Standard Pancreatectomy Research Articles

Preservation of Pancreatic Function Should Not Be Disregarded When Performing Pancreatectomies for Pancreatoblastoma in Children.

Complete surgical resection in the context of a multimodal approach has been associated with excellent long-term survival in children diagnosed with pancreatoblastoma (PB). Traditionally, curative intent surgery for PB implies standard pancreatic resections such as pancreaticoduodenectomies and distal pancreatectomies with splenectomies, surgical procedures that may lead to significant long-term pancreatic functional deficiencies. Postoperative pancreatic functional deficiencies are particularly interesting to children because they may interfere with their development, considering their long life expectancy and the significant role of pancreatic functions in their nutritional status and growth. Thus, organ-sparing pancreatectomies, such as spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomies and central pancreatectomies, are emerging in specific tumoral pathologies in children. However, data about organ-sparing pancreatectomies' potential role in curative-intent PB surgery in children are scarce. Based on the literature data, the current review aims to present the early and late outcomes of pancreatectomies in children (including long-term deficiencies and their potential impact on the development and quality of life), particularly for PB, and further explore the potential role of organ-sparing pancreatectomies for PB. Organ-sparing pancreatectomies are associated with better long-term pancreatic functional outcomes, particularly central pancreatectomies, and have a reduced impact on children's development and quality of life without jeopardizing their oncological safety. The long-term preservation of pancreatic functions should not be disregarded when performing pancreatectomies for PB in children. A subset of patients with PB might benefit from organ-sparing pancreatectomies, particularly from central pancreatectomies, with the same oncological results as standard pancreatectomies but with significantly less impact on long-term functional outcomes.

Recent trends in organ-preserving pancreatectomy: Itsproblems and clinical advantages compared with other standard pancreatectomies.

In this review article, we focus on recent papers on organ-preserving pancreatectomy procedures published since 2010. When comparing central pancreatectomy (CP) and distal pancreatectomy (DP), most studies have concluded that the CP group exhibited significantly lower incidence of new-onset diabetes or diabetes exacerbation than the DP group postoperatively. However, because of increased incidence of morbidities such as pancreatic fistula, the surgeon faces a considerable trade-off between increased short-term morbidity and long-term preservation of endocrine function. When the outcomes of two types of spleen-preserving DP (Kimura and Warshaw procedures) are compared, most studies mentioned the low incidence of postoperative gastric varices and splenic infarction with the Kimura procedure. Although there are several reports regarding the effect of spleen preservation on prevention of postoperative infections, no report on the contribution of spleen preservation to the prevention of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection is seen. The advantages of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) concerning endocrine and exocrine functions continue to be subjects of discussion, mainly due to the limited number of institutions that have adopted this approach; however, DPPHR should be presented as an option for patients due to its low incidence of postoperative cholangitis. Organ-preserving pancreatectomy requires meticulous surgical techniques, and postoperative complications may increase with this surgery compared with standard pancreatectomy, which may be influenced by the surgeon's skill and the surgical facility where the procedure is performed. Nonetheless, this technique has significant long-term advantages in terms of endocrine and exocrine functions and its wider adoption in the future is expected.

Clinical outcomes of organ-preserving pancreatectomy for benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors: A multicenter nationwide survey in Japan.

Whether organ-preserving pancreatic surgery has an advantage in postoperative short- and long-term outcomes or not is still unknown because only small case series studies have been available to date. In this multicenter retrospective study, we aimed to elucidate the clinical advantage and disadvantage of organ-preserving pancreatectomy among patients with low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors and benign pancreatic diseases. We included patients diagnosed with benign or low-malignant pancreatic tumor who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in 621 cases, duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) in 31 cases, middle pancreatectomy (MP) in 148 cases, distal pancreatectomy (DP) in 814 cases, and spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) in 259 cases between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Preoperative backgrounds, surgical outcomes and pre- and postoperative (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36months) nutritional status were compared between these procedures. In terms of short-term outcomes, the incidence of pancreatic fistula in patients who underwent MP was significantly higher than in patients with standard pancreatectomy. As for the long-term pancreatic functions in the cases of head or body lesion, both exocrine and endocrine functions after MP were significantly favorable compared with the PD group from 3 to 36months after surgery. In pancreatic body or tail lesion, significant advantage of endocrine function, but not exocrine function, was found in the MP group compared to standard DP at all time points. MP may contribute to the improvement of postoperative quality of life for patients with pancreatic body low-malignant tumors, rather than PD or DP; however, reducing the incidence of short-term complications such as pancreatic fistula is a future challenge.

