Standard Induction Procedure Research Articles

How state anxious individuals estimate time retrospectively: The mediating effect of memory bias.

The purpose of the present study is to explore how anxious individuals estimate time retrospectively, which may fill in a research gap of time estimation literature. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the mediating effect of memory bias on the relationship between state anxiety and retrospective time estimation. In Experiment 1, state anxiety (high and low) was manipulated by a standardized induction procedure, and retrospective time estimation was tested by the verbal estimation task. In Experiment 2, memory bias was measured by the free-recall task for the data analysis of the mediating role of memory bias in the relationship of state anxiety and retrospective time estimation. In a Supplementary Experiment, different methods were used to verify the robustness of the results in Experiment 2. The results suggest that (1) high state anxious individuals estimate a retrospective duration to be longer than low state anxious individuals, and (2) memory bias mediates the influence of state anxiety on retrospective time estimation. Our findings contribute to a deep understanding of the time distortion consequence of anxiety from a new perspective and offers important insight into the mechanism underlying the effect anxiety has on retrospective time estimation.

The Internal Process of Time Deviation in Anxious State

A large number of studies have shown that emotions have an impact on subjective time perception, yet little is known about how individuals perceive time retrospectively when they are in an anxious state. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the moderated mediating effect of engagement and memory bias on the relationship between state anxiety and retrospective time perception. In Experiment 1, state anxiety (high and low) was manipulated by a standardized induction procedure, and retrospective time perception was tested by the visual analogue mood scale. In Experiment 2, memory bias was tested by the visual analogue mood scale and analyzed as a mediator between state anxiety and retrospective time perception. In Experiment 3, the sound of a neutral heartbeat was introduced as the measurement object of memory bias, engagement and retrospective time perception to test the moderated mediating role of engagement and memory bias in the relationship between state anxiety and retrospective time perception. The results suggested that (1) high state anxious individuals subjectively experienced a retrospective duration as proceeding more slowly than low state anxious individuals, (2) memory bias mediated the influence of state anxiety on retrospective time perception, and (3) engagement moderated the mediation effect of memory bias. Our findings contribute to understanding the roles that engagement and memory bias play in retrospective time perceptions in an anxious state.

How individuals perceive time in an anxious state: The mediating effect of attentional bias.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the mediating effect of attentional bias on the relationship between state anxiety and time perception. In Experiment 1, state anxiety (high and low) was manipulated by a standardized induction procedure, attentional bias was tested by a dot-probe task, and time perception of words (negative and neutral) was tested by a time reproduction task in which a standard duration of 2 s was used. In Experiment 2, multiple durations (2, 4, and 8 s) were tested within subjects, and negative and neutral low-arousal pictures were selected for the dot-probe task and the time reproduction task. In Experiment 3, attentional bias was manipulated by an attentional bias modification training to test the causal relationship between attentional bias and time perception. The results suggested that (a) participants in an anxious state showed an attentional bias toward negative stimuli and perceived a 2-s duration as longer when stimuli were negative as opposed to when they were neutral, (b) attentional bias toward negative stimuli mediated the influence of state anxiety on time perception, and (c) attentional bias had a direct impact on time perception. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the role that attention plays in how individuals perceive time in an anxious state and provide novel evidence supporting the attentional gate model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Bedside clinical tests as a screening tool for predicting difficult laryngoscopy and intubation: An observational study

