Standard Soybean Meal Research Articles

Effect of Feeding Processed Soybean Meal on Broiler’s Performance, Immune response, carcass characteristics, Intestinal Morphology and Blood Parameters

This study aimed to assess the effect of different levels of processed soybean meal (PSBM) on growth performance, immune responses, intestinal morphology, cecal bacterial count, carcass characteristics, and blood parameters of broilers. A total of 560 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned into seven groups. The control group received a basal diet containing a standard soybean meal. The groups S1, G1, and F1 received diets containing 2.5% of PSBM at the starter, growing, and finishing periods, while S2, G2, and F2 groups have received diets containing 5% of PSBM. The results showed that the average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly better in the groups fed the diet containing 5% PSBM than in others. A significant decrease was observed in the pancreatic parameters of the G2 and F2 groups compared to the control. Additionally, PSBM replacement did not affect the villus length of all intestinal regions (p>0.05). Nevertheless, increasing dietary PSBM content has reduced intestinal goblet cell number (p

Coated Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation May Assist Higher Soybean Meal Inclusion in Diets for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) With Improved Protein Assimilation and Retention

The aquaculture industry has previously relied on high-quality fishmeal (FM) to fabricate diets of excellent standards. However, plant-based proteins such as soybean are more economic for low-value fish species, for example, tilapia and carp, and fishmeal use has been significantly lessened. Previous studies have addressed standard soybean meal (SBM) sources in aquafeeds seldom addressing essential amino acid correction. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with soybean meal concentrate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using a semi-purified diet against a Low Temperature (LT) fishmeal as a primary reference protein. Four diets with varying levels of soybean meal were evaluated and compared to a control diet of 100 % fish meal. Three diets containing 20, 40, and 80 % soybean protein concentrate (SBPC) were examined. The fourth diet consisted of 80 % SBPC and supplementation with two essential amino acids: lysine and methionine (80SBPCAA) in a coated form. Daily growth values highlight similar rates when tilapia was fed 100FM and 40SBPC diets. No differences were observed in the final mean weights for all soybean-fed tilapia, but they were marginally lower than the 100FM control diet group. The 80SBPC diet showed the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 1.31 and protein efficiency ratio (PER) at 2.19. However, the 80SBPCAA diet showed a significantly improved percent weight gain for tilapia compared to the 80SBPC-fed tilapia. PER was significantly higher at 2.47 and had a better Apparent Net Protein Utilization (ANPU) value of 28.51 % compared to un-supplemented 80SBPC-fed tilapia (25.48 %). These results confirmed that high-quality fishmeal can be substituted by up to 40 % SBPC alone and without any detrimental effects on growth or carcass composition in juvenile tilapia. Crystalline coated essential amino acid supplementation showed marginal improvement of performance for tilapia at high SBPC inclusion level.

52 Alleviating antinutritional effects of high soybean meal diets for nursery pigs through multienzyme and acidifier supplementation

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of multienzyme and acidifier supplementation in high soybean meal (SBM) diets on performance and allergenic response in nursery pigs. A total of 240 weaned pigs, 5.9 ± 0.8 kg body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were low SBM diet (17% in phase 1 and 20% in phase 2), standard SBM diet (22% in phase 1 and 25% in phase 2), high SBM diet (30% in phase 1 and 35% in phase 2), high SBM diet with multienzyme supplementation (100 ppm of phytase, 500 ppm of carbohydrase, 250 ppm of protease, and 25 ppm of keratinase), and high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier (0.5%) supplementation. The enzyme combination was selected based on an in-vitro digestion experiment evaluating the degradation rate for antinutritional factors present in SBM. Diets were provided in a 3-phase feeding program: phase 1 (wk 1), phase 2 (wk 2 and 3), and phase 3 (wk 4 to 6); common corn-SBM based diet. Growth performance was measured at the end of each phase along with blood collection for serum IGF-1, IgA, and IgE analyses. One pig per pen was euthanized to collect intestinal tissue for histomorphology and ileal digesta for sIgA analysis. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS and fecal score data was analyzed using FREQ procedure of SAS. Pigs fed high SBM diets with multienzyme or with multienzyme and acidifier tended to have a greater (P = 0.08) average daily gain compared with pigs fed High-SBM diet during phase 2 by 12.5%. Pigs fed high SBM diets with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake compared with pigs fed high SBM diet in phase 2. During phase 1 and 2, pigs fed high SBM diets supplemented with multienzyme or multienzyme plus acidifier had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 < 0.05) than those fed high SBM diet. Dietary treatment did not affect serum concentrations of T4, IGF-1, IgA, and IgE. Pigs fed high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had less (P < 0.05) concentration of sIgA in the ileal digesta on d 14 compared with high SBM diet (24.2 vs 33.8 mg/mL) but similar to low SBM diet (22.7 mg/mL). Pigs fed high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio on d 7 compared with low SBM by 12%. In conclusion, supplementation with multienzyme or multienzyme and acidifier in high SBM diets could reduce the negative impact of high SBM inclusion in nursery pig diets by improving growth performance, promoting intestinal health, and reducing allergenic response in nursery pigs.

