Standard Medical Management Research Articles

Decompressive craniectomy in trauma: What you need to know.

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a surgical procedure in which a large section of the skull is removed, and the underlying dura mater is opened widely. After evacuating a traumatic acute subdural hematoma, a primary DC is typically performed if the brain is bulging or if brain swelling is expected over the next several days. However, a recent randomized trial found similar 12-month outcomes when primary DC was compared with craniotomy for acute subdural hematoma. Secondary removal of the bone flap was performed in 9% of the craniotomy group, but more wound complications occurred in the craniectomy group. Two further multicenter trials found that, whereas early neuroprotective bifrontal DC for mild to moderate intracranial hypertension is not superior to medical management, DC as a last-tier therapy for refractory intracranial hypertension leads to reduced mortality. Patients undergoing secondary last-tier DC are more likely to improve over time than those in the standard medical management group. The overall conclusion from the most up-to-date evidence is that secondary DC has a role in the management of intracranial hypertension following traumatic brain injury but is not a panacea. Therefore, the decision to offer this operation should be made on a case-by-case basis. Following DC, cranioplasty is warranted but not always feasible, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Consequently, a decompressive craniotomy, where the bone flap is allowed to "hinge" or "float," is sometimes used. Decompressive craniotomy is also an option in a subgroup of traumatic brain injury patients undergoing primary surgical evacuation when the brain is neither bulging nor relaxed. However, a high-quality randomized controlled trial is needed to delineate the specific indications and the type of decompressive craniotomy in appropriate patients.

Addition of pyloroplasty may improve glycemic control and refractory early satiety in gastroparesis at rates similar to gastric neurostimulation alone: a retrospective analysis

Objectives Gastroparesis that is refractory to standard dietary and medical management may benefit from surgical treatment with gastric electrical neurostimulation, which has shown promise in reducing symptoms of the disease. Pyloroplasty may serve an adjunctive role to a gastric stimulator, but the precise benefit remains unclear. The present study compares reported rates of symptom improvement following gastric neurostimulator implantation with and without pyloroplasty. Materials and methods A single center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients who received operative management for symptom refractory gastroparesis from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 was performed. Subjects were assigned to cohorts based on treatment with gastric electrical stimulation alone (GES-only) or combined with pyloroplasty (GES + PP). A survey-based assessment was administered post-operatively that evaluated cardinal symptoms of gastroparesis (nausea, vomiting, early satiety) before and after treatment. Results In total, 42 patients (15 GES-only, 27 GES + PP) were included in the study. Both groups reported a high degree of improvement in global symptom control following surgery (93% vs 81%) with no differences between treatment cohorts (p = 0.09). Early satiety demonstrated better improvement in patients who received gastric stimulation alone (p = 0.012). Subgroup analysis of diabetic gastroparesis patients showed a 2.2% decrease in hemoglobin A1c levels in the GES + PP group (p-0.034). Conclusions Symptom reduction in refractory gastroparesis appears to improve after placement of a gastric neurostimulator with or without the addition of a pyloroplasty procedure.

Seizure control via pH manipulation: a phase II double-blind randomised controlled trial of inhaled carbogen as adjunctive treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (Carbogen for Status Epilepticus in Children Trial (CRESCENT))

BackgroundPaediatric convulsive status epilepticus is the most common neurological emergency presenting to emergency departments. Risks of resultant neurological morbidity and mortality increase with seizure duration. If the seizure fails to stop within defined time-windows, standard care follows an algorithm of stepwise escalation to more intensive treatments, ultimately resorting to induction of general anaesthesia and ventilation. Additionally, ventilatory support may also be required to treat respiratory depression, a common unwanted effect of treatment. There is strong pre-clinical evidence that pH (acid–base balance) is an important determinant of seizure commencement and cessation, with seizures tending to start under alkaline conditions and terminate under acidic conditions. These mechanisms may be particularly important in febrile status epilepticus: prolonged fever-related seizures which predominantly affect very young children. This trial will assess whether imposition of mild respiratory acidosis by manipulation of inhaled medical gas improves response rates to first-line medical treatment.MethodsA double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pH manipulation as an adjunct to standard medical treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children. The control arm receives standard medical management whilst inhaling 100% oxygen; the active arm receives standard medical management whilst inhaling a commercially available mixture of 95% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide known as ‘carbogen’.Due to the urgent need to treat the seizure, deferred consent is used.The primary outcome is success of first-line treatment in seizure cessation. Planned subgroup analyses will be undertaken for febrile and non-febrile seizures. Secondary outcomes include rates of induction of general anaesthesia, admission to intensive care, adverse events, and 30-day mortality.DiscussionIf safe and effective 95% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide may be an important adjunct in the management of convulsive status epilepticus with potential for pre-hospital use by paramedics, families, and school staff.Trial registrationEudraCT: 2021-005367-49. CTA: 17136/0300/001. ISRCTN: 52731862. Registered on July 2022.

