Standard Plate Test Research Articles

Анальгетическая активность новых производных серосодержащих ди- и тетрагидропиридинов в тесте горячей пластины

Nowadays the search of new high-efficiency and safe drugs for the pharmacotherapy of diseases accompanied by pain syndrome is an active area of modern pharmacological research. 170 new derivatives of di- and tetrahydropyridines synthesized on the basis of the Chemex Research Laboratory, Vladimir Dahl Lugansk State University were exposed to the virtual bioscreening using the Swiss Target Prediction software. The paper describes screening studies in vivo of 5 samples of sulfur-containing di- and tetrahydropyridines (laboratory codes d02-138, as-262, f02-079, cv-074, cv-143) in the standard hot plate test in comparison with the reference drug — metamizole sodium. The compounds in the dose of 5 mg/kg were given intragastrically 1 hour and a half before placing the rats on the hot plate, the reference drug in the dose of 7 mg/kg also was given intragastrically 1 hour and a half before placing the rats on the hot plate. The compounds with laboratory codes as-262 (allyl 6-({2-[(4-acetylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl}thio)-5-cyano-4-(2-furyl)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate) and d02-138 (ethyl 4-[({[3-cyano-5-{[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl}-4-(2-furyl)-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridinе-2-yl]thio}acetyl)amino]benzoate) possess the most pronounced analgesic activity in the dose of 5 mg/kg, they demonstrated 2.03 and 1.9-fold efficiency in comparison to metamizole sodium respectively. The rest three specimens demonstrated metamizole sodium-like analgesic activity.

A comparison of 24 chemicals in the six-well bacterial reverse mutation assay to the standard 100-mm Petri plate bacterial reverse mutation assay in two laboratories

The bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames) is a fundamental genetic toxicology test, and efforts to miniaturize the regulatory GLP version are essential in assessing genotoxic liabilities earlier in the drug development pipeline. Two versions of the Ames were compared: the six-well (miniaturized) plate and the standard 100-mm plate test at two different laboratories. Of twenty-four chemicals tested, a subset of six chemicals was tested in the six-well test only and the remaining eighteen were evaluated in both versions of the test. The plate incorporation procedure was used with one Escherichia coli and four different Salmonella strains. The six-well test uses the same plating procedure and evaluation methods as the standard Ames assay in 100-mm plates, but the smaller format requires 20% of the test chemical. Additionally, the six-well test uses a limit concentration of 1000 μg/well versus the standard Petri plate test limit concentration of 5000 μg/plate. Testing across the two formats resulted in 100% concordance in overall mutagenicity judgement and 94% concordance across all tester strains and conditions. Known mutagenic positive control chemicals were correctly detected as positive in both formats. The overall conclusion is that the six-well assay results are concordant with the standard assay format in this evaluation and could be a reliable alternative.

A Detailed Study of the Interaction Between Two Rows of Cooling Holes

An optimal design of film cooling is a key factor in the effort of producing high-efficiency gas turbine. Understanding of the fluid dynamics interaction between cooling holes can help engineers to improve overall thermal effectiveness. Correct prediction through modeling is a very complex problem since multiple phenomena are involved such as mixing, turbulence, and heat transfer. The present work performs an investigation of different cooling configurations ranging from single hole up to two rows. The main objective is to evaluate the double-rows interaction and the effect on film cooling. Strong nonlinear effects are underlined by different simulations, while varying blowing ratio (BR) and geometrical configuration of cooling holes. Meanwhile an initial analysis is performed using flat plate geometry, verification and validation is then extended to realistic stage of high pressure (HP) turbine. Multiple cooling holes configurations are embedded on the pressure side (PS) and suction side (SS) of the single stage. The main outcome is the verification of the thermal effectiveness improvement obtained by cooling jets interaction of multiple rows design. The effects of curvature surface and frame of reference rotation are also evaluated, underlying the differences with standard flat plate test cases.

Anti-Brucella Antibodies in Moose (Alces alces gigas), Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), and Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) in Alaska, USA.

