Standard Soybean Oil Research Articles

Microwave detection technique combined with deep learning algorithm facilitates quantitative analysis of heavy metal Pb residues in edible oils.

The heavy metal content in edible oils is intricately associated with their suitability for human consumption. In this study, standard soybean oil was used as a sample to quantify the specified concentration of heavy metals using microwave sensing technique. In addition, an attention-based deep residual neural network model was developed as an alternative to traditional modeling methods for predicting heavy metals in edible oils. In the process of microwave data processing, this work continued to discuss the impact of depth on convolutional neural networks. The results demonstrated that the proposed attention-based residual network model outperforms all other deep learning models in all metrics. The performance of this model was characterized by a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9605, a relative prediction deviation (RPD) of 5.0479, and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.1654mg/kg. The research findings indicate that the combination of microwave detection technology and chemometrics holds significant potential for assessing heavy metal levels in edible oils.

Comparative aspects on the epoxidation of soybean oil and high oleic soybean oil

AbstractSoybean oil (SO) epoxidation is an extensively studied method to generate a sustainable plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Standard soybean oil is composed of triglycerides whose fatty acids are primarily unsaturated linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids. High oleic soybean oil (HOSO) is collected from a soybean variety higher in oleic acid than other acids. The present study focused on a preliminary comparison of the epoxidation reaction behavior between SO and HOSO, conducted isoperibolically and without catalysts. The experimental data were modeled by a kinetic model. Considerable differences in the temperature and oxirane index profiles suggest that the epoxidation of HOSO tends to be faster and with a more intense heat release rate than the epoxidation of SO, which was confirmed by the results of estimated kinetic constants. The data collected and shared herein suggest that a first epoxy group generated may cause steric hindrance to slow the epoxidation in the second and third double bonds of the oil.

Effects of dietary supplementation of soybean lecithin on growth performance, nutrients digestibility and serum profiles of broilers fed fried soybean oil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean lecithin in broiler diets formulated with either fried or non-fried soybean oils (as an energy source), on growth performance, digestibility, and some serum parameters. A total of 600 broilers (50% male) were assigned to 4 experimental groups (with 10 replicates of 15 birds each): (i) group (S) fed with soybean oil only, (ii) group (SL) fed with soybean oil + lecithin (0.035% in feed), (iii) group (F) fed with fried soybean oil only, and iv) group (FL) fed with fried soybean oil + lecithin (0.035% in feed). Broilers that received lecithin with fried soybean oil (group FL) exhibited significantly higher body weights (1.228 vs. 1.210 kg, p < 0.05 and 1.935 vs. 1.917 kg, p < 0.05) than group F in the last two experimental periods (22–28 and 29–35 days), respectively. On the contrary, the addition of soybean lecithin to diets formulated with either fried or non-fried soybean oil resulted in a significant increase in weight of some carcase cuts (thigh, breast) and a significant decrease in some visceral organs (intestine, liver, viscera), without affecting the digestibility parameters here assessed. Our findings revealed that the addition of soybean lecithin to standard soybean oil (group SL) significantly decreased serum triglycerides (77.16 vs. 83.46 mg/dL, p < 0.05) compared to group S. In conclusion, it was possible to use recovered frying soybean oil in broiler diets without a negative impact on growth performance and serum triglyceride level, while these parameters were improved by the addition of soybean lecithin. HIGHLIGHTS By-products obtained from oil/food processing represent an affordable and sustainable alternative to traditional fat sources for broiler feeding. Fried soybean oil used in broiler feed had the same effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility as the non-fried oil. The use of soybean lecithin in broiler feed led to improved growth performance, cuts up yield and serum triglyceride level.

Growth in Infants and Children With Intestinal Failure-associated Liver Disease Treated With Intravenous Fish Oil.

