Standard Error Of Mean Research Articles

Wavelength selection enables robust quantification of oil content with near-infrared spectroscopy in pea protein gels produced under varying heating conditions

Thermal processing influences the near-infrared (NIR) spectra of food products, causing inaccuracy when quantifying the composition of the product. In this study, the effect of thermal processing on NIR measurements of the oil content in pea protein isolate (PPI) gels was investigated. Analysis of variance showed that the heating temperature (30°C–120 °C) during the production of PPI gels influenced large parts of the NIR spectra and time (2.5–15 min) only had a limited effect. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to select a combination of 5 wavelengths that was suitable to create a robust model for the prediction of oil content (Q2 = 0.9928 ± 0.002, root mean standard error of prediction = 0.2806 ± 0.0423 wt%). This combination of wavelengths was shown to reduce the effect of the history of thermal processing on the measurement, improving the accuracy of oil content quantification. This approach can be applied for in-line quantification of the oil content of food products subjected to varying heating conditions using specialized sensors.

T Lymphocyte Interferon-gamma Response to Anaplasmataceae-related Major Surface Proteins and Ankyrin A in Fibromyalgia.

The aetiology of fibromyalgia is unknown; its symptoms may be related to a T-lymphocyte-mediated response to infectious organisms. First, to test the hypothesis that fibromyalgia is associated with increased interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T-lymphocytes after stimulation with Anaplasmataceae-related major surface proteins (MSPs) and the macromolecular translocation type IV secretion system effector ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein A (AnkA). Second, to ascertain the relationship in fibromyalgia between (i) the IFN-γ-secreting T-lymphocyte response to stimulation with Anaplasmataceae-related MSPs and AnkA, and (ii) co-infection by Borrelia and Yersinia spp., and antinuclear antibodies. Using a case-control design, patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for fibromyalgia, and controls, underwent the following blinded assessments: (i) enzyme- linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot) IFN-γ release assay of T-lymphocyte reactivity to Anaplasmataceae-related MSPs and AnkA; (ii) ELISpot IFN-γ release assays of T-lymphocyte reactivity to three Borrelia antigens, namely Borrelia burgdorferi full antigen (B31); peptide mix (from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii); and Borrelia burgdorferi lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; (iii) immunoglobulin (Ig) A assay by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of antibodies to Yersinia spp.; (iv) IgG (ELISA) antibodies to Yersinia spp.; (v) serum antinuclear antibodies (immunofluorescence). The groups were age- and sex-matched. The mean (standard error) value of IFN-γ release for the fibromyalgia group was 1.52 (0.26), compared with 1.00 (0.22) for the controls. Generalised linear modelling (p<0.001) of IFN-γ release in the fibromyalgia patients showed significant main effects of all three indices of Borrelia infection and of antinuclear antibodies. Anaplasmataceae may play an aetiological role in fibromyalgia.

Effectiveness of ultra-/very-high-frequency oscillations combined with helium–oxygen gas mixture in a rabbit model

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) at frequencies of approximately 15 Hz is associated with optimal CO2 excretion. Higher frequencies using a nitrogen–oxygen gas mixture worsen CO2 excretion. An in vitro experiment using HFOV and a helium–oxygen gas mixture showed a significant increase in CO2 transport, which increased with increases in ventilation frequency. We hypothesised that in HFOV, the change in the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) would be greater at frequencies above 15 Hz when combined with helium–oxygen gas mixture administration. We tested this hypothesis in a hypoventilated healthy rabbit model by administering a helium–oxygen gas mixture at 15, 25, 35, and 45 Hz frequencies. One-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant decrease in PaCO2 among the four ventilation frequency groups. Post-hoc analysis showed significant differences between 15 and 35 Hz frequencies and between 15 and 45 Hz frequencies. The mean (standard error) decrease of PaCO2 was 10.8 (2.2), 14.1 (2.3), 21.3 (3.3), and 23.1 (2.5) mmHg at 15, 25, 35, and 45 Hz, respectively. Combination therapy of helium–oxygen gas mixture and high-frequency oscillation using ultra/very high frequencies (35–45 Hz) was associated with a greater PaCO2 decrease than that using the standard frequency (15 Hz).