We used an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) and the rose bengal test (RBT) to test for anti-Brucella antibodies in moose (Alces alces gigas), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), and plains bison (Bison bison bison) from various game management units (GMUs) in Alaska, US, sampled from 1982 to 2010. A portion of the sera had previously been tested with the standard plate test (SPT), the buffered Brucella antigen (BBA) card test, and the card test (CARD). No antibody-positive plains bison were identified. Anti-Brucella antibodies were detected in moose (iELISA, n=4/87; RBT, n=4/87; SPT, n=4/5; BBA, n=4/4) from GMU 23 captured in 1992, 1993, and 1995 and in muskoxen (iELISA, n=4/52; RBT, n=4/52; CARD, n=4/35) from GMUs 26A and 26B captured in 2004, 2006, and 2007. A negative effect of infection on the health of individuals of these species is probable. The presence of antibody-positive animals from 1992 to 2007 suggests presence of brucellae over time. The antibody-positive animals were found in northern Alaska, an area with a historically higher prevalence of Brucella-positive caribou, and a spillover of Brucella suis biovar 4 from caribou may have occurred. Brucella suis biovar 4 causes human brucellosis, and transmission from consumption of moose and muskoxen is possible.

Robust C0 high‐order plate finite element for thin to very thick structures: mechanical and thermo‐mechanical analysis

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new C0 eight‐node quadrilateral finite element (FE) for geometrically linear elastic plates. This finite element aims at modeling both thin and thick plates without any pathologies of the classical plate finite elements (shear and Poisson or thickness locking, spurious modes, etc). A C1 FE was previously developed by the first author based on the kinematics proposed by Touratier. This new FE can be viewed as an evolution towards three directions: (1) use of only C0 FE approximations; (2) modeling of thick to thin structures; and (3) capability in multifield problems. The transverse normal stress is included allowing use of the three‐dimensional constitutive law. The element performances are evaluated on some standard plate tests, and comparisons are given with exact three‐dimensional solutions for plates under mechanical and thermal loads. Comparisons are made with other plate models using C1 and semi‐C1 FE approximations as well as with an eight node C0 FE based on the Reissner–Mindlin model. All results indicate that the present element is highly insensitive to mesh distortion, has very fast convergence properties and gives accurate results for displacements and stresses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BRUCELLA SPECIES SURVEY IN POLAR BEARS (URSUS MARITIMUS) OF NORTHERN ALASKA

We report on the presence of specific antibodies to Brucella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from northern Alaska (southern Beaufort Sea) during 2003-2006. Based on numerous known stressors (e.g., climate change and loss of sea ice habitat, contaminants), there is increased concern regarding the status of polar bears. Considering these changes, it is important to assess exposure to potentially pathogenic organisms and to improve understanding of transmission pathways. Brucella or specific antibodies to Brucella spp. has been reported in marine mammals. Various assays were used to elucidate the pathway or source of exposure (e.g., "marine" vs. "terrestrial" Brucella spp.) of northern Alaska polar bears to Brucella spp. The standard plate test (SPT) and the buffered Brucella antigen card test (BBA) were used for initial screening for antibodies specific to Brucella. We then evaluated positive reactors (presence of serum antibody specific for Brucella spp.) using immunoblots and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; based on pinniped-derived Brucella spp. antigen). Annual prevalence of antibody (BBA and SPT) for Brucella spp. ranged from 6.8% to 18.5% over 2003-2006, with an overall prevalence of 10.2%. Prevalence of Brucella spp. antibody did vary by age class. Western blot analyses indicated 17 samples were positive for Brucella spp. antibody; of these, 13 were negative by marine (pinniped) derived Brucella antigen cELISA and four were positive by marine cELISA. Of the four samples positive for Brucella antibody by marine cELISA, three cross-reacted with Y. enterocolitica and Brucella spp. (one sample was Brucella negative and Y. enterocolitica positive). It appears the polar bear antibody does not react with the antigens used on the marine cELISA assay, potentially indicating a terrestrial (nonpinniped) source of Brucella spp.