Infants with intestinal failure (IF) and IF-associated liver disease (IFALD) are at risk for poor somatic growth because of increased metabolic demands, inadequate intake, intestinal malabsorption, chronic liver disease and other comorbidities. There are limited data on the nutritional adequacy of intravenous fish oil lipid emulsion (FOLE) compared with standard soybean oil lipid emulsion (SOLE) in the setting of intestinal failure. To describe growth patterns in a large cohort of infants with IFALD treated with FOLE. We compared growth data from infants enrolled in a single-center, prospective FOLE study to published norms, as well as to a multicenter, historical cohort of infants with IF treated with SOLE. One hundred thirty-eight infants with IFALD were treated with FOLE and 108 with SOLE. Compared with normative growth curves from WHO and published preterm data, infants in both groups from 6 to 11 months postmenstrual age exhibited declines in mean weight- and length-for-age z scores. At 24 months postmenstrual age compared with WHO growth data, infants treated with FOLE had a mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) weight-for-age z-score of 0.13 (-0.18 to 0.45) and length-for-age z-score of 0.07 (-0.33 to 0.47). In comparison, at 24 months postmenstrual age, infants treated with SOLE had a mean weight for age z-score of -0.93 (-1.20 to -0.67) and mean length for age z-score of -2.33 (-2.75 to -1.91). Independent predictors of higher weight, length and head circumference z-scores included older postmenstrual age at baseline, fewer central line-associated blood stream infections, resolution of cholestasis, type of intravenous fat emulsion (FOLE vs SOLE) and female sex. Infants with IFALD treated with FOLE showed comparable somatic growth to those treated with SOLE in early infancy, and improved somatic growth up to 24 months of age, supporting its wider use in this patient population.

Fish oil replacement in feeds for juvenile Florida Pompano: Composition of alternative lipid influences degree of tissue fatty acid profile distortion

Replacing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-rich fish oil with alternative lipids in Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus feeds is likely to cause tissue LC-PUFA depletion in a manner similar to that observed in other species; however, there is little information available regarding fish oil sparing in this species. Moreover, it is unknown whether alternative lipids with different levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), or C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18 PUFAs) are equally suitable in this context. Accordingly, we assessed the production performance and tissue composition of juvenile Florida Pompano (43.4±0.2g) fed diets containing menhaden fish oil (FISH) or 25:75 blends of fish oil and standard soybean oil (C18 PUFA SOY), MUFA-enriched soybean oil (MUFA SOY), SFA-enriched soybean oil (SFA SOY), palm oil (PALM), or poultry fat (POULTRY). After 8weeks, all diets were well accepted, and weight gain (228±20%, grand mean±SE) and specific growth rate (2.2±0.1% body weight/day) were unaffected by dietary treatment. Feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and hepatosomatic index varied among treatments; however, the ranges of values observed were relatively narrow (FCR=1.33–1.61, feed intake=3.09–3.65% body weight/day, HSI=1.1–1.5) and pairwise comparisons revealed few differences among treatments. Fatty acid profiles of the fillet, liver, and eye tissues generally mirrored dietary fatty acid composition, whereas the brain tissue was more resistant to dietary influence. Compared to those fed the FISH diet, fillets of fish fed the reduced fish oil diets had lower levels of n-3 fatty acids and LC-PUFAs, and greater levels of the fatty acids that were abundant in the alternative lipids. These trends were observed, albeit to a lesser extent in liver and eye tissues, but not in brain tissue, which was relatively resistant to diet-induced compositional change. In general, tissue fatty acid profile distortion was greatest among fish fed the MUFA SOY and C18 PUFA SOY diets, least overt among fish fed the SFA SOY diet, and intermediate among fish fed the PALM and POULTRY diets. All alternative lipids appeared effective as partial substitutes for menhaden fish oil, but fully hydrogenated, SFA-rich soybean oil may offer some strategic advantage in terms of limiting diet-induced modification of tissue fatty acid profile in Florida Pompano. Statement of relevanceAs there are few studies addressing lipid nutrition of Trachinotus spp. and there is scarce information regarding the influence of different alternative lipid source on tissue levels of LC-PUFAs in these species, this study is relevant to aquafeed manufacturers and those culturing Florida Pompano and other Trachinotus spp. The present results provide valuable information regarding alternative lipids in marine carnivorous finfish feeds and their effects on fish performance and tissue fatty acid composition. Further, these findings highlight the promising potential of fully hydrogenated, SFA-rich soybean oil in aquafeeds.