Limb salvage and systemic management of gouty tophi: Case series.

Gout is a chronic disease characterized by deposition of monosodium urate crystals. Tophi develop in some individuals with untreated or uncontrolled gout, which leads to ulcerations, cosmetic problems, mechanical obstruction of joint movement, joint damage and musculoskeletal disability. Currently, the treatment of gouty tophi is controversial and challenging. Both surgical and internal medical treatments have limitations and require further exploration in clinical practice. In Case 1, we treated a patient with severe infection of diabetic foot ulcers with concomitant multiple gouty tophi in the same limb. A systematic management strategy was formulated to close the wound and save the limb. The ulcers healed successfully after half a year. In Case 2, a giant gouty tophi located in the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the left foot was removed by surgical treatment and vancomycin-loaded bone cement implantation. In Case 3, we present a case of gouty tophi that was resolved by standardized systemic medical management. Three patients were all diagnosed with gout accompanied by gouty deposition, although there were other different comorbidities. In case 1, we used debridement to gradually remove gouty tophi. In case 2, the giant gouty tophi was removed by surgical operation. In case 3, the gouty tophi disappeared after standardized treatment with medicine, diet and lifestyle management. Three patients underwent different treatment therapies to remove gouty tophi based on their specific conditions. We explored effective interventions for tophi in gout by surgical or other interventions in combination with pharmacotherapy.

Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation as a Treatment for Ventricular Arrhythmias Refractory to Conventional Treatment: A Case Series.

Ventricular arrhythmias are a leading cause of sudden death. The objective of this study was to characterise the results of patients with ventricular arrhythmias refractory to standard medical management, undergoing Video-assisted thoracoscopic cardiac sympathetic denervation (VAT-CSD) during 2012-2022 in Cali, Colombia. This was an observational retrospective study, using the Institutional General Thoracic Surgery Database for patient identification and retrospectively reviewing the clinical charts for data description and analysis. Clinical records of 19 patients who underwent VAT-CSD for ventricular arrhythmia were analysed. The patients were predominantly male (73.7%) with an mean age of 62 years. Ischaemic heart disease was the main underlying condition (52.6%); all individuals had a diagnosis of heart failure, with comorbidities such as hypertension (63.1%), acute MI (57.8%) and diabetes (26.3%) also present. The procedure was performed bilaterally in 89.4% of cases and was successful with minimal perioperative complications. Postoperative follow-up showed improvement in symptoms, including a significant reduction in the number of ICD shocks and emergency department visits. VAT-CSD is a viable, safe and palliative therapeutic option for patients with ventricular arrhythmias who have not responded to conventional treatments, achieving a significant decrease in symptoms with low mortality and perioperative complications.

Design of the multicentre randomised controlled BENTO trial to demonstrate patient-relevant benefit of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction using thermal vapour ablation in the German healthcare system for patients with upper lobe emphysema: a study protocol

IntroductionApplication of vapour ablation as a novel approach to lung volume reduction has positive effects in patients with severe emphysema. The BENTO study is a randomised, controlled, open, multicentre trial,...