Better Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer through More Radical Surgery?

Despite advances in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, the survival of affected patients remains limited. A more radical surgical therapy could help to improve the prognosis, in particular by reducing the local recurrence rate, which is around 45% in patients with resected pancreatic cancer. In addition, patients with oligometastatic pancreatic cancer could also benefit from a more radical indication for surgery.Based on an analysis of the literature, important principles of pancreatic cancer surgery were examined.Even if even more radical surgical approaches such as an "extended" lymphadenectomy or a standard complete pancreatectomy do not bring any survival advantage, complete resection of the tumour (R0), a thorough locoregional lymphadenectomy and an adequate radical dissection in the area of the peripancreatic vessels including periarterial nerve plexuses should be the standard of pancreatic carcinoma resections. Whenever necessary to achieve an R0 resection, resections of the pancreas have to be extended, as well as additional venous vascular resections and multivisceral resections had to be performed. Simultaneous arterial vascular resections as part of pancreatic resections as well as surgical resections in oligometastatic patients should, however, be reserved for selected patients. These aspects of the surgical technique in pancreatic carcinoma mentioned above must not be neglected from the point of view of an "existing limited prognosis". On the contrary, they form the absolutely necessary basis in order to achieve good survival results in combination with system therapy. However, it may always be necessary to adapt these standards according to the age, comorbidities and wishes of the patient.

Sub-adventitial divestment technique for resecting artery-involved pancreatic cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

To introduce sub-adventitial divestment technique (SDT), a procedure to remove the tumor while preserving the artery during curative pancreatectomy. Peri-operative safety profile was also evaluated. In a single center consecutive series of pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, the outcome of patients who had pancreatectomy with SDT was compared to standard pancreatic surgery. From June 2014 to June 2016, 72 patients had pancreatectomy with SDT and 235 had standard surgery. Tumor stage was T4 in all 72 (100%) tumors removed using SDT compared to four (2%) with standard pancreatectomy (p < 0.001). All 72 (100%) tumors in the SDT group were stage III compared to 24 (10%) in the standard surgery group (p < 0.001). Both groups had a high proportion of poorly differentiated tumors (52 (72%) and 163 (69%) respectively) and perineural tumor invasion (62 (86%) and 186 (79%) respectively). R1 (< 1mm) was found in 24 (86%) of 28 tumors in the SDT group, and in 72 (60%) out of 120 standard pancreatectomy tumors (p = 0.01). Complications occurred in 29 (40%) of the SDT group and in 88 (37%) of the standard group. The in-hospital mortality was four (6%) in the SDT group and one (0.4%) in the standard group (p = 0.01), with a 90-day mortality of 5 (8%)/60 and 6 (3%)/209 (p = 0.07) respectively. The sub-adventitial divestment technique appeared to be an effective surgical technique to remove the tumor while preserving the artery. This approach warrants further validation in prospective studies.

Arteriovenous malformation in the pancreatic head initially mimicking a hypervascular mass treated with duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection: a case report