Quadrilateral finite elements for multilayer sandwich plates

The bending behaviour of isotropic and laminated composite and sandwich plates has been analysed using two new C° assumed strain quadrilateral finite element formulations based on a refined form of Reddy's higher-order theory. The assumed strain approach ensures that there are no parasitic spurious zero energy modes and no shear locking. The element performances are evaluated on some standard plate tests involving closed-form solutions and experimental results. All results indicate that the present elements have satisfactory convergence properties, accuracy in the results and freedom from any major defects.

High-order triangular sandwich plate finite element for linear and non-linear analyses

The objective of this paper is to present a new C 1 six-node triangular finite element for geometrically linear and non-linear elastic multilayered composite plates. This finite element must be able to model both thin and moderately thick plates without any pathologies of the classic plate finite elements (shear locking, spurious modes, …). It is based on a new kind of kinematics proposed by Touratier [1], and built on the Argyris interpolation for bending and the Ganev interpolation for membrane displacements and transverse shear rotations. This kinematics allows to exactly ensure, both the continuity conditions for displacements and transverse shear stresses at the interfaces between layers of a laminated structure, and the boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces of the plates. The representation of the transverse shear strains by cosine functions allows avoiding shear correction factors. In addition, transverse normal stress can be deduced with good precision from equilibrium equations at the post-processing level, using the high degree of interpolation polynomia. The element performances are evaluated on some standard plate tests and also in comparison with exact three-dimensional solutions for multilayered plates in linear and non-linear (moderately large deflection) statics, dynamics and for buckling. Comparisons with other plate models using the present finite element approximation and an eight-node C 0 finite element based on the Reissner–Mindlin model are also given. All results indicate that the present element has very fast convergence properties and also gives very accurate results for displacements and stresses.

Statistical modeling and analyses of a base-specific Salmonella mutagenicity assay

Statistical features of a base-specific Salmonella mutagenicity assay are considered in detail, following up on a previous report comparing responses of base-specific Salmonella (Ames II™) strains with those of traditional tester strains. In addition to using different Salmonella strains, the new procedure also differs in that it is performed as a microwell fluctuation test, as opposed to the standard plate or preincubation test. This report describes the statistical modeling of data obtained from the use of these new strains in the microwell test procedure. We emphasize how to assess any significant interactions between replicate cultures and exposure doses, and how to identify a significant increase in the mutagenic response to a series of concentrations of a test substance.

Evaluation of North American antibody detection tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in goats.

The sensitivities and specificities of 17 antibody detection tests for brucellosis in goats were estimated. Tests evaluated included the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) card test with 8% cell concentration (8%Card), USDA rapid automated presumptive test (RAP), Mexican rose bengal plate tests with 8 and 3% cell concentrations (8%RB and 3%RB), French rose bengal plate test with 4.5% cell concentration (4.5%RB), USDA standard plate test (SPT), USDA buffered acidified plate agglutination test (BAPA), USDA and Mexican rivanol tests (URIV and MRIV), USDA standard tube tests with Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis antigens (SATA and SATM), serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), USDA cold-fixation complement fixation tests with B. abortus and B. melitensis antigens (CFA and CFM), USDA and Mexican milk ring tests (UBRT and MBRT), and a milk ELISA. Test sensitivity was evaluated by using two groups of 10 goats experimentally infected with B. melitensis or B. abortus and monitored for 24 weeks. Specificity was evaluated by using 200 brucellosis-free nonvaccinated goats from 10 California herds. The 3%RB was considered a good screening test because of high sensitivity at week 24 postinfection (90%), ease of performance, and low cost. The cold-fixation CFA and CFM had 100% specificity in the field study and were considered appropriate confirmatory tests. The milk ELISA was significantly more sensitive (P < 0.05) than the UBRT and significantly more specific (P < 0.05) than the MBRT. The milk ELISA also had the advantage of objectivity and ease of interpretation.