Rasch analysis of the new general self efficacy scale: an evaluation of its psychometric properties in older adults with low vision

BackgroundWhile general self-efficacy is known to relate to achievement in many areas, it has rarely been evaluated in individuals with low vision. Here we explore the psychometric properties and targeting of the New General Self Efficacy Scale (NGSES) using Rasch analysis in data collected from older adult clinical trial participants with low vision.MethodsParticipants (n = 121) completed pre-intervention telephone questionnaires (i.e., NGSES, Activity Inventory (AI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), SF-36, and the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS). Rasch analysis using the Method of Successive Dichotomizations (MSD) was applied to NGSES, AI, and BDI datasets to estimate person and item measures, and ordered rating category thresholds.NGSES infit mean square statistics and standard errors were analyzed to test whether data fit Rasch model requirements, and targeting was assessed by comparing distributions of person and item measures. Multiple linear regression evaluated the influence of participant characteristics on NGSES person measures.ResultsThere was a significant difference (p = 0.01) in the distributions of NGSES person measures (mean = 0.85, range -2.1-3.2) and item measures (mean = 0, range -1.0-0.72). Infit mean square statistics and standard errors for item and person measures conformed to expectations of the Rasch model.Greater NGSES person measure was related to lower BDI person measure (β = -0.48, p < 0.0005, 95% CI -0.67—-0.28) and higher AI person measure (β = 0.11, p = 0.047, 95% CI 0.0013 – 0.22) after controlling for cognitive status (TICS). Other variables including SF-36, visual acuity, and patient demographics were not related to NGSES person measure.ConclusionsWhile NGSES person measures estimated from a low vision patient population conformed to basic Rasch model requirements, the significant differences in the person and item measure distributions indicate poor NGSES targeting, specifically a ceiling effect. Therefore, there is limited discrimination between persons at the upper end of the scale. While further work can evaluate how self-efficacy may be associated with other factors in the low vision patient population, the ceiling effect found in this study cautions interpretation of NGSES results for those with high general self-efficacy.Trial registrationPre-registered on clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04926974.

Improving Biomedical Science Literacy and Patient-Directed Knowledge of Tuberculosis (TB): A Cross-Sectional Infodemiology Study Examining Readability of Patient-Facing TB Information.

Tuberculosis (TB) continues be the leading cause of death globally due to an infectious agent. There is a paucity of data describing the readability of patient-facing TB information for service users. The aim of this study was to calculate the readability of multiple global TB information sources. Information on tuberculosis (n = 150 sources) included nine categories, Patient-facing information: WHO publications (n = 17), International governments (n = 19), Hospitals (n = 10), Non-government organisations (NGOs)/charities (n = 20), Cochrane Plain Language Summaries (n = 20); LabTestsOnlineUK (n = 4) and Scientific-facing information: Clinical trials (n = 20), Cochrane abstracts (n = 20), Scientific abstracts (n = 20). Readability was calculated using Readable software, defined by (i) Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), (ii) Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), (iii) Gunning Fog Index and (iv) SMOG Index and two text metrics [words/sentence, syllables/word]. Mean readability values for TB information for the FRE and FKGL were 35.6 ± 1.6 (standard error of mean (SEM)) (US Target ≥60; UK Target ≥90) and 12.3 ± 0.3 (US Target ≤8; UK Target ≤6), respectively, with mean words per sentence and syllables per word of 17.2 and 1.8, respectively. Cochrane Plain Language Summaries had similar readability scores to their matching scientific abstract (p = 0.15). LabTestsOnlineUK yielded a mean FRE score of 51.5 ± 1.2, a mean FKGL score of 10.2 ± 0.5 and text metric scores of 16.7 ± 2.3 and 1.6, for words per sentence and syllables per word, respectively. In descending order, TB information from international governments, hospitals and LabTestsOnlineUK were the most readable (FRE = 57.9, 54.1 and 51.5, respectively), whereas scientific abstracts and Cochrane abstracts were the most difficult to read (13.0 and 30.2, respectively). Patient-facing TB information analysed had poor readability. Effective communication of biomedical science concepts and information relating to TB is vital for service users to enhance their health literacy of tuberculosis, thereby promoting better clinical outcomes. Biomedical scientists are important custodians of scientific information for their service user populations, including other healthcare professionals within the TB multidisciplinary (MDT) team and patient service users. When preparing TB information, this should be checked and modified in real time employing readability calculators, to align with health readability targets.