Case Series of Multicontact Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in the Transversus Abdominis Plane for Chronic Abdominal Wall Pain

ObjectivesManaging abdominal pain can be difficult. This is due to the nonspecific nature of the pain, the multiple etiologies, and the different mechanisms underlying this type of pain. Abdominal wall pain in particular poses its own challenges. Traditionally, chronic abdominal wall pain has been managed with nonopioid analgesics, and in severe cases, opioid therapy has been considered. For patients with chronic abdominal wall pain refractory to medication management, peripheral nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation also have been trialed with some success. In this study, we present a case series in patients with chronic abdominal wall pain who were treated with a multicontact peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) system in the transversus abdominis plane (TAP). Materials and MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective case series. Data were included from adults with chronic abdominal wall pain whose symptoms were refractory to standard medical management and who underwent a multicontact PNS system placement in the TAP. ResultsFour patients met the inclusion criteria. All four patients underwent a multicontact PNS trial lead placement in the TAP. One patient reported no benefit from the trial. The remaining three patients underwent a permanent multicontact PNS system placement in the TAP. ConclusionsIn patients with chronic abdominal wall pain whose symptoms are refractory to conservative medical management, PNS may be an alternative treatment option. As the use of PNS for chronic abdominal wall pain and other fascial planes continues to develop, additional research is necessary to determine optimal placements and specific stimulation parameters.

Angong niuhuang pill improves the neurological function of younger patients with basal ganglia and cerebral lobe intracerebral hemorrhage: A randomized controlled trial

Background & Objective: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is one of the stroke forms with the highest disability and mortality rates and significant differences in prognosis among patients with different locations of SICH. Angong Niuhuang Pill (ANP) 安宫牛黄丸 is one of the most well-known traditional Chinese patent medicines used in the clinical emergency treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. This prospective study was performed to determine the therapeutic effect of ANP in different locations of SICH. Methods: Patients with basal ganglia(n=81) and cerebral lobe (n=67) hemorrhage were randomly assigned into two groups: the standard medical management (SMM) group and the combined ANP as well as medical management group (ANP group). Fisher exact test and Mann- Whitney U test were used for comparing the differences between two groups. Primary and secondary outcomes were the 6-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores and the 2-week Brunnstrom stage ratings. Results: For patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage and cerebral lobe hemorrhage, there were no significant differences observed between the ANP group and the SMM group in terms of patient age (53.1±5.3 vs 52.7±6.4; 54.7±4.8 vs 52.7±5.9), sex (male:64.3% vs 53.8%; 63.6% vs 58.8%), body mass index (25.1±2.1 vs 24.2±2.6; 25.6±2.0 vs 25.0±2.4), mean hematoma volume (17.1±6.6 vs 18.6±5.7; 18.4±7.4 vs 18.9±6.0), as well as the proportions of hypertension (88.1%vs71.8%; 90.9% vs 76.5%), alcoholism (40.5% vs 51.3%; 54.6% vs 41.2%), smoking (40.5% vs 38.5%; 36.4% vs 38.2%), and diabetes mellitus (21.4% vs 18%; 12.1% vs 17.7%). The proportion of basal ganglia hemorrhage patients with a 6-month mRS score of 0-2 in the ANP group was significantly higher than that in the SMM group (26.2% vs. 2.6%, P=0.004), but it was not significantly improved in patients with cerebral lobe hemorrhage (57.6% vs 38.2%, P=0.145). The 2-week Brunnstrom stage ratings of patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage were significant difference (P=0.048). But for patients with cerebral lobe hemorrhage, there was no significant difference (P=0.164). The incidence of liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hypothermia and allergy in the two groups of patients was not significantly different. Conclusions: ANP has different therapeutic effects on different locations of SICH, and has the most obvious effect on improving the long-term neurological function of patients with basal ganglia hemorrhage.