BackgroundThe mainstay treatment for arteriovenous malformation in the pancreatic head (Ph-AVM) is standard pancreatectomy, especially pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), or interventional endovascular treatment. We report the first case of Ph-AVM treated with duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) performed to preserve the periampullary organs.Case presentationA 59-year-old man presenting with back pain underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography followed by angiography of the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. He was diagnosed with Ph-AVM and indicated for DPPHR with preservation of the periampullary organs; Ph-AVM’s benign nature seldom requires lymph node dissection. During the operation, the right colon was mobilized and the omental bursa was released to expose the periampullary structures. The pancreas was transected just above the superior mesenteric vein. The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and papillary arteries branching from the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery were carefully preserved to maintain the blood flow to the lower bile duct and papilla of Vater. The remnant pancreas was reconstructed with pancreaticogastrostomy using the modified Blumgart method. Pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed an irregular course of the arteries and veins concomitant with marked dilation throughout the pancreatic head. The patient was pathologically diagnosed with Ph-AVM. He developed hematemesis caused by a rupture of the pseudoaneurysm on postoperative day 20 and underwent coil embolization. A bilio-enteric fistula and stenosis of the common bile duct were found and treated by placement of an endoscopic biliary stent. At the 8-month follow-up, the Ph-AVM had not recurred.ConclusionsCompared to PD, DPPHR confers the clinical benefit of preserving the periampullary organs, although further studies are needed to confirm this. Therefore, the choice of this procedure should be based on the surgical morbidities and long-term outcome of the patient.

1556P Extended pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer

Extended pancreatectomy (EP) is the only potential cure for patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In the period 2011-2018, 618 resections were performed in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Standard resections were performed in 476 (77%) patients. EP was performed in 142 (23%) patients. Extended pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed in 79 (55.6%), extended distal resections in 52 (36.6%), extended total pancreatectomy in 11 (7.8%). EP with arterial resections was performed in 14 (2.3%) patients, with venous resections in 91 (14.7%) patients. One or more postoperative complications occurred in 182 patients (38.2%) in the standard resection group and in 63 (44.3%) in the EP group. Mortality was 13.2% (15 patients): 6 (4.2%) patients died after EP and 9 (1.9%) after standard pancreatectomy. Median survival and 5-year overall survival rates were reduced in patients having EP compared with those undergoing a standard resection (15 months, 18% and 25 months, 33%, respectively; c2= 2.83, P= 0.09, c2 = 0.16, P=0.69). These results suggest that morbidity and mortality after EP are comparable with standard pancreatectomy. However, long term results of EP are worse compared with standard pancreatectomy. Extended resections are possible and can increase the number of radically operated patients.

Pancreatectomy with Hepatic Artery Resection for Pancreatic Head Cancer.

To report our experiences and outcome of pancreatectomy with hepatic artery resection (PT-HAR) for advanced pancreatic head cancer. A retrospective study of clinical data from 14 patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing PT-HAR in a tertiary academic center between March 2010 and June 2017 was performed. Furthermore, a comparison in a match-pair analysis (1:3) with patients received standard pancreatectomy during the same period was conducted to evaluate the clinical outcome. The PT-HAR cohort included pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 11) and total pancreatectomy (n = 3). Of them, six underwent portal/superior mesenteric vein resection and reconstruction and three underwent hepatic artery reconstruction. Four patients without arterial reconstruction developed liver perfusion failure. No perioperative mortality occurred, with a median postoperative hospital stay of 10.5days (range 6-39). The median overall survival was 30months (95% confidence interval 9.8-50.2months), with the 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates of 81.8%, 63.6%, and 42.4%, respectively. The matched-pair data analysis showed no significant differences between PT-HAR and standard pancreatectomy, except that liver perfusion failure occurred more frequently after PT-HAR. PT-HAR can be performed with acceptable morbidity, mortality, and survival for advanced pancreatic head cancer. Considering the potential risk of liver perfusion failure, only highly selected patients are eligible for PT-HAR without reconstruction.

Extended surgery in treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer

Introduction: Extended pancreatectomy (EP) is the only potential cure for patients with pancreatic cancer with local invasion of surrounding vessels and organs. Methods: In the period 2010-2017 we performed 618 resections in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Standard resections were performed in 476 (77.0%) patients. Extended pancreatectomy was performed in 142 (23.0%) patients: pancreaticoduodenectomy - in 77 (54.2%), distal resections - in 54 (38.0%), total pancreatectomy - in 11 (7.8%). EP with arterial resections was performed in 11 patients, with venous resections - in 89. Results: Postoperetive complications occurred in 182 (38.2%) patients in the standard resection group and in 58 (40.8%) in the group with extended resections, (c2 = 0.3 p = 0.57). Mortality was 2.3% (14 patients): 5 (3.5%) - after extended resections and 9 (1.9%) - after standard pancreatectomy, (c2 = 1.3, p = 0.25). Median survival and 5-year overall survival rate were reduced in patients after EP compared with those undergoing a standard resection (21 months 26.0% and 28 months 29.0%, c2 = 0.15, p = 0.69). Conclusion: Present results suggest that morbidity and mortality after EP are comparable with standard pancreatectomy. Long term results of the EP are worse, comparable with standard.