Efficacy and safety of cofrogliptin once every 2 weeks in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

We conducted a multicentre, randomized phase 3 trial in China to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cofrogliptin (HSK7653), a novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in patients with drug-naïve type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with inadequately controlled T2D were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to cofrogliptin 10 mg, cofrogliptin 25 mg or placebo, taken orally once every 2 weeks for a 24-week double-blind period. Eligible patients then received cofrogliptin 25 mg in a 28-week open-label extension. The primary endpoint was the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to week 24. In total, 475 patients (median age: 54.0 years) were randomized and received at least one dose of cofrogliptin 10 mg (n = 158), cofrogliptin 25 mg (n = 158) or placebo (n = 159); 401 patients entered the open-label extension. At week 24, the least-squares (LS) mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) in HbA1c versus placebo was -0.63% (-0.81, -0.46) with cofrogliptin 10 mg and -0.59% (-0.77, -0.42) with cofrogliptin 25 mg (both p < 0.0001). The LS mean (standard error) change in HbA1c from baseline was maintained at the end of the study in patients given open-label cofrogliptin 25 mg for an additional 28 weeks: cofrogliptin 10 mg: -0.86% (0.07); cofrogliptin 25 mg: -0.74% (0.07); placebo: -0.89% (0.07). Over the entire study, common adverse events were hyperuricaemia, hyperlipidaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, increased lipase, upper respiratory tract infection and urinary tract infection. Hypoglycaemic events did not significantly differ between groups. Cofrogliptin provided glycaemic control over 52 weeks and was generally well tolerated in patients with T2D. Registered on Clinicaltrials.gov with the registration number NCT04556851 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04556851).

An EfficientNet integrated ResNet deep network and explainable AI for breast lesion classification from ultrasound images

AbstractBreast cancer is one of the major causes of deaths in women. However, the early diagnosis is important for screening and control the mortality rate. Thus for the diagnosis of breast cancer at the early stage, a computer‐aided diagnosis system is highly required. Ultrasound is an important examination technique for breast cancer diagnosis due to its low cost. Recently, many learning‐based techniques have been introduced to classify breast cancer using breast ultrasound imaging dataset (BUSI) datasets; however, the manual handling is not an easy process and time consuming. The authors propose an EfficientNet‐integrated ResNet deep network and XAI‐based framework for accurately classifying breast cancer (malignant and benign). In the initial step, data augmentation is performed to increase the number of training samples. For this purpose, three‐pixel flip mathematical equations are introduced: horizontal, vertical, and 90°. Later, two pre‐trained deep learning models were employed, skipped some layers, and fine‐tuned. Both fine‐tuned models are later trained using a deep transfer learning process and extracted features from the deeper layer. Explainable artificial intelligence‐based analysed the performance of trained models. After that, a new feature selection technique is proposed based on the cuckoo search algorithm called cuckoo search controlled standard error mean. This technique selects the best features and fuses using a new parallel zero‐padding maximum correlated coefficient features. In the end, the selection algorithm is applied again to the fused feature vector and classified using machine learning algorithms. The experimental process of the proposed framework is conducted on a publicly available BUSI and obtained 98.4% and 98% accuracy in two different experiments. Comparing the proposed framework is also conducted with recent techniques and shows improved accuracy. In addition, the proposed framework was executed less than the original deep learning models.

