Encryption Standard Algorithm Research Articles

Enhanced ARIA-based counter mode deterministic random bit generator random number generator implemented in verilog

This paper presents a study aimed at effectively implementing a deterministic random bit generator (DRBG) IP in verilog language, based on the standard encryption algorithm. By controlling the existing round generation and key generation blocks, the internal modules of the counter mode deterministic random bit generator (CTR-DRBG) were successfully implemented and operated, ensuring the secure and efficient generation of random bit sequences. The research focused on parallel operation of modules and optimized module placement to achieve improved clock frequencies. By concurrently operating two modules in the derivation and internal update modules of CTR-DRBG, the processing speed was enhanced compared to the conventional algorithm. Additionally, integrating the reseeding and initialization modules of CTR-DRBG into a single module successfully reduced size. Furthermore, this IP supports the special function register (SFR) interface. The safety of the CTR-DRBG was validated through known answer test (KAT) verification utilizing test vectors from certification. Future research should explore additional studies on CTR-DRBG operating on real FPGA or ASIC, not only using normal algorithm but also employing other block cipher algorithms.

Novel image pixel scrambling technique for efficient color image encryption in resource-constrained IoT devices

AbstractIn the digital age, where data is a valuable commodity, securing sensitive information has become a growing concern. Image encryption techniques play an essential role in protecting visual data from unauthorized access and ensuring privacy. However, with limited computing capacity in Internet of Things (IoT) devices, standard encryption algorithms are not feasible, rendering lightweight methods mandatory. This study proposes a novel Corner Traversal algorithm, an alternative to existing pixel scrambling techniques. The proposed algorithm demonstrably outperforms its counterparts in both higher confusion and lower time complexity, making it remarkably efficient. Integrated with chaos-based diffusion methods, this algorithm forms a comprehensive encryption scheme. The proposed lightweight image encryption scheme utilizing the Corner Traversal algorithm successfully passed rigorous statistical and differential security analysis. Compared to similar schemes, the proposed encryption scheme employing the Corner Traversal algorithm in the confusion phase distinguishes itself through exceptional NPCR (99.6093 for Lenna) and UACI (33.4648 for Lenna) values. Combined with other evaluation criteria, this method demonstrably meets the stringent security requirements of IoT systems.

FPGA Centric Attention Based Deep Learning Network Evoked Chaotic Encryption to Mitigate Side Channel Attacks

Security concerns are growing, especially in applications where sensitive information is sent (such as health care devices, credit cards, and even Internet of Things (IoT) nodes), even while these developments bring in a modern revolution. This is due to the constant scaling of technologies, which has now been incredibly useful for delivering the new trend of development in the numerous domains such as communications, semiconductors, health care, and automation. Even when cutting-edge standard encryption algorithms are used in smart devices, the principal threats, such as Side-Channel Attacks (SCA) and Correlation Power Analysis (CPA), increase the susceptibility of encrypted cipher text to attacks. In order to defend against side channel assaults, the usefulness of deep learning algorithms combined with chaotic principles is examined in this paper. Scroll Mapping (SM) and Attention-Evoked Long Short-Term Memory (AE-LSTM) are used in the proposed study to effectively safeguard sensitive data while consuming little power. The most promising advancements in terms of all security metrics and hardware capabilities for obtaining high-speed performances are shown by experimental findings on an FPGA implementation of a suggested framework.

Secure Real-Time Multimedia Data Transmission from Low-Cost UAVs with A Lightweight AES Encryption

In the context of real-time wireless multimedia transmission from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), equipped with microphone arrays and cameras, data security is crucial. Data security should be guaranteed from the acquisition onboard the drones to its delivery to the destination node or ground station. A real-time light-weight application-level Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm has been considered to be applied to multimedia data and supported by the single-board-computers mounted onboard the drones, with low computational power. The study shows that the main advances are related to the design of a streaming application in a transmission architecture for military counter-UAV scenarios that is effective, secure, quick, and trustworthy for audio and video data. A multiple synchronous key management is also newly experimented. The thorough experiments have confirmed the effective validity of the encryption and decryption processes, even in the presence of adverse radio spectrum conditions.

Encrypted Short Message Service Design Using Combination of Modified Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Vigenere Cipher Algorithm


 Despite the popularity of social media and Internet-based messaging services, Short Message Service (SMS) is still widely used by a lot of people worldwide. However, in this modern era, Short Message Service (SMS) is not a secure way of sending and receive text messages. Anyone with the right privilleges can easily read all the messages sent using SMS service. Therefore, appropriate cryptographic algorithms should be applied to ensure confidentiality of the message content. In this paper, a modified AES with Vigenere Cipher Algorithm will be used to encrypt the text message, hence greatly increasing the security of the sent messages. Avalanche Effect is chosen as a metric for measuring performance of the proposed algorithm and its implementation. The proposed algorithm shows high Avalanche Effect compared to standard AES algorithm.

Survey on image encryption techniques using chaotic maps in spatial, transform and spatiotemporal domains

Chaos-based cryptosystems have been an active area of research in recent years. Although these algorithms are not standardized like AES, DES, RSA, etc., chaos-based cryptosystems like Chebyshev polynomials can provide additional security when used with standard public key cryptosystems like RSA and El-gamal. Standard encryption algorithms such as AES have always been the primary choice, but when it comes to image or video encryption, many researchers recommend chaos-based encryption techniques due to their computational efficiency. This paper presents a survey on the most up-to-date chaos-based image encryption techniques and classifies them into spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal domains for better understanding. The significant improvements in the field of image encryption are discussed. In addition, comparative analysis is performed to validate the evaluation matrices for quantifying the encryption algorithms’ security and performance in recent papers.