Bicentric experience and comparison between parenchyma-sparing and standard pancreatectomies for presumed non invasive IPMNs

Bicentric experience and comparison between parenchyma-sparing and standard pancreatectomies for presumed non invasive IPMNs

Розширені резекції в лікуванні хворих із місцеворозповсюдженими пухлинами підшлункової залози та фактори ризику виникнення післяопераційних ускладнень

Introduction. Due to locoregional growth and early systemic spread of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, local invasion of the major vessels and adjacent organs, the presence of distant metastasis often limits tumor resectability. Extended resections of pancreatic tumors is the only opportunity for their radical treatment.Aim. To improve the results of treatment of patients with pancreatic tumors by determining of place of extended resections in the treatment of patients with locally advanced pancreatic tumors, metabolic factors of the risk of postoperative complications and mortality, and to develop methods for their prevention.Matherials and methods. In the period 2010-2017 we performed 618 resections in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma: distal pancreatectomy – in 139 (22,5%), pancreaticoduodenectomy – in 462 (74,8%) and total pancreatectomy– in 17 (2,7%) patients. EP were performed in 142 (23,0%) patients: pancreaticoduodenectomy – in 77 (54,2%), distal resections – in 54 (38,0%), pancreatectomy – in 11 (7,8%). 87 patient were examined using CT for sarcopenia. According to TPI sarcopenia was diagnosed in 38 (43,7%) patients, according to HUAC – in 35 (40,2%).Results and their discussion. Postoperetive complications occurred in 182 patients (38,2%) in the standard resection group and in 58 (40,8%) in the group with extended resections (????2 = 0,3 p=0,57). Mortality was 2,3%, 14 patients died: 5 (3,5%) – after extended resections and 9 (1,9%) – after standard pancreatectomy (????2 = 1,3, p=0,25). Median survival and 5-year overall survival rate were reduced in patients having extended pancreatectomy compared with those undergoing a standard resection (21 months, 26% and 28 months, 29%), ????2 = 0,15, p=0,69. The presence of sarcopenia is a reliable risk factor for postoperative complications ((????2 = 7,3, p=0,006 and ????2 = 4,47, p=0,03, p&lt;0,05).Conclusions. Extended resection of the pancreas is possible and it can increase the number of radically operated patients. Mortality, postoperative complications, long-term results of treatment after extended resection of pancreas are comparable with standard resections. Sarcopenia can be used to predict and prevent the postoperative complications, as well as to improve the selection of patients before pancreatic resection in patients with pancreatic tumors.

Extended pancreatectomy as defined by the ISGPS: useful in selected cases of pancreatic cancer but invaluable in other complex pancreatic tumors.

Extended pancreatectomy aimed at R0 resection of pancreatic tumors with adjacent vessel and organ involvement may be the only option for cure. This study was done with an objective to analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of extended pancreatic resections. All pancreatectomies performed between 2006 and 2015 were included. The pancreatectomies were classified as standard or extended, as per the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery. All surgical complications and terminologies were according to Clavien-Dindo classification and International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery guidelines. Morbidity and mortality were primary outcomes and disease-free survival was a secondary outcome. Sixty-three extended and 620 standard pancreatectomies were performed. Major morbidity (Clavien grades III, IV and V) (37 vs. 29%, p = 0.21) and mortality (6 vs. 4%, p = 0.3) for extended pancreatectomies were comparable to those for standard pancreatectomies. Blood loss > 855ml, need for blood transfusion, and tumor size were independent risk factors for morbidity, and the latter two for mortality. Standard pancreatectomies were associated with better 3-year disease-free survival than extended pancreatectomies (67 vs. 41%, p < 0.001). Extended pancreatectomies resulted in a significantly better median disease-free survival for non-pancreatic adenocarcinoma vs. pancreatic adenocarcinoma (33.3 vs. 9.5months, p = 0.01). Extended pancreatectomies resulted in similar peri-operative morbidity and mortality compared to standard pancreatectomies. Although the survival of patients undergoing these complex procedures is inferior to standard pancreatectomies, they should be undertaken not only in selected cases of pancreatic cancer but even more so in other complex pancreatic tumors.