Role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Psychological co-morbidities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but remain overlooked. Psychosocial interventions are deemed to promote mental health and optimize management. This study aimed to determine the role of detailed psychological evaluation and treatment in the comprehensive management of COPD. COPD patients after screening with the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) for psychological co-morbidity were divided into three groups (26 patients each): i) group A [GHQ-12 score<3, received pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and standard medical management]; ii and iii) group B and C (GHQ-12 score>3, in addition, received management by a psychiatrist and counseling by a pulmonologist, respectively). At baseline and 8 weeks of follow-up, all participants were evaluated for respiratory [forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), six-minute walk distance (6-MWD), St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), modified medical research council (mMRC) dyspnea scale], and psychological [GHQ-12, patient distress thermometer (PDT), coping strategy checklist (CSCL), World Health Organization-quality of life-brief (WHOQOL-Bref-26), and depression anxiety stress scales (DASS)] parameters. Psychological distress (GHQ-12>3) decreased significantly at follow-up, with 11.5% and 53.8% of patients having psychological distress in groups B and C, respectively, versus baseline (p<0.001). mMRC score, SGRQ score, FEV1 and 6-MWD significantly improved in all three groups. Improvement in mMRC and SGRQ was maximal in group B when compared with the other groups. PDT, CSCL, and WHO-QOL-Bref-26 scores improved significantly at follow-up in all three groups, with maximum improvement in group B, followed by group C, and then group A. The DASS score also improved maximally in group B. Patients should be screened for psychological co-morbidities using simple screening tools. PR plays an important role in improving the psychology of COPD patients. However, results are better with directed psycho-educative sessions by non-experts and best with definitive treatment by psychiatrists.

Is Thrombectomy Worth It for Isolated Posterior Cerebral Artery Occlusion? Meta‐Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

Background Thrombectomy is well‐established management for acute ischemic stroke involving large vessel occlusion. However. the potential efficacy of thrombectomy for isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion remains limited. The study aims to evaluate the benefits of thrombectomy for isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion. Methods We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase for articles published until September 2023. The primary outcome was good functional outcome at 3 months. The secondary outcomes included excellent functional outcome at 3 months and early neurological improvement. The safety outcomes were symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage, and mortality at 3 months. Results Seven retrospective studies involving 2560 patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion were included (876 patients receiving thrombectomy). The odds ratio (OR) of good functional outcome at 3 months was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.68–1.28) between 2 groups. The OR of excellent functional outcome (OR 1.23; 95% CI 0.92–1.64) and early neurological improvement (OR 1.82; 95% CI 0.97–3.40) were not different between the 2 groups. Compared with patients with best medical management, those with thrombectomy demonstrated a significantly increased risk of mortality (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.24–2.65), whereas the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 2.033; 95% CI 0.996–4.148) did not show an increase. Additionally, the results of trial sequential analysis indicated all outcomes were inconclusive. Conclusion Thrombectomy stands as an available procedure for patients with isolated posterior cerebral artery occlusion; however, it shows no notable benefits in reducing symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage risk or enhancing function and may raise mortality compared with standard medical management. Further randomized controlled trials are necessary to yield more conclusive evidence.

Understanding to Concept of Jarajanya Vyadhi (ageing related diseases) w.s.r. to Sandhigatavata (osteo arthritis)

As age advances Vata Dosha increases in an individual. This increasing Vata trigger and accelerates Dhatu Kshaya (depletion of tissues) and Bala Kshaya (diminished the body strength). Hence advancing age makes man prone to many diseases especially degenerative disorders. Asthis (bones) are the main seat of Vata Dosha and Sandhis (joints) is the main seat of Kapha Dosha. Vata Dosha is responsible for different body movements like Prasaarana and Akunchana of Sandhi (flexion and extension of joints), whereas Shleshaka Kapha located in Sandhi (joints) is provides nutrition, protection and to minimize the friction during the movement. Sandhigatavata is Vata pradhana vyadhi. It is quite similar to osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease stand in modern medical science. Sandhigatavata is Vata dominating disorder which result in inflammatory and degenerative changes in joints. Osteoarthritis is a disease of musculoskeletal system, affecting the joints mostly in elderly population and in weight bearing joints (particularly knee joint). The current standard modern medical pharmacological management of osteoarthritis includes the administration of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, their use neither provides adequate and significant relief in symptoms nor deceleration in disease process. Therefore, Vata shamaka aushadhis along with local application e.g. Abhyanga, different form of Swedana are beneficial. As Sandhigatavata is ageing related heath condition, Rasayana chikitsa can also be helpful in the management of Sandhigatavata (Osteoarthritis). This article enlighten the knowledge about Jarajanya vyadhi especially Sandhigatavata.