Smartphone three-dimensional imaging for body composition assessment using non-rigid avatar reconstruction.

Modern digital anthropometry applications utilize smartphone cameras to rapidly construct three-dimensional humanoid avatars, quantify relevant anthropometric variables, and estimate body composition. In the present study, 131 participants ([73 M, 58 F] age 33.7 ± 16.0 y; BMI 27.3 ± 5.9 kg/m2, body fat 29.9 ± 9.9%) had their body composition assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and a smartphone 3D scanning application using non-rigid avatar reconstruction. The performance of two new body fat % estimation equations was evaluated through reliability and validity statistics, Bland-Altman analysis, and equivalence testing. In the reliability analysis, the technical error of the measurement and intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.5-0.7% and 0.996-0.997, respectively. Both estimation equations demonstrated statistical equivalence with DXA based on ±2% equivalence regions and strong linear relationships (Pearson's r 0.90; concordance correlation coefficient 0.89-0.90). Across equations, mean absolute error and standard error of the estimate values were ~ 3.5% and ~ 4.2%, respectively. No proportional bias was observed. While continual advances are likely, smartphone-based 3D scanning may now be suitable for implementation for rapid and accessible body measurement in a variety of applications.

The inferior sacral iliac line as a horizontal reference plane in paediatric pelvic radiographs.

While often used, Hilgenreiner's line may not always be a reliable reference plane following triple innominate pelvic osteotomy or trauma to the triradiate cartilage. The inferior sacral-iliac line is a horizontal line connecting the sclerotic corners of the inferior sacral-iliac joints. This is a consistent landmark in the ossifying infant pelvis as well as the fully developed adult pelvis. The goal of this study was to determine if there is a difference in measurements between the inferior sacral-iliac line and Hilgenreiner's line in order to identify an alternative horizontal reference plane. 3 reviewers (fellowship-trained paediatric orthopaedic surgeon, junior orthopaedic resident, senior orthopaedic resident) reviewed 100 paediatric non-osteotomized pelvises. The difference between Hilgenreiner's line and the inferior sacral-iliac line were measured and reported. Measurements were repeated a minimum of 48 hours apart, resulting in 600 comparisons between Hilgenreiner's line and the inferior sacral-iliac line. The standard error of measurement was calculated to assess the variation in measurements between each individual observer and the group as a whole. The mean standard error of measurement between Hilgenreiner's line and the inferior sacral-iliac line was 0.44° (95% CI, ± 0.86). Reviewers 1-3 demonstrated a mean standard error of measurement of 0.38, 0.28, and 0.35 (95% CI, ± 0.74, 0.55, and 0.86) respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between reviewers (p > 0.05). Intra-observer reliability for reviewers 1, 2, and 3 was 0.64 (0.47-0.76), 0.75 (0.63-0.83), and 0.54 (0.32-0.69) respectively, with an inter-observer reliability of 0.42 (0.20-0.60) degrees. In this proof-of-concept study, the inferior sacral-iliac line was found to be an appropriate alternative to Hilgenreiner's line that is easily identifiable for all levels of orthopaedic training. Future inferior sacral-iliac line studies should demonstrate the reliability of multiple acetabular measurements, both pre- and post-osteotomy.

Combined oral contraceptive use and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrine condition and combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have been demonstrated to be the first-line treatment to women who do not intend to become pregnant. The combination of COCs and PCOS may or may not amplify the risks of cardiovascular events. To investigate whether surrogates for obesity may be influenced by the use of COCs containing different formulations in women with PCOS. From January 2024 a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar and Pubmed databases using PCOS, COC, and obesity terms. Hand search of randomized clinical trials in the references of obtained manuscripts was also performed. After the exclusion of reviews and articles that did not fulfill eligibility criteria, compared the results obtained before and after the use of COCs in 13 randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMD) and standard errors (SE). Risk of bias was examined using the Rob2 tool. Thirteen heterogeneous RCTs reported no difference in waist circumference with the use of different COC formulations (p = 0.714). On the contrary, body fat mass increased with the use of pill (p = 0.013). Waist triglyceride index and lipid accumulation product tended to be higher after the use of COCs (p = 0.073 and p = 0.064, respectively). Combined oral contraceptives with different formulations might increase fat mass accumulation in women with PCOS. Lipids may also be increased in PCOS users. Because some concerns about the quality and heterogeneity identified in various RCTs, caution should be taken before a definitive conclusion regarding the use of COCs and obesity.