Application of three-dimensional visualization in pancreatic tumor: a pilot study

Objective: To study the value of three-dimensional(3D) visualization in the diagnosis and surgical treatment for pancreatic tumor. Methods: From June to September 2016, 26 patients with pancreatic tumors in Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University were involved. The study included 26 patients(8 females and 18 males) with mean age of (57±12)years (ranging from 23 to 77 years). And there were 20 malignant tumors and 6 benign tumors. All of them were examined with abdominal thin slice CT scanning and the CT images were imported into 3D visualization system for 3D visualization. The main elements examined by 3D visualization included tumor shape, size, and location; distribution and morphology of the peripancreatic lymph node; the relationships among neoplasms, organs and blood vessels. Results: Among the 26 patients, there were 21 cases with pancreatic cancer, of which 15 cases successfully underwent standard pancreatectomy. All patients were operated underwent accurate assessment. The 3D model demonstrated the origination and bifurcations of blood vessels, and the relationships among neoplasms, organs and blood vessels efficiently. The 3D technique could facilitate to evaluate response of neiadjuvant chemotherapy in the pancreatic cancer patients (n=5).3D reconstruction could detect the lymph-node metastases accurately (n=12) in patients with pancreatic cancer. 3D reconstruction were applied to evaluate the the size and range of tumor on 5 cases. Conclusions: 3D reconstruction allows stereoscopic identification of the spatial relationships between physiologic and pathologic structures.The 3D technique could facilitate to evaluate distribution and morphology of the peripancreatic lymph node, and to evaluate the relationships among neoplasms, organs and blood vessels.

Pancreatectomy with venous resection for pT3 head adenocarcinoma: Perioperative outcomes, recurrence pattern and prognostic implications of histologically confirmed vascular infiltration

BackgroundThe outcomes of pancreatectomy with superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or portal vein (PV) resection have been mixed. This study investigated the morbidity and mortality profile after SMV-PV resection in comparison with standard pancreatectomy. Furthermore, we assessed whether tumors with histologically proven SMV-PV infiltration differ from other pT3 neoplasms in terms of recurrence pattern and survival. MethodsAll patients with a pT3 head adenocarcinoma resected from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. In the SMV-PV resection group, information on venous wall status was obtained through pathologic reports. Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis. ResultsThe study population consisted of 651 patients, of whom 81 (12.4%) underwent synchronous SMV-PV resection. Venous resection was not associated with a higher rate of postoperative complications (60.5% versus 50.2%) and mortality (1.2% versus 1.1%) in comparison with standard pancreatectomy. Vascular infiltration was confirmed pathologically in 56/81 patients (69.1%). The median disease-specific survival of the entire population was 27 months (95% CI 24.6–29.3), with a 5-year survival rate of 20.5%. The median recurrence-free survival was 18 months (95% CI 15.0–20.9). On multivariate analysis, ASA score, preoperative pain, Ca 19-9 levels, tumor grade, R-status, lymph-vascular invasion, N-status, and adjuvant therapy resulted to be survival predictors. Similarly, Ca 19.9 levels, R-status, and N-status were predictors of recurrence. SMV-PV infiltration was not a significant prognostic factor. ConclusionMorbidity and mortality rates of pancreatectomy with SMV-PV resection are comparable with standard pancreatectomy. Pancreatic head adenocarcinoma with histologically confirmed SMV-PV infiltration does not segregate prognostically from other pT3 tumors.