The use of a urine mutagenicity assay in the monitoring of environmental exposure to genotoxins

Urinary bacterial mutagenicity was used as a biomarker of exposure to ambient air pollution in a group of women working outdoors in the city of Teplice (TP; Northern Bohemia) with higher levels of air pollution than a similar group of women in the city of Prachatice (PT; Southern Bohemia). The Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay with the TA98 and YG1041 strains and microsuspension assay with the YG1041 strain were used for testing the urinary mutagenicity. PAH and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC and GC/MS methods. The significantly higher values of most PAHs/metabolites detected in a TP group confirmed the differences of PAH exposures between both groups. In the plate incorporation assay, the TA98 strain was not able to detect the increase in urinary mutagenicity, but, for the YG1041 strain, the urinary mutagenicity was clearly determined with a significant difference in number of YG1041+S9 revertants between the TP and PT groups. The microsuspension assay increased the mean response by about 10-fold over the standard plate test; however, no statistical difference between TP and PT groups was found due to high interindividual variability and small sample size. Comparing the urinary PAH/metabolites to urinary mutagenicity, significant correlations were observed between the plate incorporation mutagenicity results with the YG1041 revertants in the presence of metabolic activation and several of the urinary PAH/metabolites. On the contrary, in the microsuspension assay, several urinary PAH/metabolites correlated significantly with the YG1041 revertants only in the absence of metabolic activation. This may indicate the influence of different treatment conditions of assays on the urinary mutagenicity results. The results suggest the insufficient sensitivity of the TA98 tester strain to determinate low urinary level of mutagens. On the contrary, the use of the YG1041 tester strain increases the probability of detecting an effect of environmental exposure and seems to be applicable to biological monitoring. To definitely replace the standard plate incorporation assay with the microsuspension method is not possible without further comparative studies.

A new laminated triangular finite element assuring interface continuity for displacements and stresses

The objective of this paper is to present a new 81-degrees-of-freedom finite element for geometrically and materially linear elastic multilayered composite, moderately thick plates. The element is a six nodes C 1 triangular element based on a new kind of kinematics and built from Argyris interpolation for bending, and Ganev interpolation for membrane displacements and transverse shear rotations. The kinematics allow both, the continuity conditions for displacements and transverse shear stresses at the interfaces between layers of a laminated structure, and the boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces of the plates, to be exactly ensured. The representation of the transverse shear strains by cosine functions allows one to avoid shear correction factors. The element performances are evaluated on some standard plate tests and also in comparison with an exact three-dimensional solution for multilayered plates both for statics and dynamics.

Comparison of SO 2 capture capacities of limestones and dolomites under pressure

Urinary bacterial mutagenicity was used as a biomarker of exposure to ambient air pollution in a group of women working outdoors in the city of Teplice (TP; Northern Bohemia) with higher levels of air pollution than a similar group of women in the city of Prachatice (PT; Southern Bohemia). The Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay with the TA98 and YG1041 strains and microsuspension assay with the YG1041 strain were used for testing the urinary mutagenicity. PAH and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC and GC/MS methods. The significantly higher values of most PAHs/metabolites detected in a TP group confirmed the differences of PAH exposures between both groups. In the plate incorporation assay, the TA98 strain was not able to detect the increase in urinary mutagenicity, but, for the YG1041 strain, the urinary mutagenicity was clearly determined with a significant difference in number of YG1041+S9 revertants between the TP and PT groups. The microsuspension assay increased the mean response by about 10-fold over the standard plate test; however, no statistical difference between TP and PT groups was found due to high interindividual variability and small sample size. Comparing the urinary PAH/metabolites to urinary mutagenicity, significant correlations were observed between the plate incorporation mutagenicity results with the YG1041 revertants in the presence of metabolic activation and several of the urinary PAH/metabolites. On the contrary, in the microsuspension assay, several urinary PAH/metabolites correlated significantly with the YG1041 revertants only in the absence of metabolic activation. This may indicate the influence of different treatment conditions of assays on the urinary mutagenicity results. The results suggest the insufficient sensitivity of the TA98 tester strain to determinate low urinary level of mutagens. On the contrary, the use of the YG1041 tester strain increases the probability of detecting an effect of environmental exposure and seems to be applicable to biological monitoring. To definitely replace the standard plate incorporation assay with the microsuspension method is not possible without further comparative studies.