Fish oil–supplemented parenteral nutrition could alleviate acute lung injury, modulate immunity, and reduce inflammation in rats with abdominal sepsis

The objectives were to confirm that intravenous fish oil (FO) emulsions could alleviate acute lung injury, modulate immunity, and reduce inflammation in rats with abdominal sepsis and to explore the mechanisms of these effects. Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups randomly. Two days after central venous catheterization, rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture to produce abdominal sepsis. Rats were assigned to receive normal saline or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) containing standard soybean oil emulsions or FO-supplemented TPN at the onset of sepsis for 5 days. A sham operation and control treatment were performed in control group rats. Acute lung injury scores, peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, plasma cytokines, and Foxp3 expression in the spleen were determined. Compared with the normal saline and TPN without FO, FO-supplemented TPN beneficially altered the distributions of the T-lymphocyte subsets and downregulated the acute lung injury scores, plasma cytokines, and expression of Foxp3 due to sepsis. Fish oil–supplemented TPN can decrease acute lung injury scores, alleviate histopathology, reduce the bacterial load in the peritoneal lavage fluid, modulate the lymphocyte subpopulation in the peripheral blood, downregulate Foxp3 expression in the spleen, and reduce plasma cytokines, which means that FO-supplemented TPN can alleviate acute lung injury, modulate immunity, and reduce inflammation in rats with abdominal sepsis.

Successful fish oil sparing in White Seabass feeds using saturated fatty acid-rich soybean oil and 22:6n-3 (DHA) supplementation

Like other carnivorous species, White Seabass typically demand a nutrient-dense feed. Research is ongoing to develop formulations that contain minimal amounts of marine-origin protein and lipid, i.e., fish meal and fish oil, as a mean of reducing production costs and pressure on reduction fisheries. Previous research has shown that a greater level of fish oil-sparing is possible with saturated fatty acid-rich, hydrogenated soybean oil than with C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich standard soybean oil. To confirm this observation and to assess whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a limiting factor in fish oil sparing with soy-derived lipids, we evaluated the performance and tissue fatty composition of juvenile White Seabass fed diets containing fish oil, or standard or hydrogenated soybean oil with or without the addition of an algal DHA supplement. In addition, a low temperature stress challenge was done after the feeding trial. Fish fed the hydrogenated soybean oil feeds exhibited growth performance equivalent to those fed the fish oil feed, regardless of DHA supplementation. Growth performance was impaired among fish fed the standard soybean oil feed compared to those fed the fish oil control feed, but the addition of DHA corrected this effect. Dietary treatments significantly affected fatty acid composition of fillet, liver, eye, and brain tissues. In terms of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids, the tissues of fish fed the hydrogenated soybean oil feeds were equivalent to those of fish fed the fish oil feed. Tissues of fish fed the standard soybean oil feeds exhibited significantly lower levels of these beneficial fatty acids; however, this effect was corrected by dietary DHA supplementation. The low temperature stress challenge induced elevated plasma cortisol, and reduced glucose, osmolality and hematocrit; though dietary inclusion of soybean oils did not appear to negatively affect stress tolerance. Results suggest that fish oil sparing in White Seabass feeds is limited by DHA, and that DHA bioavailability may be greater in the presence of hydrogenated soybean oil than standard soybean oil.