Soybean meal from damaged grains replacing standard soybean meal in diets of feedlot lambs

ABSTRACT Two studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of levels of soybean meal produced from damaged soybean grains replacing normal soybean meal on in vitro and in situ digestibility of ruminant diets as well as on intake, digestibility, and animal performance of growing/finishing lambs. In trial 1, we evaluated the in vitro digestibility of each soybean meals (normal and damaged), as well as diets containing levels of the damaged replacing the normal (0, 333, 667 and 1,000 g.kg−1) [...]

Effect of Fermented Rapeseed Meal on the Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Immune Status of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Simple SummaryThe unique digestive properties of rabbits consist of highly specialised communities of intestinal microbes that, unfortunately, make them susceptible to metabolic diseases. This is why breeders, to improve the functions of the digestive tract, often use special feed additives, i.e., probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. The need to become independent from soybean meal (SBM), which is currently the basic source of protein in animal nutrition, and the need to stimulate the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), has increased interest in fermented components that have a positive effect on the intestinal microbiota and are a source of valuable protein. In this study, the impact of the diversified proportion of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in the diet of rabbits on the immune parameters and the microbiota of the digestive tract was assessed. The reducing effect of the tested feed component against coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli within the small intestine and colon of animals and the anaerobic biota of Clostridium perfringens in the duodenum and cecum of animals was observed while in the duodenum—an increase in the beneficial biota of lactic acid bacteria. The conducted analysis also showed many complex correlations between the number of intestinal microbiota groups and the level of immunoglobulins. The results of the conducted research indicate that FRSM, in addition to valuable nutritional values, may play an important probiotic role in the GIT of rabbits. Research of this type is especially important in terms of reducing the use of antibiotics for therapeutic purposes through nutritional prevention of animals.The present study was conducted to determine the effect of the use of varying amounts of fermented rapeseed meal in diets for rabbits on the immune status and microbiota of segments of the GIT. Forty 35 day old rabbits used in the experiment were assigned to four groups: the control group (group C) were fed a standard diet and the experimental received 4%, 8% or 12% fermented rapeseed meal (included in place of standard soybean meal). Class A, G and M immunoglobulins were determined in the blood plasma. In the food content collected after slaughter, microbiological parameters were determined for individual sections of the digestive tract. Rabbits from the groups receiving a diet with an increased proportion of fermented rapeseed meal (8% or 12%) had lower concentrations of anaerobic bacteria and Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents. Research has shown that the increase in intake of fermented rapeseed meal was correlated with an increase in the correlations between the immunoglobulin level and the size of the microbial population in the GIT. In light of the presented results fermented rapeseed meal, by supplying valuable bioactive substances, appears to be a good component in the diet of rabbits, enhancing immune system development and helping to prevent disturbances of the gut microbiota.

Nutrient digestibility and endogenous protein losses in the foregut and small intestine of weaned dairy calves fed calf starters with conventional or enzyme-treated soybean meal

The aims of this experiment were (1) to compare the effects of a soybean meal with an enzymatic treatment (ESBM) to reduce the concentration of antinutritional factors versus a standard soybean meal (SBM) on foregut and small intestine digestion in weaned dairy calves and (2) to estimate the endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) in the small intestine. Our hypothesis was that a diet containing ESBM instead of SBM would improve ruminal and small intestine digestion and absorption of nutrients. A T-cannula was placed in the duodenum, and a second T-cannula was installed in the distal ileum of 12 Holstein calves at approximately 3 wk of age. Calves were weaned on d 42, and on d 50 they were assigned randomly to a quadruplicated 3 × 3 Latin square with 10-d periods. Digesta samples were collected on d 7 and 8 from the ileum and d 9 and 10 from the duodenum. The diets were fed for ad libitum intake and consisted of a calf starter (CS) of 20% CP with SBM as the main source of protein (CTRL), and an isonitrogenous CS with an ESBM instead of SBM (ENZT). A third diet with a low content of CP (10%) and no soy protein was fed to estimate endogenous N losses and digestibilities of test ingredients. Flows and digestibilities of nutrients were compared between CTRL and ENZT and their test ingredients (SBM vs. ESBM, respectively). Duodenal net flows of CP and total AA as well as ruminal microbial protein synthesis per kilogram of digested CP were greater, and flow of nonprotein N and CP true (corrected by endogenous and microbial flows) foregut digestibility were lower with ENZT than CTRL. The apparent small intestine digestibilities of CP and total AA were greater for ESBM than SBM, but there were no differences between the CTRL and ENZT diets. We observed no differences in digestibilities at the duodenum or ileum of starch or NDF, but true small intestine digestibilities of CP and all AA were greater with ENZT than CTRL. Total endogenous protein losses in the small intestine estimated from calves fed the low-CP with no soy protein diet were 37 ± 1.5 g of CP and 29 ± 1.4 g of AA/kg of DMI. These values may be considered the basal endogenous losses as they are similar to values obtained with the regression method, which estimates N losses when dietary N is null. Our results indicated that the inclusion of an ESBM improved the efficiency of ruminal microbial protein synthesis per digested kilogram of organic matter and CP, and increased CP and AA absorption in the small intestine despite a greater proportion of undigested dietary protein entering the duodenum.