Context: Morphological characteristics of the airway in a population have regional variations making airway assessment and management a crucial aspect of anaesthesia practice. Aims: (1) To determine the incidence of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation using Cormack–Lehane grading and Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS). (2) To assess the accuracy of bedside clinical tests in predicting difficult laryngoscopy and intubation. Settings and Design: Prospective observational study was carried out on 200 patients aged 18–70 years, undergoing planned surgical procedures under general anaesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation. Pregnant women, patients with head-and-neck pathology, and patients with trauma were excluded from the study. Patients and Methods: All patients underwent preoperative airway assessment and standard induction procedure. Cormack–Lehane grading was noted during first laryngoscopy and process of intubation evaluated by IDS. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics used to depict baseline profile. Chi-square, Student t -test and logistic regression used to determine adjusted effects. Analysis was performed using STATA (14.2). Results: The incidence of difficult laryngoscopy was 15.5% and difficult intubation was 12.5%. Univariate analysis showed body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m 2 , neck circumference (NC) >36 cm and modified Mallampati score 3/4 as significant predictors. Logistic regression showed interincisor gap (IIG) ( P P Conclusions: NC and IIG are rapid, simple bedside tests to predict difficult intubation. Bedside clinical tests have poor discriminative power but still have a role in choosing alternative methods for airway management, making judicious use of time and resources while causing minimum discomfort to the patient.

Effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine on haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy, tracheal intubation and anaesthetic and analgesic requirements: a randomized double-blind clinical efficacy study

Background: Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist that provides sedation, anxiolysis, hypnosis, analgesia, and sympatholysis. The present study is aimed to assess the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in attenuating sympathoadrenal response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation and to analyse its effect on intraoperative anaesthetic and analgesic requirements. Methods: Sixty patients were randomized to receive either dexmedetomidine 1μg/kg (Group D) or 10 mL of 0.9% saline (Group S) over 10 minutes before induction of anaesthesia and after standard induction procedure the same study drug infusions were continued. Blood pressure, heart rate (HR) and Ramsay sedation score (RSS) were monitored at fixed time interval after study drug infusion and anaesthesia induction. Results: After study drug administration the changes in HR and blood pressure was statistically significant between the groups (p = <0.001) at all-time intervals during study period. There was 50% reduction in thiopentone requirements in Group D in comparison to Group S (p<0.001). The intraoperative additional dose of morphine requirement was less in Group D in comparison to Group S to maintain the steady haemodynamics (p<0.001). Statistically significant difference was noticed in Group D regarding RSS at 5 min and 10 min after study drug infusion (p=0.025 and p=0.001 respectively) and again at 30 min after extubation (p= 0.002) when compared with Group S. Conclusions: Our observations suggest that dexmedetomidine was effective in attenuating the heart rate and blood pressure rise during laryngoscopy and intubation, and decrease the thiopentone and morphine requirements intraoperatively.

Minimizing Hypnosis Risk

The clinical and experimental literature documents the incidence of unexpected, unwanted and unpleasant aftereffects coincident with the use of hypnosis. This article offers a definition of these complications, identifies them by type, onset, duration and intensity. Risk factors of subject, hypnotist and in the environment are described. Preventive practices are suggested such as use of pre-hypnotic questionnaires, treatment checklists, standard induction procedure, and fixing the seal.

Emotional Valence and Arousal Interact in Attentional Control

A recent study demonstrated that observers' ability to identify targets in a rapid visual sequence was enhanced when they simultaneously listened to happy music. In the study reported here, we examined how the emotion-attention relationship is influenced by changes in both mood valence (negative vs. positive) and arousal (low vs. high). We used a standard induction procedure to generate calm, happy, sad, and anxious moods in participants. Results for an attentional blink task showed no differences in first-target accuracy, but second-target accuracy was highest for participants with low arousal and negative affect (sad), lowest for those with strong arousal and negative affect (anxious), and intermediate for those with positive affect regardless of their arousal (calm, happy). We discuss implications of this valence-arousal interaction for the control of visual attention.

Eypnosis in children: An experimental approach

Abstract Based on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, the Children's Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, a standardized induction procedure for children five years and older, WM developed. Interscorer reliability ranged from +.90 to +.96, and retest reliability was found to be +.92. Two scoring systems are simultaneously employed, one measuring overt behurrior, the other allegedly measuring subjective involvement. Comparing children to college atudents on items, children were found significantly more susceptible. A linear relationship was found between age and simulation ability (r = +.67). The author speculates that a suspected curvilinear relationship of age and susceptibility may be a function of the confounding of differential simulation ability and motivation with hypnotic behavior. Further studies are suggested.