The Effects of Diets Containing Standard Soybean Oil, Soybean Oil Enhanced with Conjugated Linoleic Acids, Menhaden Fish Oil, or an Algal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement on Juvenile Channel Catfish Performance, Hematology, Body Composition, and Nonspecific Immune Response

AbstractTo reduce diet cost and address environmental concerns, current commercial diets for Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus contain little or no marine fish oil. However, there are conflicting data on the effects of fish oil and other lipid sources for juvenile Channel Catfish, and some novel lipids have not been tested against traditional ones. In this study, the effects of four different lipid sources for potential use in juvenile Channel Catfish diets were investigated by measuring fish growth performance, proximate and fatty acid composition of muscle, nonspecific immune response, and hematological parameters. In a 63‐d feeding trial, juveniles (mean weight ± SE = 11.2 ± 0.0 g) were fed a commercial 32% protein diet supplemented with 2% lipid from standard soybean oil (SBO; control diet), SBO enriched with conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs; CLA diet), algal (Schizochytrium sp.) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) extract (DHA diet), or menhaden fish oil (MFO diet). Fish that were fed the MFO diet had improved feed conversion compared with fish that were fed the SBO, CLA, or DHA diet. There were no other differences in fish growth performance or proximate composition and no differences among treatments in nonspecific immune responses or hematological parameters. As expected, fatty acid composition of fish muscle reflected that of the diets: fish that received the MFO, DHA, or CLA diet contained higher levels of healthful fatty acids (DHA or CLAs) than fish that were given the SBO control diet. Future trials will address methods for (1) increasing target levels of these fatty acids by using diets with little or no fish oil and (2) optimizing retention of desirable fatty acids to facilitate the production of Channel Catfish as a high‐value functional food.

Impact of Providing a Combination Lipid Emulsion Compared With a Standard Soybean Oil Lipid Emulsion in Children Receiving Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Soybean oil lipid emulsion may compromise immune function and promote hepatic damage due to its composition of long-chain fatty acids, phytosterols, high proportion of ω-6 fatty acids, and low α-tocopherol levels. Combination lipid emulsions have been developed using medium-chain triglyceride oil, fish oil, and/or olive oil, which provide adequate essential fatty acids, a smaller concentration of ω-6 fatty acids, and lower levels of phytosterols. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine if combination lipid emulsions have a more favorable impact on bilirubin levels, triglyceride levels, and incidence of infection compared with soybean oil lipid emulsions in children receiving parenteral nutrition. This study comprises a systematic review of published studies. Data were sufficient and homogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis for total bilirubin and infection. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that combination lipid emulsion decreased total bilirubin by a mean difference of 2.09 mg/dL (95% confidence interval, -4.42 to 0.24) compared with soybean oil lipid emulsion, although the result was not statistically significant (P = .08). Meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in incidence of infection between the combination lipid emulsion and the soybean oil lipid emulsion groups (P = .846). None of the 4 studies that included triglyceride as an outcome detected a significant difference in triglyceride levels between the combination lipid emulsion and soybean oil lipid emulsion groups. There is inadequate evidence that combination lipid emulsions offer any benefit regarding bilirubin levels, triglyceride levels, or incidence of infection compared with soybean oil lipid emulsions.

More Judicious Use of Fish Oil in Cobia Feeds: I. Assessing the Relative Merits of Alternative Lipids

AbstractLimited availability and high prices underscore the need to use fish oil more judiciously in aquafeeds. Most alternative lipids contain little to no n‐3 long‐chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). If alternative lipids are fed exclusively, growth performance may be impaired and tissue fatty acid composition may be altered in fish such as the Cobia Rachycentron canadum. Alternative lipids that are rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) may increase the efficiency of LC‐PUFA metabolism and may limit or attenuate the tissue LC‐PUFA loss associated with fish oil sparing. Cobias (weight [mean ± SE] = 77.4 ± 0.2 g) were fed diets containing either fish oil (control) or a 50/50 blend of fish oil and standard soybean oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, fully hydrogenated soybean oil, pork lard, or beef tallow. After 8 weeks, the feed conversion ratio (mean ± SE = 1.56 ± 0.04), weight gain (180 ± 6%), and specific growth rate (1.83 ± 0.04% of body weight/d) were equivalent among groups. Dietary fatty acid profiles influenced tissue composition; fatty acid profiles of control fish were more similar to those of fish that received higher levels of SFAs and MUFAs than to those of fish that were fed higher levels of C18 PUFAs. The SFA‐ and MUFA‐rich lipids, such as fully hydrogenated soybean oil and beef tallow, may be useful in reducing the fish oil quantities needed in Cobia feeds while maximizing fillet LC‐PUFA content.