Impact of Mobile Stroke Units on Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prespecified BEST‐MSU Substudy

Background The impact of mobile stroke units (MSUs) on outcomes in patients with large vessel occlusions eligible for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has yet to be characterized. Methods We completed a prespecified substudy of patients with EVT‐eligible stroke with anterior and posterior circulation large vessel occlusions on computed tomography and/or computed tomography angiography who were enrolled in BEST‐MSU (Benefits of Stroke Treatment using a Mobile Stroke Unit). Primary outcome was 90‐day utility‐weighted modified Rankin scale. Groups were compared using chi‐square or Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables, and 2‐sample t ‐tests for continuous variables. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of MSU on binary outcomes after adjusting for other baseline factors. Results Of 1515 trial patients, 293 had large vessel occlusions eligible for EVT: 168 in the MSU group and 125 in the emergency medical services group. Baseline characteristics were comparable, with the exception of baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (MSU median 19 [interquartile range 13, 23] versus emergency medical services 16 [11, 20], P = 0.002) and study site. The mean (±SD) score on the utility‐weighted modified Rankin scale at 90 days was 0.63±0.39 in MSU group and 0.51±0.41 in emergency medical services group (mean difference 0.13, 95% CI [0.03–0.22]). After adjustment, MSU had significantly higher odds of functional independence (odds ratio 2.60 [95% CI, 1.45–4.77], P = 0.002). Secondary outcomes also favored MSU: early neurologic recovery (30% improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at 24 hours) 68% versus 52%; adjusted odds ratio 1.98 [95% CI, 1.19–3.33]; time of tissue plasminogen activator bolus from symptom onset 65.0 minutes [50.5–92.0] versus 96.0 [79.3–130.0], P ≤0.001. The groups had similar onset to arterial puncture (169.0 minutes [133.5, 210.0] versus 162.0 [135.0–207.0], P = 0.83). Conclusions In patients with EVT‐eligible large vessel occlusion stroke, MSU management was associated with better clinical outcomes compared with standard emergency medical services management. MSU management sped thrombolysis but did not expedite EVT treatment times. Future MSU processes should include efforts to capitalize on the potential of MSUs to provide earlier EVT.

Successful Use of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Following Red Blood Cell Exchange for Severe Acute Chest Syndrome: A Single Institution Experience

Introduction: Severe acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a potentially fatal complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) that can progress to multiorgan failure. Treatment includes red blood cell (RBC) exchange to improve oxygenation and reduce vaso-occlusion by decreasing the proportion of hemoglobin (Hb) S. Patients with poor response to RBC exchange are at high risk for mortality. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) may be beneficial in cases of severe organ dysfunction refractory to RBC exchange. TPE is postulated to remove pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce circulating free hemoglobin, and decrease complement products that contributes to vaso-occlusion and inflammation. The use of TPE for severe ACS and multiorgan failure has been rarely described in adult patients and is even less commonly described for pediatric patients. Aim: To describe use of TPE for the management of severe ACS with multiorgan failure in two pediatric patients and one young-adult patient who did not respond to standard medical management with RBC exchange transfusion. Methods: Case reports Case 1: A six-year-old male with homozygous SCD (HbSS) and moderate persistent asthma was admitted for ACS. His course was complicated by hypoxemia requiring intubation, oliguria, and hypotension. On hospital day 3, he underwent RBC exchange with four units of RBCs. Despite decrease of Hb S to 15%, he remained hypoxic on high ventilatory support and developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. After multidisciplinary discussion, TPE was trialed in hopes of improving oxygenation and reversing multiorgan dysfunction. He underwent 3 TPEs, each with 1.5 total plasma volume (TPV) using 5% albumin (days 4, 5 and 7). After a single session of TPE, his oxygenation saturations improved to the 90s, and his ventilator support was weaned. He was extubated on day 8 and was discharged on day 13 in stable condition. Case 2: A sixteen-year-old male with HbSS, recurrent hyper-hemolytic syndrome, and sickle cell hepatopathy was admitted for medical optimization before scheduled cholecystectomy. His Hb was raised pre-operatively with erythropoietin, in lieu of RBC transfusion, due to history of severe refractory hyper-hemolysis with transfusions. He underwent uncomplicated cholecystectomy on hospital day 2. On day 3, he developed ACS, septic shock, and an exacerbation of known hepatopathy. He was intubated and underwent RBC exchange with 8 units of RBCs. His Hb S decreased to 20% but he had no improvement in clinical status. High-dose steroids and TPE were then trialed. The use of TPE was dual purposed to reduce inflammatory cytokines contributing to systemic dysfunction and to prevent hyper-hemolysis following exchange transfusion. He underwent 3 TPEs each with 1.5 TPV using 5% albumin for three days (days 5, 6, and 7). Throughout his course of TPE, he was extubated (day 6), weaned off pressor support (day 6), and his liver dysfunction began to improve (day 7). He was discharged home on day 16. Case 3: A thirty-five-year-old female with HbSS without chronic complications was transferred from an outside hospital where she presented 3 days prior with ACS and progressive neurologic deterioration with minimal responsiveness. Imaging revealed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and extensive cerebral micro emboli consistent with fat embolism syndrome. She underwent RBC exchange on the day of arrival to our facility (hospital day 4) with 5 units of RBCs. Her Hb S decreased to 20% but she had no improvement in neurologic function. After multidisciplinary evaluation, TPE was trialed alongside high-dose steroids. She underwent 5 TPEs each with 1.0 TPV using 5% albumin (days 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12). Shortly after initiating TPE, she began recovering neurologically with eye-opening, response to noxious stimuli, and tracking (day 6). After 3 days of TPE, CRP fell from 21 to 5 and ESR from 49 to 23 (day 8). She followed commands on day 10 and was taken off oxygen on day 15. She was discharged to a rehabilitation facility on day 30 with significant improvements in mental status, cognition, and functional abilities. Conclusions: TPE for three to five days should be considered in patients with severe ACS and multiorgan failure with high risk of mortality when standard management fails. The early initiation of TPE likely contributed to the successful recoveries of these three cases. Further studies are needed to delineate the role of TPE in the management of acute complications of SCD.