Determination of coal tar pitch volatile materials on sampling filters. Comparison of gravimetric and spectroscopic methods

Urinary bacterial mutagenicity was used as a biomarker of exposure to ambient air pollution in a group of women working outdoors in the city of Teplice (TP; Northern Bohemia) with higher levels of air pollution than a similar group of women in the city of Prachatice (PT; Southern Bohemia). The Salmonella typhimurium plate incorporation assay with the TA98 and YG1041 strains and microsuspension assay with the YG1041 strain were used for testing the urinary mutagenicity. PAH and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC and GC/MS methods. The significantly higher values of most PAHs/metabolites detected in a TP group confirmed the differences of PAH exposures between both groups. In the plate incorporation assay, the TA98 strain was not able to detect the increase in urinary mutagenicity, but, for the YG1041 strain, the urinary mutagenicity was clearly determined with a significant difference in number of YG1041+S9 revertants between the TP and PT groups. The microsuspension assay increased the mean response by about 10-fold over the standard plate test; however, no statistical difference between TP and PT groups was found due to high interindividual variability and small sample size. Comparing the urinary PAH/metabolites to urinary mutagenicity, significant correlations were observed between the plate incorporation mutagenicity results with the YG1041 revertants in the presence of metabolic activation and several of the urinary PAH/metabolites. On the contrary, in the microsuspension assay, several urinary PAH/metabolites correlated significantly with the YG1041 revertants only in the absence of metabolic activation. This may indicate the influence of different treatment conditions of assays on the urinary mutagenicity results. The results suggest the insufficient sensitivity of the TA98 tester strain to determinate low urinary level of mutagens. On the contrary, the use of the YG1041 tester strain increases the probability of detecting an effect of environmental exposure and seems to be applicable to biological monitoring. To definitely replace the standard plate incorporation assay with the microsuspension method is not possible without further comparative studies.

Usefulness of the API-20E system for the identification of bacterial fish pathogens

A total of 223 isolates belonging to motile Aeromonas, A. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Pasteurella piscicida and Yersinia ruckeri species were tested by the API-20E system and the results compared with those obtained with standard biochemical tube and plate tests. Depending on the species, the API-20E yielded false negative and positive reactions for fermentation of different sugars, lysine decarboxylase (LDC), Voges Proskauer (VP), citrate and gelatinase reactions. Thirteen of 32 (41%) A. salmonicida strains and 9 of 53 (17%) Y. ruckeri isolates were correctly identified using the API index. Forty-five of 69 (65%) motile Aeromonas tested (including 34 A. hydrophila, 10 A. sobria and 1 A. caviae strains) were identified as A. hydrophila. The low discrimination profiles generated by 9 Yersinia and 2 motile Aeromonas isolates were avoided using the supplementary tests cited in the API index. In the case of V. anguillarum and P. piscicida, which are not at present included in the API-20E system, 35 of 53 strains of V. anguillarum were wrongly identified as A. hydrophila, and all the P. piscicida isolates were incorrectly identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens/Ps. putida. A large number of isolates, including some reference strains, produced uncoded profiles. From these results, we consider that the API-20E system will be a useful tool for field diagnosis of bacterial fish diseases if its database is expanded to include V. anguillarum, P. piscicida, A. sobria and A. caviae species and the new profiles generated by strains of species already considered. In addition, some reactions necessary to discriminate between strains which share the same profile number are proposed.

Mutagenicity of structurally related phenylazo-3-pyridines in Salmonella typhimurium.

Studies were conducted to explore structure-activity relationships for 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-1'-phenylazo-3-pyridine and nine structurally related compounds in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98. Each compound was tested for mutagenicity at five or more concentrations that varied from 10-5000 micrograms/plate. We used the standard plate test and the investigations were carried out both in the absence and presence of Aroclor-1254-induced rat-liver homogenate and the components of the NADPH-generating system. Negative response was observed for 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-1'-phenylazo-3-pyridine and five of its analogues (4'-N,N-diethylamino-1' phenylazo-3-pyridine; 4'-N,N-di-(beta-hydroxyethylamino)-1' phenylazo-3-pyridine; 4'-N-methylamino sulfonic acid-1'-phenylazo-3-pyridine; 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-6'-acetamido-1' phenylazo-3-pyridine, and 4'-N,N-di-(beta-hydroxyethylamino)-6'-methyl-l' phenylazo-3-pyridine). When S9 induced by Aroclor-1254 was present, the compound 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-6-methoxy-1' phenylazo-3-pyridine exhibited mutagenic activity in the two strains TA1538 and TA98. The compound 4',6'-diamino-3-methyl-1'-phenylazo-3-pyridine was also mutagenic, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 mix. The two compounds 4'-N,N-dimethylamino-6-butoxy-1'-phenylazo-3-pyridine and 4'N,N-di-(beta-hydroxyethylamino)-1'-phenylazo-3-[6-N,N-di-(beta- hydroxyethylamino) pyridine were either weakly mutagenic or nonmutagenic. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that the mutagenicity of phenylazo-3-pyridines, like monocyclic aromatic amines and azo dyes, is influenced by the nature of the substituent chemical groups and their positions in the molecular structure of the compounds.