Sparing Fish Oil with Soybean Oil in Feeds for White Seabass: Effects of Inclusion Rate and Soybean Oil Composition

AbstractFish oil sparing has proven difficult for some fish species, especially marine carnivores like White Seabass Atractoscion nobilis that require one or more long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs). Recent studies have suggested that the use of saturated fatty acid (SFA)–rich lipids instead of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid–rich (C18 PUFA) lipids may be advantageous in maintaining tissue levels of LC‐PUFAs; SFA‐rich lipids may also offer a strategic advantage in terms of meeting the LC‐PUFA requirements of marine carnivores while minimizing dietary fish oil inclusion. Accordingly, we assessed the performance and tissue fatty acid composition of White Seabass (3.8 ± 0.2 g [mean ± SE]) fed diets containing fish oil or graded levels of C18 PUFA–rich standard soy oil or SFA‐rich hydrogenated soy oil (replacing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of dietary fish oil) for 8 weeks. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and specific growth rate were not impaired by partial or complete replacement of dietary fish oil with hydrogenated soy oil; however, fish oil sparing with standard soy oil was associated with declining performance. The tissue fatty acid profiles of fish fed the hydrogenated soy oil–based diets were very similar to those of fish fed the fish oil–based feed, but the standard soy oil–based feeds resulted in concomitant loss of n‐3 fatty acids and LC‐PUFAs. In all cases, the magnitude of the dietary effect was greater among liver and fillet tissues than among brain and eye tissues. These data suggest a limitation, potentially related to LC‐PUFA deficiency, associated with replacing fish oil with standard soybean oil, but not with hydrogenated soybean oil. Our data suggest that the LC‐PUFA requirements of White Seabass can be effectively reduced by feeding SFA‐rich alternative lipids, allowing for a greater level of fish oil sparing without growth impairment or tissue profile modification than is possible with C18 PUFA–rich lipids.

Saturated Fatty Acids Limit the Effects of Replacing Fish Oil with Soybean Oil with or without Phospholipid Supplementation in Feeds for Juvenile Cobia

AbstractThe high cost and limited availability of fish oil makes plant‐derived lipids attractive for aquafeed manufacturing, but replacing fish oil with these lipids can result in long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) deficiencies. Fatty acid metabolism, specifically the efficiency of LC‐PUFA utilization, may be influenced by the dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) content versus that of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). We assessed the growth and tissue composition of Cobia Rachycentron canadum (55.3 ± 0.2 g initial weight [mean ± SE]; 10 fish/tank, 3 tanks/diet) fed diets (∼49% protein, ∼10% lipid) containing fish oil; 22:6(n‐3)–amended standard, partially hydrogenated, or fully hydrogenated soybean oil; and these same soybean oils supplemented with soybean lecithin for 8 weeks. Although survival (range = 97–100%), final weight (160–189 g), and feed conversion ratio (1.40–1.52) were unaffected by diet, differences were observed in weight gain (185–241%), specific growth rate (1.87–2.19% body weight/d), and feed intake (2.94–3.44% body weight/d). Significant effects of soybean oil type on final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and feed intake were noted, with standard soybean oil generally outperforming the other soybean lipids when oil types were pooled across phospholipid supplementation treatments, whereas phospholipid supplementation had no significant effect on any of the performance measures. Differences in dietary fatty acid profile yielded differences in tissue composition. Feeding standard soybean oil resulted in the most greatly modified profiles, whereas the profiles of fish fed fully hydrogenated, completely saturated soybean oil were most similar to those of the fish oil–fed fish. The magnitude of profile change was greatest in the liver and fillet tissues and smallest in the eye and brain tissues. Although further research is necessary to demonstrate whether SFA‐rich lipids can effectively reduce the LC‐PUFA requirements of Cobia, it is clear that SFA‐rich oils offer a strategic advantage in minimizing the effects of fish oil replacement on tissue fatty acid profile.