Bicentric experience and comparison between parenchyma-sparing pancreatectomies and standard pancreatectomies for the management of presumed non invasiv IPMNs

Bicentric experience and comparison between parenchyma-sparing pancreatectomies and standard pancreatectomies for the management of presumed non invasiv IPMNs

Total pancreatoduodenectomy en bloc with superior mesenteric artery and vein resection after gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel neoadjuvancy

BackgroundPancreatectomy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma affecting the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is still under discussion [1]. However, in selected cases, in light of the advancement of recent neoadjuvant treatments, it must be taken into account [2,3]. This video demonstrates some of the technical aspects of SMA and SMV resection as well as some tips of vascular reconstruction. MethodsA 48-year-old man with a large adenocarcinoma of the uncinated process affecting the SMA and SMV underwent 3 cycles of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel neoadjuvancy. Post chemotherapy studies showed no disease progression with a normalization of CA 19.9 and SUV of FDG PET CT scan and a downsizing of the tumor, as well. Therefore, an en bloc total spleno-pancreato-duodenectomy with resection of SMA and SMV was planned. ResultsThrough a bilateral subcostal incision, an “arterial first approach” [3] was performed. Considering the large length of the vascular resection, the replacement of the resected SMA and SMV was performed using two PTFE grafts, as showed in the video. Postoperative pathology showed margins free from disease with an important pathological response (grade 2 of Ryan classification adapted from rectal cancer) [4].The post-operative course was uneventful and the patient is still free from disease at 31 months from surgery. ConclusionsThis case is part of a large experience our group have acquired since we started neoadjuvancy in 2010. In our experience, we gathered 25 cases of locally advanced pancreatic tumors, of which 12 underwent to pancreatic resection after good response to the neoadjuvant treatment. In 5 of them concomitant SMA and SMV resection was required and post-operative mortality occurred in 1 of them.Morbidities and mortalities are higher compared with standard pancreatectomies, specially related to the vascular reconstruction (bleeding, graft thrombosis) [5]. However, in some circumstances like young age, great radiological and biological response to neoadjuvancy (such as the case herein presented), surgery might be considered the best option of care providing the only possibility to increase survival for these types of locally advanced tumors. However, further studies are needed to know which patients might benefit from this approach.En bloc total spleno-pancreato-duodenectomy with resection of SMA and SMV might be considered as an effective procedure in selected cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma with good response to preoperative treatment.

Short-Term Outcomes of Extended Pancreatectomy: A Single-Surgeon Experience

Background/Aims: The International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery recently published a consensus statement on the definition of extended pancreatectomy (EP). We aimed to determine the safety profile and short-term outcomes of EP compared to standard pancreatectomy (SP). To mitigate surgeon bias, only pancreatectomies performed by a single surgeon were included. Methods: Ninety consecutive patients who underwent pancreatectomy by a single surgeon over a period of 5 years and who met our study criteria were classified into an SP or an EP group. Sixty-two patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), including total pancreatectomy, and 28 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy. Results: The 25 patients who underwent EP had significantly increased operation time, estimated blood loss, postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) transfer, and postoperative stay compared to the 65 patients who underwent SP. There was 1 (1.1%) 30-day mortality and 4 (4.4%) in-hospital mortalities. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were similar between both groups. Subgroup analysis of the patients who underwent PD demonstrated that the EP group (n = 22) had significantly increased operation time and postoperative ICU transfers. Conclusion: Although patients who underwent EP experienced significantly increased operative time, blood loss, and postoperative stay, they did not experience significantly higher postoperative morbidity or mortality compared to patients who underwent SP.

Outcomes after extended pancreatectomy in patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

In the recent International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) consensus on extended pancreatectomy, several issues on perioperative outcome and long-term survival remained unclear. Robust data on outcomes are sparse. The present study aimed to assess the outcome of extended pancreatectomy for borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. A consecutive series of patients with primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma undergoing extended pancreatectomies, as defined by the new ISGPS consensus, were compared with patients who had a standard pancreatectomy. Univariable and multivariable analysis was performed to identify risk factors for perioperative mortality and characteristics associated with survival. Long-term outcome was assessed by means of Kaplan-Meier analysis. The 611 patients who had an extended pancreatectomy had significantly greater surgical morbidity than the 1217 patients who underwent a standard resection (42·7 versus 34·2 per cent respectively), and higher 30-day mortality (4·3 versus 1·8 per cent) and in-hospital mortality (7·5 versus 3·6 per cent) rates. Operating time of 300 min or more, extended total pancreatectomy, and ASA fitness grade of III or IV were associated with increased in-hospital mortality in multivariable analysis, whereas resections involving the colon, portal vein or arteries were not. Median survival and 5-year overall survival rate were reduced in patients having extended pancreatectomy compared with those undergoing a standard resection (16·1 versus 23·6 months, and 11·3 versus 20·6 per cent, respectively). Older age, G3/4 tumours, two or more positive lymph nodes, macroscopic positive resection margins, duration of surgery of 420 min or above, and blood loss of 1000 ml or more were independently associated with decreased overall survival. Extended resections are associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality, particularly when extended total pancreatectomy is performed. Favourable long-term outcome is achieved in some patients.