1128 Outcomes of Early and Late Decompressive Craniectomies in Contrast to Standard Medical Management in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury with Refractory Intracranial Hypertension: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract Aim The meta-analysis explored the effectiveness of early and late decompressive craniectomies versus medical management in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension after sustaining traumatic brain injury. The clinical outcomes analysed were grouped into 2 categories: favourable (good recovery and moderate disability) and unfavourable outcomes (death, vegetative state, and severe disability). Intracranial pressure has been measured post-randomisation in the studies included. Method Google Scholar, Cochrane and Medline search engines were utilised for data collection ranging from 1999 until present. The searched keywords encompassed: decompressive craniectomy, refractory intracranial hypertension, medical management, and traumatic brain injury. Thereafter, the data was uploaded to Review Manager for statistical analysis. Results Of the 122 articles, 10 randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis yielded that relative risk (RR) of overall mortality in decompressive craniectomy group vs medical management is 0.58 95% CI [0.41, 0.81] (P = 0.001). The standardised mean difference (SMD) for intracranial pressure is -2.59 95% CI [-3.72, -1.46] (P &amp;lt; 0.00001) between the two groups. The odds ratio considering favourable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale) for patients undergoing surgery vs medical care is 1.02 95% [0.57, 1.82] (P = 0.95). Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrates that decompressive craniectomy significantly reduces the overall mortality and intracranial pressure in patients with TBI and refractory intracranial hypertension versus medical management. Decompressive craniectomy has a greater potential to treat TBI patients with refractory intracranial hypertension than medical care alone however more randomised clinical trials are needed to ascertain the effectiveness of the superiority of these treatments in the future research.

Severe endosalpingiosis: Case reports and a literature review

Background: Endosalpingiosis is an understudied gynaecological condition with limited knowledge of its prevalence and clinical significance. Methods: We report two rare cases of severe endosalpingiosis aged 25 and 30 highlighting their clinical, laparoscopic and histological features, as well as treatment outcomes. Results: Both cases presented with severe and intractable chronic pelvic pain (CPP) with a pattern like endometriosis pain. Initially, they received standard medical management for CPP, including hormonal therapy and pain modulators, with limited or no improvement. They were then offered laparoscopy, which revealed widely spread superficial vesicular lesions on ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, uterus and bowel. Wide excision of affected peritoneum was performed, and multiple biopsies were obtained from ovarian lesions. Histology revealed endosalpingiosis in both cases. In case 2, histology also revealed a neuroendocrine tumour, which was likely from a gastrointestinal (GI) primary malignancy. This case was referred to the GI team for further management. In both cases, surgery resulted in 6-month relief of pelvic pain followed by gradual recurrence of severe symptoms. Conclusion: These cases highlight the clinical dilemma of severe endosalpingiosis, which appears to be associated with intractable pain that is resistant to all standard hormonal and surgical treatments. Whether the association with the neuroendocrine tumour in the second case was incidental or a true link remains uncertain. Further research is required to identify effective treatment strategies for ES.