The Effects of Diets Containing Standard Soybean Oil, Soybean Oil Enhanced with Conjugated Linoleic Acids, Menhaden Fish Oil, or an Algal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement on Channel Catfish Performance, Body Composition, Sensory Evaluation, and Storage Characteristics

AbstractFish consumption is a common method of obtaining beneficial n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs), but increased use of vegetable oils in fish diets to reduce dependence on fish oil dilutes the amounts of LC‐PUFAs. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are also considered beneficial for human health. Therefore, we investigated four different lipid sources in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus diets for their ability to enhance fatty acid profiles of fillets to benefit human health while maintaining or improving fish performance. In a 175‐d grow‐out trial, Channel Catfish (71.4 ± 0.1 g [mean ± SE]) were fed a commercial 32% protein diet supplemented with 2% lipid from soybean oil (SO), soybean oil enhanced with conjugated linoleic acids, menhaden fish oil (FO), or an algal supplement of Schizochytrium sp. high in 22:6(n‐3) (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). Diet effects were assessed by measuring fish growth performance, muscle proximate and fatty acid composition, sensory characteristics of fillets, consumer taste preferences, and oxidative stability of fillets during cold storage. There were no differences in fish growth performance or proximate composition. Only fish fed the CLA diet contained CLAs in the muscle. Fish fed the FO and algal DHA diets had higher concentrations of 22:6(n‐3) in the muscle compared with fish fed the SO and CLA diets. Sensory evaluation and consumer preference testing were more favorable for fillets from fish fed the SO and CLA diets than from fish fed the FO and algal DHA diets. There were no differences in storage characteristics of fish refrigerated at 4°C for 2 weeks or frozen at −18°C for 4 weeks. Fillets from fish fed the FO diet yielded the highest concentration of fatty acids for human health benefits, followed by the fillets from fish fed the algal DHA diets. The CLA diet produced increased fillet concentrations of CLAs.

Protective mechanism of omega-3 fish oil on mucosal barrier with severe acute panereatitis

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of omega-3 fish oil on the intestinal mucosal barrier with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).Methods Forty Six SAP patients were enrolled (23 patients in each group) and received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 6 days,providing 0.8 g/(kg· d)soybean oil +0.2 g/(kg·d) ω-3 FAs based fat (FO group) or 1.0 g/(kg·d) standard soybean-oil based fat (SO group).The levels of plasma endotoxin,D-lactate and serum I-FABP expression were measured before and 7 days day after TPN.Results Forty-six patients included had significantly higher plasma level of endotoxin and D-lactate,and higher serum I-FABP concentration in the first 72 h (P ＞ 0.05).At 7th day aforementionged indexes were significantly decreased in all SAP patients.Gastrointestinal function score,plasma endotoxin and D-lactate,and serum I-FABP concentrations in FO group were significantly lower than in SO group (P ＜ 0.05,1.61 ± 0.79 vs.2.02 ± 0.68 ; 0.24 ± 0.15 vs.0.42 ± 0.11 ; 2.89 ±1.23 vs.3.95 ± 1.17 ; 77.5 ± 38.4 vs.100.5 ± 42.8).Conclusion Omega-3 fish oil supplementation reduces plasma endotoxin and D-lactate,and serum I-FABP concentrations,protects the intestinal mucosal barrier,and thereby decreases intestinal mucosal permeability in SAP. Key words: Acute pancreatitis; Omega-3 fish oil; Intestinal mucosal barrier