Mo1667 Central Pancreatectomy for Benign or Low-Grade Malignant Tumors: A Single Center Experience

BACKGROUND: Central pancreatectomy is used for select benign and low-grade malignant neoplasms located in the neck and proximal body of the pancreas. There is limited data describing the technique and elucidating the risks and benefits when compared to the standard subtotal pancreatectomy or pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: A single tertiary institutional experience was retrospectively studied from January 2004 to August of 2014. Twenty-seven patients underwent central pancreatectomy (CP), 49 patients distal pancreatectomy (DP), and 20 patients had a pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) for benign or low-grade malignant lesions located specifically in the neck or proximal body of the pancreas. Primary endpoints included operative time, estimated blood loss and length of hospital stay. Secondary endpoints included postoperative complications such as new onset or worsening of pre-existing diabetes and pancreatic fistula rates. RESULTS: Operative time was significantly longer in CP vs DP, yet shorter than PPPD (273.8 ± 59 versus 192.1 ± 41.8 versus 365.5 ± 50.6 minutes, respectively; p 0.5). Those who developed new diabetes or worsening of pre-existing diabetes among DP patients tended to be those with more parenchyma resected (not statistically significant). Pancreatic fistula rates were 37% and 40% for CP and PPPD as opposed to only 18% for DP. CONCLUSIONS: Central pancreatectomy is a feasible option for certain pancreatic neoplasms situated in the neck or proximal body of the pancreas. The potential benefits of this limited resection are preservation of parenchyma, decreased length of stay compared to PPPD and a trend towards conservation of endocrine function, in addition to allowing for preservation of the spleen. Nonetheless, similar to PPPD, CP has a higher pancreatic leak rate than DP.

Parenchyma-Sparing Pancreatectomy for Presumed Noninvasive Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas

To assess the feasibility and outcomes of parenchyma-sparing pancreatectomy (PSP), including enucleation (EN), resection of uncinate process (RUP), and central pancreatectomy (CP), as an alternative to standard pancreatectomy for presumed noninvasive intraductal papillary and mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). Pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy are associated with significant perioperative morbidity, a substantial risk of pancreatic insufficiency, and may overtreat noninvasive IPMNs. From 1999 to 2011, PSP was attempted in 91 patients with presumed noninvasive IPMNs, after complete preoperative work-up including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic ultrasonography. Intraoperative frozen section examination was routinely performed to assess surgical margins and rule out invasive malignancy. Follow-up included clinical, biochemical, and radiological assessments. Overall PSP was achieved with a feasibility rate of 89% (n = 81), including 44 ENs, 5 RUPs, and 32 CPs. Postoperative mortality rate was 1.3% (n = 1), and overall morbidity was noteworthy (61%; n = 47). Definitive pathological examination confirmed IPMN diagnosis in 95% of patients (n = 77), all except 2 (3%), without invasive component. After a median follow-up of 50 months, both pancreatic endocrine/exocrine functions were preserved in 92% of patients. Ten-year progression-free survival was 76%, and reoperation for recurrence was required in 4% of patients (n = 3). In selected patients, PSP for presumed noninvasive IPMN in experienced hands is highly feasible and avoids inappropriate standard resections for IPMN-mimicking lesions. Early morbidity is greater than that after standard resections but counterbalanced by preservation of pancreatic endocrine/exocrine functions and a low rate of reoperation for tumor recurrence.