Left, Right, Midpoint and Random Point Imputation Techniques for Weibull Regression Model with Right and Interval-Censored Data”

The research explores several imputation techniques, namely left, right, midpoint and random imputations for the MLE of the Weibull regression model with covariate for uncensored, right, and interval-censored data. A simulation study is conducted to obtain the parameter estimates of the model with different imputation techniques, sample sizes, and censoring proportions and its performance are evaluated using bias, standard error (SE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The simulation result indicates that midpoint imputation technique outperformed other techniques based on the lowest RMSE values. Finally, the model was fit to diabetic nephropathy data were fitted to the model using selected imputation techniques. The result concluded that the Weibull regression model may provide a good fit to the data and that the covariate, gender has a significant effect on the survival time of patient kidneys.

Modelling global mesozooplankton biomass using machine learning

Mesozooplankton are a crucial link between primary producers and higher trophic levels and play a vital role in marine food webs, biological carbon pumps, and sustaining fishery resources. However, the global distribution of mesozooplankton biomass and the relevant controlling mechanisms remain elusive. We compared four machine learning algorithms (Boosted Regression Trees, Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine) to model the spatiotemporal distributions of global mesozooplankton biomass. These algorithms were trained on a compiled dataset of published mesozooplankton biomass observations with corresponding environmental predictors from contemporaneous satellite observations (temperature, chlorophyll, salinity, and mixed layer depth). We found that Random Forest achieved the best predictive accuracy with R2 and RMSE (Root Mean Standard Error) of 0.57 and 0.39, respectively. Also, the global distribution of mesozooplankton biomass predicted by the Random Forest model was more consistent with the observational data than other models. We used the Random Forest model to create a global map of mesozooplankton biomass which serves as a reference for validating process-based ecosystem models. The model outputs confirm that environmental factors, especially surface Chl a, a proxy for prey availability, significantly correlate with the spatiotemporal distribution of mesozooplankton biomass. The scaling relationship between the mesozooplankton biomass and Chl a can be used as an emergent constraint for model validation and development. Moreover, our model predicts that the global mesozooplankton biomass will decrease by 3% by the end of this century under the “business-as-usual” scenarios, potentially reducing fishery production and carbon sequestration. Our study contributes to predicting global mesozooplankton biomass and provides deep insights into the underlying environmental impacts on the distribution of mesozooplankton biomass.

Minds on Manuscripts: Analyzing the Research Writing Competencies of SHS Students as Catalysts for an Innovation

This study aimed to analyze and compare the research writing competencies of Grade 12 students at Paharang Integrated School in Batangas City, serving as input for an innovation to improve their research skills. The study used a descriptive method with a questionnaire as the main data-gathering tool, analyzing data using frequency, mean, standard deviation, standard mean error, Pearson’s r and t-test. Results revealed a strong preference for HUMSS and ICT strands among students, with satisfactory research writing skills in some areas but needing improvement in identifying literature gaps, writing clear methodologies, and connecting findings to broader frameworks. Students excelling in Practical Research 1 and 2 exhibited greater confidence in research writing skills, highlighting the importance of supporting students in both areas. However, students in different academic strands showed varying research writing performance, suggesting the need for targeted interventions. To address this, Project RESEARCH is proposed to empower struggling students by providing a structured framework, personalized support, and ICT- based resources to enhance their research writing skills and confidence.