A.S.P.E.N. Position Paper

The currently available, standard soybean oil (SO)-based intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) meet the needs of most parenteral nutrition (PN) patients. There are alternative oil-based fat emulsions, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), olive oils (OOs), and fish oils (FOs), that, based on extensive usage in Europe, have an equivalent safety profile to SO. These alternative IVFEs are metabolized via different pathways, which may lead to less proinflammatory effects and less immune suppression. These alternative oil-based IVFEs are not currently available in the United States. Many patients who require IVFEs are already in a compromised state. Such patients could potentially have better clinical outcomes when receiving one of the alternative IVFEs to diminish the intake of the potentially proinflammatory ω-6 fatty acid-linoleic acid-which comprises more than 50% of the fatty acid profile in SO. Further research is needed on these alternative oil-based IVFEs to identify which IVFE oils or which combination of oils may be most clinically useful for specific patient populations.

Substitution of Standard Soybean Oil with Olive Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition: Comparison of Vascular, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Effects

Substitution of Standard Soybean Oil with Olive Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition: Comparison of Vascular, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Effects

Substitution of Standard Soybean Oil with Olive Oil-Based Lipid Emulsion in Parenteral Nutrition: Comparison of Vascular, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Effects

Soybean oil-based lipid emulsions are the only Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid formulation for clinical use in parenteral nutrition (PN). Recently concerns with its use have been raised due to the proinflammatory effects that may lead to increased complications because they are rich in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, crossover study comparing the vascular, metabolic, immune, and inflammatory effects of 24-h infusion of PN containing soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (Intralipid), olive oil-based (ClinOleic), lipid free, and normal saline in 12 healthy subjects. Soybean oil-PN increased systolic blood pressure compared with olive oil-PN (P < 0.05). Soybean oil PN reduced brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation from baseline (-23% at 4 h and -25% at 24 h, both P < 0.01); in contrast, olive oil PN, lipid free PN, and saline did not change either systolic blood pressure or flow-mediated dilatation. Compared with saline, soybean oil PN, olive oil PN, and lipid free PN similarly increased glucose and insulin concentrations during infusion (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in plasma free fatty acids, lipid profile, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, immune function parameters, or sympathetic activity between soybean oil- and olive oil-based lipid emulsions. The 24-h infusion of PN containing soybean oil-based lipid emulsion increased blood pressure and impaired endothelial function compared with PN containing olive oil-based lipid emulsion and lipid-free PN in healthy subjects. These vascular changes may have significant implications in worsening outcome in subjects receiving nutrition support. Randomized controlled trials with relevant clinical outcome measures are needed in patients receiving PN with olive oil-based and soybean oil-based lipid emulsions.

Fish Oil-Supplemented Parenteral Nutrition Prolongs Survival While Beneficially Altering Phospholipids' Fatty Acid Composition and Modulating Immune Function in Rat Sepsis

We investigated the therapeutic effects of parenteral fish oil (FO) on survival and fatty acid profile in plasma and erythrocyte membranes, T-lymphocyte subsets, and plasma cytokines in a rat model of sepsis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. For recovery, central venous catheterization was performed 2 days before sepsis was induced. Rats were randomly assigned to receive normal saline (n = 20) or total parenteral nutrition (PN) containing a standard soybean oil emulsion (n = 20) or FO-supplemented TPN (n = 20) at the onset of sepsis for 5 days. In the control group, rats were challenged by sham operation and underwent appropriate control treatment (n = 10). Sepsis led to a high mortality and body weight loss compared with sham operation. Total PN supplemented with FO, but not without FO, improved the survival compared with normal saline. Furthermore, parenteral infusion of FO increased the concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, as well as the ratio of (eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) to arachidonic acid both in plasma and erythrocyte membrane. In addition, FO-supplemented TPN improved the percentages of CD3 and CD3CD4 T cells, as well as the CD4/CD8 ratio in spleen. Meanwhile, the percentage of regulatory T cells (CD4CD25Foxp3) among CD4 T cells was reduced by FO-supplemented TPN. Fish oil-supplemented TPN attenuated the production of high-mobility group box 1 and IL-10 in plasma. Moreover, parenteral FO decreased the bacterial loads in peritoneal lavage, blood, lung, and spleen. The present study suggests that FO-supplemented TPN initiated at the onset of sepsis improves survival, beneficially alters the lipids profile in plasma and erythrocyte membrane, modulates immune function, and regulates inflammatory response in a rat model.