A hybrid strain finite element for plates and shells

AbstractThis paper describes a new hybrid strain finite element for geometrically linear analysis of plates and shells. The formulation for materially linear problems is based on a mixed variational principle having strain and displacement rates as independently varied fields. To facilitate extension to materially non‐linear analysis, the variational principle is used in rate form and the plane stress assumption is not imposed a priori in the formulation. When desired, the plane stress assumption is imposed in a manner similar to imposition of fixed boundary conditions. The element geometry is based on a nine‐noded quadrilateral with biquadratic interpolation of the displacement field. The strain field is based on a bilinear interpolation with additional non‐linear terms, chosen on the basis of eigenvalue analysis. The element passes the required patch tests, does not display either membrane or shear locking effects, and is free of communicable spurious modes. Numerical results are presented for elastic analyses of several standard plate and shell test problems.

Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with tetranitromethane and 3-nitro- l-tyrosine

The nitrosating agent tetranitromethane (TNM) and the nitrosation product 3-nitro- l-tyrosine (NT) were tested for mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/ mammalian microsome assay. TNM showed strong genotoxic activity: it was mutagenic in all tester strains used (TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102). Them maximum mutagenic activity was reached between 16 and 32 μg/plate using the standard plate test; higher amounts led to distinct bactericidal effects. The mutagenicity was independent of an in vitro activation system. In the preincubation assay an increased bactericidal effect was observed. In contrast to TNM, NT, the nitrosation product, was non-mutagenic and non-toxic in the standard plate test and with the preincubation method up to 5000 μg/plate with and without S9 mix and with all tester strains used. Although TNM is a strong direct-acting mutagen, its nitrosating effect on proteins does lead to non-genotoxic nitro products of tyrosine in proteins.

Performance of the standard pseudoisochromatic plate test.

The Standard pseudoisochromatic Plate (SPP) test was administered to 346 normals, 55 anomalous trichromats, and 46 dichromats. Its ability to detect and classify congenital color defectives was assessed. The performance of each plate was assessed separately and compared with its colorimetric properties. The test as a whole achieves a high level of accuracy in separating normals from color vision defectives [Youden's Index (YI) = 92.4%] and a high reliability (71.3%) in classification of the congenital color vision defectives. The performance of individual plates in separating color normals and color vision defectives of individual plates varies (YI ranges from 69.8 to 86.1%). A set of three plates can be chosen, which achieves a performance similar to that of the whole test. The test is found to be a reliable clinical screening method for congenital red-green color vision defectives.

Bacterial mutagenicity of some methyl 2-cyanoacrylates and methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates

The mutagenic potential of three alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives, three commercial alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives and three methyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylates, was assessed using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Compounds were tested with and without Aroclor 1254-induced rat-liver homogenate (S9 mix). The methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were mutagenic in the standard plate test with S. typhimurium strain TA100 with and without S9 activation. Methyl 2-cyano-3-(2-bromophenyl)acrylate revealed a direct mutagenic action to S. typhimurium strain TA1535. The compounds most toxic towards the bacterium S. typhimurium, were the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives (>500 μg/plate). All alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives were tested in a modified spot test for volatile compounds with tester strain TA100. Mutagenic and toxic effects were observed with the three methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives. It can be concluded from the results that the bacterial toxicity and mutagenicity of methyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives may be due to the methyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer.