Standard Legend Research Articles

Research on Standard Legend Production of the Geological Map Interpreted with Remote Sensing Images

It is necessary to standardize the legends of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images in various application fields duly to achieve standardization and automation of the legends. This paper analyzes main contents and expression forms of legends based on the principle of legend compilation and expansion, and discusses generation method, compilation and expression of various legends. 455 legends of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images were designed and produced by using Font Creator and ArcGIS software. These legends can be applied to remote sensing survey of regional geology and mineral geology, remote sensing monitoring of fundamental geology environment, remote sensing monitoring of geological disasters, remote sensing monitoring of mineral resources development and others, which can basically meet needs of actual work, and can provide technical support for standardized research of the geological map interpreted with remote sensing images.

Towards a Reproducible LULC Hierarchical Class Legend for Use in the Southwest of Pará State, Brazil: A Comparison with Remote Sensing Data-Driven Hierarchies

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classes defined by subjective criteria can diminish the significance of a study, hindering the reproducibility and the comparison of results with other studies. Having a standard legend for a given study area and objective could benefit a group of researchers focused on long-term or multidisciplinary studies in a given area, in the sense that they would be able to maintain class definition among different works, done by different teams. To allow for reproducibility, it is important that the classes in this legend are described using quantifiable elements of land cover, which can be measured on the ground, as is recommended by Land Cover Meta Language (LCML). The present study aims to propose LCML formalized hierarchical legends for LULC classes, focusing on the southwest of Pará state, within the Brazilian Amazon. In order to illustrate the potential of these legends, a secondary objective of the current study is to analyze classification results using legends derived from a particular Remote Sensing dataset and compare these results with the classification obtained using the LCML hierarchical legend proposed. To perform this analysis, firstly, we proposed a conceptual class model based on existing classification systems for the upland Brazilian Amazon Biome. From this model, 16 LULC classes were described in LCML, using quantifiable and easily recognizable physiognomic characteristics of land cover classes measured on the lower Tapajós river, in Pará state. These classes were grouped into legends with different levels of detail (number of classes), based on our model or on the image and clustering algorithms. All legends were used in supervised classification of a Landsat5/TM image. Results indicate that it is necessary to incorporate multi-temporal knowledge for class definition as well as the proposed thresholds (height and cover proportion of soil, litter, herbaceous vegetation, shrubs, and trees) in order to properly describe classes. However, the thresholds are useful to delimit classes that happen in a successive way. Classification results revealed that classes formed by the same elements of land cover with similar thresholds present high confusion. Additionally, classifications obtained using legends based on the class separability in a given Remote Sensing image tend to be more accurate but not always useful because they can hide or mix important classes. It was observed that the more generalized the legend (those with few details and number of classes), the more accurate the classifications results are for all types of legends.

‘Uniformity in Geological Reports’ (1917) by Josef Theodor Erb, petroleum geologist and manager (1874–1934)

Abstract One hundred years ago, standards in geological report writing were formalized within the Royal Dutch Shell Group. Chief Geologist Josef Theodor Erb defined these standards in an internal report aimed at geologists working for Shell subsidiaries. His purpose was to raise the level of scientific reporting and to provide a measure of uniformity in geological reports sent to head office from all parts of the world. Ultimately, ‘Uniformity in Geological Reports’ was to allow the chief geologist to readily identify and follow-up on the better business opportunities. With time, Erb's report developed into the Shell ‘Standard Legend’. Erb's career is symptomatic of a developing company culture, which he embraced as his life's goal. Realizing the shortcomings of this narrow personal philosophy of life may have been at the root of the mental problems that led to his death.

Bodies: Sex, Violence, Disease, and Death in Contemporary Legend

Because they are so often told as news, contemporary legends force us to reevaluate life as we know it. They confront us with macabre, fantastic, horrific, or hilarious characters and events that seem to come straight out of myths and folktales, but are presented as present day events. The difficulty is that it is not at all easy to decide whether these often disturbing stories should be treated as reliable or dismissed as fantasy. The legends explored in this book are some of the most bizarre, gruesome, and politically sensitive stories in the contemporary legend canon. At any moment a body may be invaded by noxious creatures, deliberately infected with deadly disease, or raided to provide donor organs for sick foreigners. These are winter's tales, the stuff of nightmares. In this book Gillian Bennett traces the cultural history of six legends, well-known in Europe and America from medieval times to the present day. Appearing in broadsides, ballads, myths, ancient and modern legends, novels, plays, films, television shows, and stories told in the oral tradition, these legends are not just silly tales which can be dismissed as trivial and untrue. They reveal much about the concerns and fears of everyday life and demonstrate the limits of knowledge and power in the modern world. Gillian Bennett is the author of Alas, Poor Ghost!: Traditions of Belief in Story and Discourse and Traditions of Belief: Women and the Supernatural and coauthor of the standard legend bibliography and reader. She lives in Stockport, United Kingdom.

Regolith mapping for geochemical exploration in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia

A sound knowledge of the character and distribution of regolith materials within landscapes, as well as the underlying geology and mineralization, is vital in any comprehensive exploration program. The fundamental techniques used in regolith mapping in Australia can be traced to mapping in the Yilgarn Craton between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Regolith mapping techniques have subsequently developed beyond the basic, well-established inventory concepts as a result of improved methodologies over the last twenty years. Regolith mapping now routinely involves multi-dataset integration and analysis of field data within a GIS framework. Landsat Thematic Mapper, HyMap™, radar, gamma ray spectrometry, magnetic surveys, airborne electromagnetic surveys (AEM), geochemistry, geological data and digital elevation models (DEM) are becoming standard datasets consulted during the production of regolith maps. Regolith mapping has been influenced directly by its association with geochemical exploration in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. Regolith maps and databases now routinely include information about the nature and distribution of geochemical sample media, such as for example, surface lag. For printed maps, geochemical sampling-media information is provided directly through inclusion in a standard legend with overprint patterns, a custom legend, or a custom thematic map derived from the initial map data where a variety of styles can be available to show any potential sampling media.

Natural Legend Design for Thematic Maps

The legend of a thematic map is crucial to the map interpretation process because the reader depends upon it to decode and comprehend the map symbols used. The symbol dimensions and patterns in the legend should be as identical as possible with those used on the map to avoid confusion and reduce inefficiency in the information communication process. Re-designing standard legend formats so that legend symbols are seen in a visual context more closely resembling their actual situations within the body of the map may significantly improve the efficiency of map information processing. An experiment was conducted to determine whether map reading performance efficiency could be improved using a 'natural' legend design versus a standard or conventional legend design.

Standard for Symbology on Engineering Scale Maps

Though many organizations have been studying or emphasizing the need for a standard set of map symbols for large scale maps (1:240 to 1:4800), little to date has been done to develop a standardized legend. The main problems associated with producing a standard legend are, providing a unique symbol for each feature, making computer programing of the symbols possible, implementing the standard once it is adopted, and maintaining the standard. These problems and their solutions are addressed. The actual set of symbols and their development are presented in Chapter V of the forthcoming manual, Manual on Map Uses, Scales, and Accuracies for Engineering and Associated Purposes. This manual is being prepared by the Committee on Cartographic Surveying, of the Surveying and Mapping Division, ASCE.

The commission for the geological map of the world and its future projects

From a small group of European geologists that was officially constituted during the 1881 International Geological Congress in Bologna to propose a standard legend and draft a Geological Map of Europe, the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW) has evolved into a worldwide network of cooperating geological surveys. It has contributed to progress in the earth sciences by preparing and printing maps, recognizing that these maps provide the geometric constraints for data syntheses and can, through imaginative and novel legends, demonstrate the relationship between heterogeneous parameters.The original Bologna group was enlarged to comprise representatives of all the geological surveys of Europe, thus forming the Commission for the Geological Map of Europe, which still retains a certain autonomy within the framework of CGMW. In 1910, at the eleventh session of the International Geological Congress, when the first edition of the Geological Map of Europe was nearly ready for printing, a 1:1,000,000 geological map of the world was proposed. In view of the size of such a task, and the lack of a base map, it was decided that a world map be drafted to a ‘suitable scale’ according to the legend used for the Geological Map of Europe. Representatives of all countries were invited to collaborate, and thus the Commission for the Geological Map of the World came into being.