Anti-implantation and uterotonic properties of Mentha pulegium L. in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Background: Some traditional herbs disrupt endocrine-endometrial synchrony, affecting embryo-endometrium communication during fertility. Hormonal imbalances cause non-receptive conditions, leading to anti-implantation or abortion. Historically, Mentha pulegium has served for contraceptive and abortive purposes. Its effects on the post-coital contraceptive and hormonal activities were evaluated. Methods: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley female rats were selected based on the presence of copulation plugs and received 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of Hydroethanolic leaf extract of Mentha pulegium L. (MPE) for seven days. Reproductive organ weights and serum estrogen and progesterone levels were measured. The resorption index, anti-implantation activity, and pre-implantation loss were also calculated using the number of implantation sites and resorptions in all treatments. Data were presented as mean±standard error mean (SEM), and significance was defined as p&lt;0.05 using one-way ANOVA. Results: Post-coital administration of MPE resulted in resorptive, pre-implantation loss, and anti-implantation activity. A dose of 200 mg/kg reduced the number of implantations and exhibited a high resorption index, percentage pre-implantation loss, and anti-implantation activity. A marked decline in serum progesterone levels and a significant reduction in serum estrogen and progesterone ratio was observed at 200 mg/kg MPE. A significant increase in uterine weight was observed in the 500 mg/kg treatment. Doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg resulted in a significant reduction in anti-implantation activity. Conclusions: The observed anti-implantation activity and pre-implantation loss suggest the abortifacient properties of MPE. However, its effects were seen to be dose-dependent.

Cofrogliptin once every 2 weeks as add-on therapy to metformin versus daily linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes in China: A randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of cofrogliptin, a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor taken once every 2 weeks (Q2W), compared with linagliptin (taken daily) in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin in China. In this phase 3 randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicentre study, patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive cofrogliptin 10 mg Q2W, cofrogliptin 25 mg Q2W, or linagliptin 5 mg daily, all as an add-on treatment to metformin, for 24 weeks. Eligible patients could enter an open-label extension period and receive cofrogliptin 25 mg Q2W for an additional 28 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in glycated haemoglobin from baseline to 24 weeks, with a non-inferiority margin of 0.4% for cofrogliptin versus linagliptin treatment. Overall, 465 patients entered the 24-week treatment period (median age: 57.0 years). The least-squares mean (standard error) change in glycated haemoglobin from baseline to week 24 was -0.96 (0.063), -0.99 (0.064) and -1.07 (0.065) for the cofrogliptin 10 mg, cofrogliptin 25 mg and linagliptin 5 mg groups, respectively. The between-group difference met the predefined margin for non-inferiority of cofrogliptin (10 and 25 mg) versus linagliptin treatment. The incidence of common adverse events (≥5% patients) during the 24-week treatment period was similar between treatment groups. There were no serious hypoglycaemic events. In Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin, the glucose-lowering effect of cofrogliptin (Q2W) was non-inferior to linagliptin (daily), with a similar safety profile maintained over 52 weeks of treatment.

Is Averaging of Three Waveforms Sufficient to Generate a Truly Representative Value for Pulsed-Wave Doppler Measures of Impedance?

We aimed to evaluate the physiological variation in common pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) indices of impedance to determine the number of waveforms to be averaged to minimise variability to 5%. A single-centre, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study of uncomplicated singleton pregnancies at 20-37 week's gestation. From each patient 100 PWD waveforms were acquired including the umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) and uterine arteries (UtAs), with 30 waveforms acquired from the ductus venosus. Each waveform was individually measured using the machine's in-built software in automated mode. The variability was assessed using coefficient of variation. The number of waveforms to be averaged was calculated using the moving average and standard error of mean. From a cohort of 200 pregnancies, a total of 189 were analysed. The pulsatility index (PI) demonstrated greater variability compared with the resistance index (RI) in all vessels studied. A minimum of 14 UA and MCA, and 13 UtA PWD waveforms were required to reduce PI variability to 5%, while only 2 RI waveforms were required for UA, 1 for MCA and 8 for UtAs. The variability shown across all PWD indices and between vessels means that PWD indices results should be interpreted cautiously and averaged over multiple waveforms. Consideration should be given to adoption of RI, as it showed greater stability than PI for maternal-fetal Doppler.