Total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal does not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Limited availability of sustainable feed ingredients is a significant concern in salmon aquaculture. Insects may become an important, sustainable resource for expanding the raw material repertoire. Herein, we present data from a 16-week seawater feeding trial with Atlantic salmon (initial body weight, 1.4 kg) fed either a reference diet with a combination of fish meal, soy protein concentrate, pea protein concentrate, corn gluten and wheat gluten as protein source, or a test diet wherein all the fish meal and most of the pea protein concentrate were replaced by black soldier fly larvae meal. The gut health of fish was evaluated using endpoints including organ and tissue indices, histopathology variables and gene expression indicative of lipid metabolism, immune responses, barrier functions and detoxification/stress responses. A higher relative weight of distal intestine was found in fish fed the insect meal diet. Steatosis of enterocytes was observed in the proximal and mid intestine in both diet groups, albeit, less severe in the proximal intestine of fish fed the insect meal diet. Inflammatory morphological changes, similar to those induced in the distal intestine by standard soybean meal, were present in all the examined intestinal segments, with a higher degree of submucosa cellularity in the proximal intestine of insect meal diet fed fish, the only notable diet effect. Few differentially expressed genes were identified in the proximal or distal intestine. In summary, total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal did not compromise the gut health of Atlantic salmon.

Outbreaks of nutritional cardiomyopathy in pigs in Brazil

ABSTRACT: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition that affects the myocardium, seldom reported in pigs. The DCM is characterized by ventricular dilation, which results in systolic and secondary diastolic dysfunction and can lead to arrhythmia and fatal congestive heart failure. This study described the clinical, pathological, chemical and toxicological findings of nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in nursery pigs through natural and experimental studies. Naturally occurring cases of DCM in three swine farms were investigated through necropsy (fourteen pigs), microscopic, virological, chemical and toxicological exams for the detection of the etiology. The experimental study was conducted with nine 40 days-old piglets, which were divided into three groups of three piglets each. Group 1 was fed with the suspected diet of the naturally occurring cases, Group 2 with half of the suspected diet and half of a control diet, and Group 3 received only the control diet. Clinical signs were recorded. All pigs were submitted of euthanized, necropsie and collection sample for laboratories exams, after 15 days of experiment onset. At the necropsy, all naturally occurring cases had bilateral cardiac dilatation associated to hepatic enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver) and lungs edema. Microscopically, the heart revealed severe hypertrophy and vacuolization of cardiomyocytes, as well as myofiber disarray. Feed analysis revealed low-quality standard soybean meal. After the suspected feed was replaced, clinically ill pigs recovered, and mortality ceased. At the experimental study, two piglets from Group 1 had cough, dyspnea and diarrhea. At the necropsy, these animals had similar gross and microscopic lesions to the natural cases. The nutritional DCM in pigs may be associated to the diet with low-quality soybean meal, as it was further confirmed through an experimental study.

Processed soya to improve performance of broiler chickens

SUMMARY Processed soya bean meals are commonly used in piglet diets, as they are likely to contain reduced anti-nutritional factors that can be problematic when fed during phases of early development. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the inclusion of a processed SBM in the diets of broilers to 41 d, at either 7.5 or 15% at the expense of standard soybean meal, can lead to improved performance parameters. The diets were formulated to be balanced for energy and digestible lysine with all other amino acids in appropriate ratio. At almost all time points, the BWG and FCR of those birds fed the processed soybean meal diets was significantly better than the control diet, and in some cases the 15% diet was superior to the 7.5% diet. To d 41, only the FCR of the 15% diet was better than the control. When FCR was corrected for the mean BW, birds on the 7.5% diet also performed better than the control. The inclusion of processed soybean meal did not affect feed intake until d 14. Thereafter, independent of the inclusion level, intake was significantly increased vs. the control diet.

