Standard Measurement Parameters Research Articles

Digital Image Denoising Techniques Based on Multi-Resolution Wavelet Domain with Spatial Filters: A Review

Recently, with the explosion in the number of digital images captured every day in all life aspects, there is a growing demand for more detailed and visually attractive images. However, the images taken by current sensors are inevitably degraded by noise in various fields, such as medical, astrophysics, weather forecasting, etc., which contributes to impaired visual image quality. Therefore, work is needed to reduce noise by preserving the textural, information, and structural features of the image. So far, there are different techniques for reducing noise that various researchers have done. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, a review of some significant work in the field of image denoising based on that the denoising methods is presented. These methods can be classified as wavelet domain, spatial domain, or both methods can combine to obtain the advantage them. After a brief discussion, the classification of image denoising techniques is explained. A comparative analysis of various image denoising methods is also performed to help researchers in the image denoising area. Besides, standard measurement parameters have been used to compute the results and to evaluate the performance of the used denoising techniques. This review paper aims to provide functional knowledge of image denoising methods in a nutshell for applications using images to provide ease for selecting the ideal strategy according to the necessity.

Precision of 3D Registration Analysis for Longitudinal Study of Second-Generation HR-pQCT

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop 3D registration analysis method in longitudinal studies of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), to analyze ranges of bone microstructure parameters in addition to standard parameters, and to test the precision of these measurements. Methods: Scans of HR-pQCT and analysis of bone microstructure were performed at 3 times in 15 subjects. The 3 images were matched 3-dimensionally, and bone microstructures were analyzed in the common region. In addition to standard measurement parameters of geometry, bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone, and cortical bone, parameters showing plate to rod-like structure, connectivity, cavity formation of trabecular bone, and bending stability of cortical bone were also measured. Precision was evaluated with the root mean square percent coefficient variance (RMS%CV). Results: RMS%CV was 0.1%–1.3% for geometry, 0.6%–1.9% for BMD, 0.8%–3.3% for trabecular bone, 2.1%–9.8% for additionally measured trabecular bone, 1.0%–3.4% for cortical bone excluding Ct.Po, 6.0%–6.1% for Ct.Po, and 0.8%–1.5% for additionally measured cortical bone. Precision was higher for 3D registration than for 2D registration in geometry, BV/TV, and Ct.Po. Conclusions: 3D registration analysis of a range of bone microstructural parameters in longitudinal analysis of HR-pQCT showed good precision, offering potential for contributing to future research on osteoporosis and bone metabolic diseases.

Digital Image Denoising Techniques in Wavelet Domain with another Filter: A review

Image denoising is a challenging issue found in diverse image processing and computer vision problems. There are various existing methods investigated to denoising image. The essential characteristic of a successful model that denoising image is that it should eliminate noise as far as possible and edges preserving and necessary image information by improving visual quality. This paper presents a review of some significant work in the field of image denoising based on that the denoising methods can be roughly classified as spatial domain methods, transform domain methods, or can mix both to get the advantages of them. This work tried to focus on this mixing between using wavelet transform and the filters in spatial domain to show spatial domain. There have been numerous published algorithms, and each approach has its assumptions, advantages, and limitations depending on the various merits and noise. An analyzing study has been performed comparative in their methods to achieve the denoising algorithms, filtering approach and wavelet-based approach. Standard measurement parameters have been used to compute results in some studies to evaluate techniques while other methods applied new measurement parameters to evaluate the denoising techniques.

Assessment of Total Lesion Glycolysis by 18F FDG PET/CT Significantly Improves Prognostic Value of GEP and ISS in Myeloma.

Purpose: Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with CT attenuation correction (18F-FDG PET/CT) is useful in the detection and enumeration of focal lesions and in semiquantitative characterization of metabolic activity (glycolytic phenotype) by calculation of glucose uptake. Total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) have the potential to improve the value of this approach and enhance the prognostic value of disease burden measures. This study aims to determine whether TLG and MTV are associated with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and whether they improve risk assessments such as International Staging System (ISS) stage and GEP70 risk.Experimental Design: 192 patients underwent whole body PET/CT in the Total Therapy 3A (TT3A) trial and were evaluated using three-dimensional region-of-interest analysis with TLG, MTV, and standard measurement parameters derived for all focal lesions with peak SUV above the background red marrow signal.Results: In multivariate analysis, baseline TLG > 620 g and MTV > 210 cm3 remained a significant factor of poor PFS and OS after adjusting for baseline myeloma variables. Combined with the GEP70 risk score, TLG > 205 g identifies a high-risk-behaving subgroup with poor expected survival. In addition, TLG > 205 g accurately divides ISS stage II patients into two subgroups with similar outcomes to ISS stage I and ISS stage III, respectively.Conclusions: TLG and MTV have significant survival implications at baseline and offer a more precise quantitation of the glycolytic phenotype of active disease. These measures can be assessed more readily than before using FDA-approved software and should be standardized and incorporated into clinical trials moving forward. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1981-7. ©2016 AACR.

