diagnosed by the National Institutes of Health was the lowest. The prevalence of PCOS diagnosed on the basis of clinical symptoms and biochemical characteristics was the highest, and the prevalence of PCOS diagnosed on the basis of medical records was 20%.ConclusionsPCOS is a common disease in female patients with T2DM. The prevalence of PCOS in women with T2DM at childbearing age was higher than that in adolescent females. Women with T2DM at childbearing age should pay attention to the screening and prevention of PCOS to avoid the hazards of PCOS to reproductive health.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO, identifier CRD42022318657.

Antimicrobial investigation, Formulation and Evaluation of Andrographis paniculata aqueous herbal cream for topical application

Herbal plants contain substances of medicinal values or precursors for synthesis of important drugs, however, not much have been done in terms of standardization and effective delivery system. Various routes can be employed to deliver herbs, but the topical route is the safest. In this study, aqueous and ethanolic extractions of Andrographis paniculata were carried out. Antimicrobial screening of the extract before and after incorporation into cream base was carried out using standard antimicrobial agents as positive control. Formulated creams were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, spreadability, viscosity and stability. Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were used for the sensitivity studies. Percentage yield for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were 17.5%w/w and 13.33%w/w respectively. Both microbes were sensitive to pure ethanolic extract and creams formulated from ethanolic extract, but resistant to aqueous extract. Zones of inhibition for the ethanolic extract ranged from 7.33 ± 0.58 mm to 14.00 ± 0.00 mm (Candida albicans) and 6.00 ± 1.00 mm to 12.33 ± 0.58 mm (Staphylococcus aureus). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations, MICs, were 25 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The MIC for the formulated cream (15% w/w) was 150 mg/mL for both organisms. The pH of formulated creams ranged from 5.54 to 6.84; the viscosity, 18,800 to 60,500 mPas. The spreadability values were between 37.5 ± 0 and 75.0 ± 0.2 g.cm/s. All formulated creams were stable. Thus herbal creams formulated from Andrographis paniculata ethanolic extract retained the antimicrobial properties of the extract and as such can be applied topically for the treatment of skin diseases involving these microorganisms.