Effect of incorporation of detoxified karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cakes in total mixed rations on milk yield, composition and efficiency in crossbred dairy cows

In the present study, neem seed cake (51.55% CP) and karanja seed cake (37.91% CP) were used as a partial replacement of soybean protein cake. Three iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations (TMR) were prepared namely T1-control where soybean meal was incorporated at 9.6% of TMR, in T -dNC and T -dKC, the cakes were incorporated at 3.85 and 5.85% of TMR and fed to eighteen crossbred cows in three groups for 90 days. Milk yield (kg/day) and FCM yield (kg/day) was found to be higher in dNC compared to dKC groups. After 90 days of feeding, both milk yield (kg/ day) and FCM yield (kg/day) increased in all the groups. The average milk fat was found to be lower in (P<0.05) in T3-dKC group (5.03) compared to T1-control (6.13). Total solids was found to be lower in T2-dNC and T3-dKC groups compared to T1 control. DMI (kg) required for kg FCM was same in all the groups (1.38 in T1-control; 1.30 in T2- dNC and 1.66 in T3-dKC). It was concluded that detoxified neem cake (dNC) and detoxified karanja cake (dKC) can be included in total mixed rations of medium producing dairy cattle (5–8 liters of milk per day) replacing standard soybean meal without adversely affecting milk composition and milk production efficiency.

Influence of diet complexity on productive performance and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs

The effect of diet complexity on coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and growth performance was studied in piglets from 21 to 62d of age. There were five experimental prestarter diets (21–41d of age) with similar net energy and total indispensable amino acids content. The negative control diet contained 400g raw maize, 40g fish meal (FM) and 70glactose(LAC)/kg and the positive control diet contained 400g cooked maize, 100g FM and 140gLAC/kg. The other three diets were similar to the positive control diet but the cooked maize was substituted by raw maize or contained 40gFM/kg or 70gLAC/kg, respectively. Each treatment was replicated six times (six pigs per pen). For the starter period (42–62d of age), half of the pens of each of the prestarter treatments was sorted into two groups and fed either a standard soybean meal–raw maize–lard diet or a diet with similar nutrient profile that included 200g cooked maize, 50g FM, 13g LAC, 20g soy protein concentrate and 10gsoybeanoil/kg in substitution of lower cost ingredients. Dietary treatment did not affect piglet performance at any age, but incidence of diarrhoea during the prestarter period, was higher in piglets fed the negative control diet than in piglets fed any of the other diets (P<0.05). At 30d of age (prestarter period), the CTTAD of organic matter and gross energy were lower (P<0.001) for pigs fed the negative control diet than for pigs fed the other diets, but that of crude protein was not affected. At 50d of age (starter period), dietary treatment did not affect the CTTAD of any dietary component. It is concluded that the use of high levels of high quality ingredients in the diet did not improve growth performance of piglets at any age. From 21 to 41d of age, the incidence of diarrhoea was reduced and the CTTAD of dietary components was increased when the more complex diets were fed. The inclusion of high levels of high quality ingredients in the diet to maximize performance of young pigs might not be justified under all circumstances.

Characterisation of the microbiota associated with intestine of Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) : The effect of fish meal, standard soybean meal and a bioprocessed soybean meal

Populations of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria present in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) fed three different diets, fish meal, standard or a bioprocessed soybean meal (BPSBM), were estimated using the dilution plate technique. A total of 944 isolates were characterised by biochemical and physiological properties and 425 isolates were identified further by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes. Our results showed that gut microbiota were affected by dietary manipulation. The GI tract of fish fed fish meal was dominated by Gram-positive bacteria of the genera Brochothrix and Carnobacterium. The Gram-negative bacteria Chryseobacterium spp. and Psychrobacter glacincola, and Gram-positive bacteria belonging to Carnobacterium, dominated in the digestive tract of fish fed soybean meal. In contrast to these results, genus Psychrobacter dominated in the GI tract when fish were fed BPSBM. Until recently, it was generally suggested that the gut microbiota of fish were less diverse than in homoeothermic animals. However, the present study identified several “new” bacterial species isolated from the alimentary tract of Atlantic cod. These “new” bacterial species are not normally isolated from the GI tract of fish. Based on our finding we suggest that the GI tract microbiota of fish might not be as simple as believed. Antagonistic activity of carnobacteria regarding inhibition of growth of two fish pathogens ( Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum) was observed. However, some difference in the antibacterial activity of Carnobacterium spp. was observed. Whether this antagonistic activity has any effect in challenge studies will be discussed, especially in relation to the finding that the digestive tract is one of the major infection routes in fish.