Assessment of Total Lesion Glycolysis and Metabolic Tumor Volume Improve the Clinical Value of Focal Lesion Assessment By FDG PET/CT in Myeloma

Introduction: Focal lesions are important anatomical features seen in the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients that contribute to drug resistance and disease relapse. Fluroine-18 fluorodexyglucose positron emission tomography with CT attenuation correction ( 18 F-FDG PET/CT) is useful in the detection and enumeration of focal lesions and in semi-quantitative characterization of metabolic activity by calculation of glucose uptake reported as a standardized uptake value (SUV). Lesion count and SUV are predictors of outcome. Two additional variables, total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) can also be assessed and have the potential to improve the value of this approach. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TLG and MTV can predict progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and to determine whether they are superior to traditional assessment methods. Materials and Methods: 191 patients underwent whole body PET/CT in the Total Therapy 3A trial and were evaluated using 3 dimensional region of interest analysis with TLG, MTV, and standard measurement parameters derived for all focal lesions with peak SUV above the background red marrow signal. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression . Results: Baseline characteristics show that 43/191 patients (23%) had no detectable lesions by PET. 1-3 lesions were present in 55/191 (28%) of patients and over 3 lesions in 93/191 (49%) of patients. A baseline TLG >205g was seen in 18% (34/191) of patients, with a TLG >620g being seen in 7% (14/191). A baseline MTV >210cm 3 was seen in 7% (14/191). The distribution of patients with high TLG scores between molecular subgroups was not even with patients in the PR, MF and HY subgroups having higher scores. The 3 year PFS and OS for patients with no PET focal lesions was 83.1% and 88.3%, for patients with 1-3 lesions was 83.9%, and 85.5%, and for patients with >3 lesions 59.6% and 63.5% (p 3 at 81.4% and 84.7%, compared to patients with a baseline MTV of greater than 210cm 3 of 21.4% and 28.6% (p On univariate analysis baseline PET/CT with >3 focal lesions (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.22-3.04, p=0.004), TLG >205g (HR 2.99, 95% CI 1.83-4.88, p 620g (HR 6.90, 95% CI 3.67-12.97, p 210cm 3 (HR 6.20, 95% CI 3.33-11.54, p 620g retained prognostic significance for predicting PFS and OS together with high B2M, LDH and GEP based proliferation. Importantly baseline TLG >620g and baseline MTV >210cm 3 were statistically more predictive of poor PFS and OS than baseline PET with >3 focal lesions in both univariate and multivariate models. Conclusion : TLG assessment is superior to counting the number of focal lesions. It is the optimum method for evaluating the extent of focal lesions and to predict clinical outcome. As this measurement can be standardized using FDA approved software, it should be utilized clinically and in trials going forward. Disclosures McDonald: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Waheed: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Ntambi: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. van Rhee: University of Arkansa for Medical Sciences: Employment. Zangari: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment; Novartis: Research Funding; Onyx: Research Funding; Millennium: Research Funding. Heuck: Janssen: Other: Advisory Board; Millenium: Other: Advisory Board; Foundation Medicine: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Petty: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Schinke: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Thanendrarajan: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment. Mitchell: Cancer Research and Biostatistics: Employment. Hoering: Cancer Research and Biostatistics: Employment. Barlogie: International Workshop on Waldenstrom9s Macroglobulinemia: Other: Travel Stipend; ComtecMed- World Congress on Controversies in Hematology: Other: Travel Stipend; European School of Haematology- International Conference on Multiple Myeloma: Other: Travel Stipend; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Millennium: Consultancy, Research Funding; Myeloma Health, LLC: Patents & Royalties: Co-inventor of patents and patent applications related to use of GEP in cancer medicine licensed to Myeloma Health, LLC; Dana Farber Cancer Institute: Other: Travel Stipend; Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation: Other: Travel Stipend. Morgan: Weisman Institute: Honoraria; CancerNet: Honoraria; MMRF: Honoraria; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda-Millennium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Davies: Array-Biopharma: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda-Millennium: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences: Employment; Onyx-Amgen: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Measurements of Breasts of Young West African Females: A Guideline in Anatomical Landmarks for Adolescent Breast Surgery

There have been few studies to develop standardized methods of measuring female breasts' shapes in clinical settings in West Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical variation in breast measurements among a large group of adolescent female subjects, with the goal of providing guideline metrics to surgeons performing reduction mammaplasty and mastopexy on patients desiring a more adolescent shape and nipple position. Standard measurement parameters of both breasts were measured and recorded. Subjects were female students from six selected junior high schools (JHS) at Sogakope, Ghana. Demographic and statistical data were recorded and analyzed with Epi Info™ 2000. A total of 438 subjects, aged 16-22years (mean=17.43years) were surveyed. The average distance from the suprasternal notch to the left and right breast nipples was 20.97 and 20.31cm, respectively. The average distance from the left and right nipples to their inframammary crease was 9.36 and 9.21cm, respectively. The average distance from the midline in the xiphoid area to the left and right nipples was 10.94 and 10.84cm, respectively. The average asymmetrical difference in length along the vertical midline between left and right breasts for 53.4% (234) of the total subjects (438) was 1.32cm; no differences were recorded for the remaining 204 subjects. The "normal values" for adolescent youthful breasts differ slightly from previous reports on desired adult breast outcomes. It is hoped that these values would serve as a baseline in aesthetic breast surgeries, especially in reduction mammaplasty in young females.