Mobile point-of-care MRI demonstration of a normal volunteer in a telemedicine-equipped ambulance

ObjectiveSeveral centers have implemented ambulances equipped with CT scanners and telemedicine capabilities, known as mobile stroke units (MSU), to expedite acute stroke care delivery in the pre-hospital setting. While MSUs have been shown to improve outcomes compared with standard emergency medical management, there are limitations to incorporating CT, including radiation exposure to emergency medical services personnel. Recently, a portable, low-field strength MRI (Swoop®, Hyperfine, Inc., Guilford, CT) received FDA clearance for in-hospital use. Here, as proof-of-concept, we explore the possibility of performing MRI in a telemedicine-equipped ambulance during active transport. Materials and MethodsIn this initial technical demonstration, we imaged an MR phantom and a normal human volunteer using a standard stroke protocol during active ambulance transport. ResultsImages of the MR phantom and volunteer were successfully obtained and were immediately available for viewing in the hospital PACS system. The images were deemed of diagnostic quality by the radiologist. Active motion correction maintained superior image quality despite vehicle and scanner motion. In-plane, low contrast resolution of greater than 4 × 4 mm was achieved. Average transmit speeds were calculated to be 3.54 Megabits/second and upload data rates varied while in transit ranging from 8.54 to 4.13 Megabits/second. ConclusionWhile MRI is not yet ready for clinical use in the MSU setting, our initial experience suggests potential technological feasible of this approach following future technical and MRI sequence development. Additional studies, incorporating patients, would be required to determine clinical feasibility.

Favorable Safety Outcomes of Delayed Primary Closure of Large Fournier’s Gangrene Skin Defects

To assess the feasibility and safety of delayed primary closure (DPC) in Fournier's gangrene (FG) patients with large genital defects. A single institution retrospective review was performed from October 2020 to December 2022 of adult males that underwent DPC for FG. All patients underwent standard medical management and were assessed for DPC eligibility by the urology service. Clinical data on patient factors and outcomes were collected, and descriptive statistics were assessed. Of 16 patients that underwent DPC, the average age was 61.1years and body mass index was 34.6kg/m2. Median Charlson Comorbidity Index was 3.5 (IQR 2-5.3) and Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index was 6.5 (IQR 4.8-8). Median number of debridements was 2.5 (IQR 2-3), with a time to closure of 6.5days (IQR 3-11) and length of stay of 13days (IQR 9-16.3). Mean genital defect size was 119cm2 (range 44-346cm2). Eight patients (50%) were closed using scrotal flaps alone while other patients had advancement flaps using the inner thigh, lower abdomen, and perineum. The majority of patients were discharged home directly (63%). There were four Clavien-Dindo III complications: two partial flap necrosis, one wound dehiscence, and one instance of bleeding. Of patients with follow-up, 6/15 (40.0%) had no known complications. DPC is safe and effective for a range of patients presenting with FG. Patients with large defects may benefit from less complex wound management and direct discharge home.

Cooled radiofrequency ablation versus standard medical management for chronic sacroiliac joint pain: a multicenter, randomized comparative effectiveness study

IntroductionLow back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with sacroiliac joint pain comprising up to 30% of cases of axial lower back pain. Conservative therapies provide only modest...