Efficacy and Safety of Erenumab for Nonopioid Medication Overuse Headache in Chronic Migraine

Patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse headaches (CM-MOH) represent a particularly burdened subpopulation. This trial provides first, to our knowledge, American Academy of Neurology class I evidence for a preventive therapy in CM-MOH. To assess erenumab efficacy and safety in patients with nonopioid CM-MOH. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial took place at 67 centers in North America, Europe, and Australia from October 7, 2019, to November 2, 2022. This report reflects the primary analysis conducted in January 2023, using a database snapshot from December 1, 2022, which contains the complete dataset of the double-blind treatment period (DBTP). Participants included adults with CM-MOH who had 1 or more preventive treatment failure(s). There were 992 participants screened and 620 participants enrolled (584 in nonopioid cohort and 36 in opioid cohort). Erenumab, 70 mg, 140 mg, or placebo, once monthly for 24 weeks. The primary end point was MOH remission at month 6. Secondary end points included change from baseline in mean monthly acute headache medication days (AHMD) at month 6 and sustained MOH remission throughout the DBTP. Safety end points were adverse events and changes in vital signs. The primary analysis population included 584 participants in the nonopioid-treated cohort with a mean age of 44 years and 482 participants were female (82.5%). Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were balanced across groups. At month 6, 134 participants in the erenumab, 140 mg group (69.1%) (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.33-3.05; P < .001 vs placebo) and 117 in the erenumab, 70 mg group (60.3%) (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.92-2.05; P = .13 vs placebo) achieved MOH remission vs 102 participants in the placebo group (52.6%). AHMD use was also reduced in the erenumab groups vs placebo. Least squares mean (standard error) change from baseline in average monthly AHMD was -9.4 (0.4) days in the erenumab, 140 mg group (difference from placebo, -2.7; 95% CI, -3.9 to -1.6; P < .001) and -7.8 (0.4) days in the erenumab, 70 mg group (difference from placebo, -1.2; 95% CI, -2.4 to -0.1; P = .03), vs -6.6 (0.4) days in the placebo group. MOH remission throughout the DBTP was sustained in 119 participants (61.3%,) 96 participants (49.5%), and 73 participants (37.6%) in the erenumab, 140 mg, 70 mg, and placebo groups, respectively. Adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of erenumab. Treatment-emergent adverse events incidence in the combined erenumab group was 66.8% (259 participants; constipation 15.2% (59 participants) and COVID-19 13.9% (54 participants) were most common. In this study, monthly, 140 mg, erenumab injections safely and effectively achieved MOH remission in patients with nonopioid CM-MOH within 6 months. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03971071.

Disinfection byproducts in US drinking water and cancer mortality

ABSTRACT Trihalomethanes, the main drinking water disinfection byproducts, may be carcinogenic and are regulated to amaximum total trihalomethanes (TTHM) of 80 µg/l in the US. We aimed to determine whether total and individual trihalomethanes in drinking water across the US are associated with higher cancer mortality in 6,260 adult participants to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1999 to 2008 followed for mortality until 2019 (median: 14.4 years). At baseline, the geometric mean (standard error) of TTHM in drinking water was 9.61 (0.85) µg/l. During follow-up, 873 deaths occurred, including 207 from cancer. In Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for relevant covariates, drinking water TTHM (HR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.16–1.82), chloroform (HR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.12–1.64), and bromodichloromethane (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.05–1.59) were associated with 30% to 45% higher cancer mortality. Therefore, drinking water trihalomethanes, especially chloroform and bromodichloromethane maybe risk factors for cancer mortality.