Growth Performance and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition of Rainbow Trout Reared on Feeds Containing Fish Oil or Equal Blends of Fish Oil and Traditional or Novel Alternative Lipids

AbstractFish oil (FO) sparing is common in aquafeed formulation; however, some alternative lipids have proven to be more successful than others in ensuring adequate growth and maintenance of desirable fillet fatty acid (FA) composition. Depending on the lipids used, grow‐out feeds influence the FA composition of the tissues of “lean‐fleshed” fishes and their responsiveness to subsequent tailoring during finishing. To address whether different lipid sources similarly influence growth performance and tissue composition of a “fat‐fleshed” fish, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were reared on feeds containing FO or a 50:50 blend of FO and coconut oil (COCONUT), palm oil (PALM), standard soybean oil (STD‐SBO), hydrogenated soybean oil (HYD‐SBO), low‐18:3(n‐3) (alpha‐linolenic acid) soybean oil (LO‐ALA‐SBO), or low‐18:3(n‐3) canola oil (LO‐ALA‐CAN). Two saturated FA (SFA)‐enriched lipids derived from the processing of cottonseed (SFA‐COT) or soybean (SFA‐SBO) were also evaluated as 50% FO substitutes. After 7 weeks, growth performance was largely unaffected by dietary lipid source. Fillet levels of long‐chain (LC) polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) among fish that received the HYD‐SBO, LO‐ALA‐SBO, SFA‐SBO, and SFA‐COT feeds were equivalent to levels in fish that received the FO feed, despite an approximate 50% reduction in dietary LC‐PUFA intake. Our results indicate that feeds containing a blend of FO and novel soy‐ or cottonseed‐derived lipids yielded equivalent growth performance and fillet LC‐PUFA content in rainbow trout. The use of STD‐SBO, COCONUT, PALM, or LO‐ALA‐CAN did not impair growth or efficiency but did alter the fillet FA profile. Rainbow trout appeared to differ somewhat from other fishes in terms of dietary influence on tissue FA profile; however, the pattern of greater LC‐PUFA retention in fish reared on SFA‐rich feeds appears to be largely consistent among the fish taxa we have assessed.Received January 19, 2010; accepted July 25, 2010

Fish Oil-Supplemented Parenteral Nutrition in Severe Acute Pancreatitis Patients and Effects on Immune Function and Infectious Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR expression on monocytes and plasma Interleukin (IL)-10 levels are key indicators of immune response during the acute phase of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). We designed a pilot study to investigate whether omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) supplemented parenteral nutrition (PN) could improve immune response in SAP patients. Fifty-six SAP patients were enrolled (28 patients in each group) and received isocaloric and isonitrogenous parenteral nutrition, providing 1.0 g/kg/day standard soybean-oil based fat (omega-6 FAs group) or 0.8 g/kg/day soybean oil +0.2 g/kg/day omega-3 FAs based fat (omega-3 FAs group). IL-10, HLA-DR and the ratio of CD4(+) to CD8(+) were determined before PN treatment and on day 6 after starting PN. The infection and surgery rates were recorded until hospital discharge. A significant IL-10 increase was associated with the administration of omega-3 FAs (p = 0.04, vs omega-6 FAs group). Monocyte HLA-DR expression improved in both groups after 5 days of PN treatment. This increase was significantly higher in the omega-3 FAs group compared to omega-6 FAs (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference of CD4(+)/CD8(+), infection and surgery rates between the two groups. In conclusion, omega-3 FAs supplemented PN can elevate the IL-10 level and HLA-DR expression in SAP patients. A larger trial is required to see whether omega-3 FAs supplemented PN treatment in SAP patients would result in better clinical outcomes than omega-6 FAs.