O-141 Combination of gefitinib and methotrexate to treat tubal ectopic pregnancy (GEM3): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract Study question Is a combination of parenteral methotrexate and oral gefitinib more effective than methotrexate alone in the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy? Summary answer In women with a tubal ectopic pregnancy, adding oral gefitinib to parental methotrexate does not offer clinical benefit over methotrexate and increases minor adverse reactions. What is known already Current treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancies is with methotrexate or surgery. Methotrexate treatment fails in ∼30% of women and they require rescue surgery. At the time of the design of the trial, it had been shown in preclinical studies that tubal implantation sites express high levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and that gefitinib (an EGFR antagonist) augments methotrexate-induced regression of pregnancy-like tissue. There was also evidence from uncontrolled phase I and II trials that raised the possibility that combination methotrexate and gefitinib could be a more effective medical treatment than methotrexate alone to treat stable ectopic pregnancies. Study design, size, duration Between 2nd November 2016 and 6th October 2021, we performed a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial across 50 UK hospitals. Eligible participants were women with a tubal ectopic pregnancy deemed suitable for medical management with methotrexate. Inclusion criteria were: aged 18-50 years; pre-treatment serum hCG level of 1000–5000 IU/L; and either a definite diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy or a clinical judgement of ‘probable’ tubal ectopic pregnancy. Participants/materials, setting, methods Participants were administered a single dose of intramuscular methotrexate (50 mg/m2) and randomised (1:1 ratio) to seven days of additional oral gefitinib (250mg daily) or placebo. The primary outcome, analysed by intention to treat, was surgical intervention to resolve the ectopic pregnancy. Secondary outcomes included time to resolution of ectopic pregnancy and serious adverse events. Main results and the role of chance 328 participants were allocated to methotrexate and gefitinib (n = 165) or methotrexate and placebo (n = 163). Three participants in the placebo group withdrew. Surgical intervention occurred in 30% (50/165) of the gefitinib group and in 29% (47/160) of the placebo group (adjusted risk ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-1.58; adjusted risk difference -0.01, 95% CI -0.10-0.09; p = 0.37). Without surgical intervention, median time to resolution was 28.0 days in the gefitinib group and 28.0 days in the placebo group (subdistribution hazard ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.75-1.40). Serious adverse events occurred in 3% (5/165) of the gefitinib group and in 4% (6/162) of the placebo group. Diarrhoea and rash were more common in the gefitinib group. Limitations, reasons for caution Limitations of the trial include the fact that we only tested one dose regimen. It is possible gefitinib may be effective if a different protocol were used, such as a longer period of administration. Also, we did not carry out pharmacodynamic studies to determine optimal drug bioavailability. Wider implications of the findings Our results show that the addition of gefitinib to standard medical management with methotrexate to treat tubal ectopic pregnancy is not clinically effective as it does not reduce subsequent surgical intervention and is associated with higher rates of reported symptoms than placebo. Trial registration number ISRCTN67795930

COMPARISON OF INVASIVE VERSUS MEDICAL STRATEGY OF PATIENTS WITH NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION WITH INTERMEDIATE THROMBOLYSIS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION SCORE

Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina pectoris are frequent causes of hospital admission in the elderly. However, clinical trials targeting this population are scarce, making these patients less likely to receive treatment according to guidelines. This study was designed to compare the outcome of invasive versus a medical strategy of patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction with intermediate Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction score. This study was conducted at the Department of Cardiology, Rehmatul lil Alameen Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, from 21-5-2019 to 21-11-2019. A total of 220 (110 patients in each group) patients fulfilling inclusion criteria from emergencies were recruited. Then patients were randomly divided into two groups by using the lottery method. In group A, patients were managed through an invasive strategy. In group B, patients underwent medication only. Patients in the invasive strategy underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass graft patients in the medical strategy group were given standard medical management per hospital protocol. Then patients were followed up there for 3 days. After 3 days, patients were discharged and were followed up in OPD for 30 days. It was noted if the patient presented again in an emergency with recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) or if death occurred within 30 days. This study compared an invasive and medical strategy in NSTEMI patients regarding recurrent MI and mortality within 30 days. According to the findings of this study, no significant difference was seen in recurrent MI (Group-A: 13.6% &amp; Group-B: 12.7%, p-value=0.84) in both groups, but mortality (Group-A: 10.9% &amp; Group-B: 3.6%, p-value=0.037) was significantly higher in patients who underwent invasive strategy. Considering the results of this study, it can be concluded that NSTEMI patients treated with conservative treatment had a low mortality rate and fewer chances of recurrent MI.