The Effects of Moringa Leaf Extract on the Growth and Microbial Load of Boiler

The adverse effect of microbes in poultry production, especially broiler chicken remains a major concern for poultry breeders. This study determined the effects of Moringa leaf (Moringa Oleifera) extract on the performance and microbial loads of broiler birds. A total of 25 broiler chicks were used and separated into 5 groups in an iron pen with 5 chicks in each group. Group 1 (control, with no treatment), group 2 (received a treatment of 62.5mg/L), group 3 (received a treatment of 125mg/L), group 4 (received a treatment of 250mg/L), group 5 (received a treatment of 500mg/L). After 4 weeks of treatment, the faeces from each group, the control group inclusive were collected for microbial analysis. The result showed that the Moringa Oleifera leaf extract at all doses recorded non-significant difference in the parameters analysed among the groups. It was also noticed that the disparities of the results were great. Some as much as 11.5 and 168. 37 standard error of mean. Moreover, Group 3, receiving 125mg/L, exhibited a substantial reduction in E. coli, salmonella, total bacteria count, and pseudomonas activities compared to other groups. Group 3 had the highest water consumption. Amongst the treatment group, group 3 had the highest increase in weight. In conclusion, Moringa leaf extract effectively lowered the microbial load in broiler chicks at the treatment of 125mg/L without any adverse effects. Keywords: Moringa Oleifera, Moringa leaf, microbial load, broiler birds.

Abstract P191: Progesterone Supplementation Ameliorates the Maternal Syndrome of Preeclampsia in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

Introduction: Preeclampsia (PreE) is characterized by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation. PreE is associated with activated CD4+ T cells, inflammation, autoantibodies to angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-AA) and hypertension. To date, the best treatment remains early delivery of the feto-placental unit. Hypothesis: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that progesterone, in the form of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC), reduces inflammation and blood pressure in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive (Dahl S) rat model of PreE. Methods: A subset of pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Dahl S rats were injected with 17-OHPC (3.32mg/kg, human dose equivalent) or vehicle (saline) at day 15 (GD15) of gestation. On GD 18, Uterine Artery Resistance Index (UARI) was measured by Doppler Ultrasound and carotid catheters were inserted for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measurement on GD19. Circulating and placental populations of CD4+ T cells were quantified by flow cytometry. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were measured by ELISA and AT1-AA were quantified by the chronotropic responses to angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated stimulation of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Results are reported as means ± standard error means (SEM) and statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. Results: MAP was 105±5 mmHg in SD+ vehicle rats (n=6), 104±4 in SD+17-OHPC rats (n=6), 136±3 in Dahl S+ saline rats (p &lt;0.05, n=11), which improved to 125±4 in DS+17-OHPC rats (p &lt;0.05, n=7). Pup and Placenta weights were 2.1± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.1 g in SD+ vehicle rats and reduced to 1.4±0.1 (p&lt;0.05), 0.5±0.1 g in Dahl S +vehicle. UARI was 0.5 ±0.1 in SD+ vehicle rats (n=6) and 0.5 ±0.1 in in SD+17-OHPC (n=6), 0.7±0.1 in Dahl S+ vehicle rats (n=6, p&lt;0.05), which reduced to 0.5±0.1 in Dahl S+17-OHPC (n=7, p&lt;0.05). TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels (n=4-5/group) were 3.0±1.0, 45±11 pg/mL in SD+ vehicle rats, 11.0±1.2, 78±21 in Dahl S+ vehicle rats, which reduced to 4.1±1.6 (p&lt;0.05), 62±12 in Dahl S+17-OHPC. Circulating and placental CD4+ T cells were 9.3±3.7 %, 6.4± 1.6 % gate in SD+ vehicle rats (n=4), 38.9 ±2.9, 33.1±4.3 % gate Dahl S+ Saline rats (n=6), which significantly reduced to 26.3 ± 0.1 %, 3.4±1.2 % gate in DahlS+17-OHPC. AT1-AA were -1 ± 2 ΔBPM (beats per minute) in SD+ vehicle rats, 4 ± 1 in Dahl S+ Saline rats and -0.6±2 Dahl S+17-OHPC rats (n=5, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that 17-OHPC ameliorates the maternal syndrome in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive rat model of PreE.