Cottonseed Meal Diets Improve Body Weight Uniformity in Broiler Breeder Pullets

Due to its low nutrient density, cottonseed meal (CSM) may be a potential alternative feed ingredient for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler breeder pullet diets to improve flock BW uniformity. A major concern when utilizing CSM in poultry diets, however, is the presence of gossypol. It was determined in an initial experiment that when broiler breeder hens are fed a diet containing CSM, gossypol accumulates in the liver. When CSM is removed from the diet, however, hepatic gossypol levels dissipate within a few weeks. In a subsequent study, in order to achieve the breeder guideline ideal weight, broiler breeder pullets reared with a diet containing CSM from 2 to 18 wk of age had to be fed a larger amount than birds consuming a standard SBM diet. The CV of bird weight was significantly lower during the rearing period for birds reared with the corn and CSM diet. This difference in uniformity was maintained as the hens entered the breeding period. Egg weight, hatchability, and fertility were equivalent for hens reared with a diet containing CSM and those reared with a standard diet throughout the growing period. The results suggest that broiler breeder pullets reared on a diet containing CSM as the major protein source have improved flock BW uniformity and normal subsequent reproductive performance.

Effects of graded levels of standard soybean meal on intestinal structure, mucosal enzyme activities, and pancreatic response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.)

Duplicate tanks of c.280 g Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) were fed for 60 days on diets in which fishmeal was substituted with graded levels of extracted soybean meal (SBM) comprising 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 35% of total protein. The effects on feed intake, growth, feed conversion, apparent digestibility and utilization of macronutrients and energy, pathohistological response of the distal intestine (DI), activities of digestive enzymes in the mid and distal intestinal mucosa, and faecal trypsin and plasma insulin concentrations were studied. A negative, dose-dependent effect of SBM was observed on nearly all performance parameters with a notable exception of feed intake. The lowest SBM inclusion level of 10% resulted in moderate pathohistological changes in the DI. Each subsequent increase in SBM level increased the number of fish displaying severe changes. In contrast to the mid-intestine (MI), all enzyme activities in the distal intestinal mucosa decreased dose-dependently with increasing SBM inclusion. Faecal trypsin increased up to an SBM inclusion level of 20% and then levelled off. Plasma insulin increased from 0% to 15% SBM inclusion and then decreased. The results suggest that caution should be exercised in the use of even low levels of extracted SBM in salmon feeds.

Effect of fat coating on rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility of soybean meal

Three rumen and duodenum fistulated dairy cows were used to determine the effects of fat and methionine addition to soybean meal on rumen degradation of crude protein, the amino acid pattern and the intestinal digestibility of undegraded residues. The addition of 10% and 25% fat resulted in lower DM degradation after 8 and 24 h of incubation. Protein degradation was reduced by 10% fat addition at 8 and 24 h, while 25% fat addition considerably lowered crude protein disappearance after only 8 h of incubation. A 10% fat addition increases the content of essential amino acids in the undegraded residue vs. the control, while 25% fat addition only increases the concentration of lysine, histidine and arginine. Standard soybean meal has higher intestinal dry-matter digestibility than fat-coated soybean, probably due to interference between the lipid matrix and the enteric enzyme attack which, most likely, does not affect the proteolytic enzymes, given the small differences in intestinal nitrogen disappearance found among the different soybean types.

Alcohol soluble components of soybeans seem to reduce fat digestibility in fish-meal-based diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

A commercially available soybean molasses (alcohol extract from soybean meal) was included at levels of 0. 5,10,15 and 20% in a fish meal based diet for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., weighing about 75 g. These inclusion levels supplied dietary alcohol soluble components corresponding to levels that would have been obtained if a standard soybean meal was included at levels up to about 70%. The fish were reared in fresh water at 9oC and with a minimum of 7 ppm O2 at outlet, and fed the experimental diets for 14 days before the faeces were stripped. Digestibility coefficients were determined using chromic oxide as an indigestible indicator. The digestibility of fat, and particularly the long-chained, saturated-and monounsaturated fatty acids, were significantly reduced by increasing the inclusion level of soybean molasses, whereas digestibility of dry matter, protein (%N x 6.25) and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not affected significantly. The present results show that alcohol-soluble components of soybeans may be responsible for a significant part of the negative effects of standard soybean meal in diets for Atlantic salmon.