Preventing Differential Cryptanalysis Attacks Using a KDM Function and the 32-Bit Output S-Boxes on AES Algorithm Found on the Internet of Things Devices

Many Internet of Things (IoT) devices use an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm to secure data stored and transmitted during the communication process. The AES algorithm often suffers DC (DC) attacks. Little has been done to prevent DC attacks, particularly on an AES algorithm. This study focuses on preventing Differential Cryptanalysis attacks. DC attacks are practiced on an AES algorithm that is found on IoT devices. The novel approach of using a Khumbelo Difference Muthavine (KDM) function and changing the 8 × 8 S-Boxes to be the 8 × 32 S-Boxes successfully prevents DC attacks on an AES algorithm. A KDM function is a newly mathematically developed function, coined and used purposely in this study. A KDM function was never produced, defined, or utilized before by any researcher except for in this study. A KDM function makes a new 32-Bit S-Box suitable for the new Modified AES algorithm and confuses the attacker since it comprises many mathematical modulo operators. Additionally, these mathematical modulo operators are irreversible. The study managed to prevent the DC attack of a minimum of 70% on AES and a maximum of 100% on a Simplified DES. The attack on the new Modified AES Algorithm is 0% since no S-Box is used as a building block.

Pengamanan Internet of Things Berbasis NodeMCU Menggunakan Algoritma AES Pada Arsitektur Web Service REST

Data confidentiality and resource's limitation issues are challenges for the Internet of Things. To implement good security on IoT systems, cryptography can do it, but it needs an effective encryption algorithm that does not require a lot of resources. The purpose of this study is to secure an IoT system by implementing an algorithm that is successful in maintaining the confidentiality of data transmitted. This research uses an experimental approach, by creating an IoT system for agriculture and adding an encryption algorithm. The IoT system uses NodeMCU as a microcontroller. NodeMCU is a microcontroller with small resources so it needs an efficient algorithm to be implemented in it. One algorithm that has good performance in a desktop computing environment is the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The algorithm is tested in an IoT computing environment with a data exchange architecture using an REST (Representational State Transfer) web service, resulting in an IoT system for agriculture with cryptographic implementations in it. In the tests carried out, the encryption process of 128 and 256 bits of plain text took 266.31 and 274.31 microseconds, while the memory used was 16% and 17% of the total memory, respectively. This shows the encryption time is fast, and the memory usage is relatively small.

Design on Face Recognition System with Privacy Preservation Based on Homomorphic Encryption

Face recognition is playing an increasingly important role in present society, and suffers from the privacy leakage in plaintext. Therefore, a recognition system based on homomorphic encryption that supports privacy preservation is designed and implemented in this paper. This system uses the CKKS algorithm in the SEAL library, latest homomorphic encryption achievement, to encrypt the normalized face feature vectors, and uses the FaceNet neural network to learn on the image’s ciphertext to achieve face classification. Finally, face recognition in ciphertext is accomplished. After been tested, the whole process of extracting feature vectors and encrypting a face image takes only about 1.712s in the developed system. The average time to compare a group of images in ciphertext is about 2.06s, and a group of images can be effectively recognized within 30 degrees of face bias, with a recognition accuracy of 96.71%. Compared to the face recognition scheme based on the Advanced Encryption Standard encryption algorithm in ciphertext proposed by Wang et al. in 2019, our scheme improves the recognition accuracy by 4.21%. Compared to the image recognition scheme based on the Elliptical encryption algorithm in ciphertext proposed by Kumar S et al. in 2018, the total spent time in our system is decreased by 76.2%. Therefore, our scheme has better operational efficiency and practical value while ensuring the users’ personal privacy. Compared to the face recognition systems in plaintext presented in recent years, our scheme has almost the same level on recognition accuracy and time efficiency.

A Novel Scrambled Data Hiding Approach Towards Securing Sensitive Data

Our world is making its way toward complete digitization, with more and more data going to the Internet. Thus, the security of the data has become one of our utmost responsibilities. Strong and secure cryptography and steganography techniques have become the need of the hour to defend against modern adversaries. In this article, a novel scrambled data hiding approach is proposed to secure the sensitive information used in communications. The lacuna in the existing data hiding approaches is the loss of originality in the sensitive data to be attached, leading to poor information quality. This issue is addressed in the proposed approach by encrypting the data using the triple data encryption standard (DES) algorithm. The scrambled data are hidden in the audio file using the least significant bit (LSB) embedding. Experiments were conducted, and the proposed approach secured the sensitive information significantly without the loss of information quality. Furthermore, the secured information is retrieved by only the authenticated users with high quality.

A secure and efficient range query method for two‐layer wireless sensor networks

Traditional range query methods of work still have shortcomings in node energy consumption and privacy security, so a two-layer secure and efficient range query method for wireless sensor networks is proposed. In the data storage stage, the sensing node obtains the data ciphertext and timestamp by the Advanced Encryption Standard encryption algorithm, receives the new encryption constraint chain by the reverse 0–1 encoding method and Hash-based Message Authentication Code encryption algorithm, and sends the chain to the storage node. In the query response phase, the storage node responds to the request of the base station and sends the data that meet the query requirements. After receiving the data, the base station verifies the consistency with the new encryption constraint chain and timestamp. During the experiment, the energy consumption is analysed from three aspects: the number of data collected in the period, the data length of the sensing node and the partition factor of the encryption constraint chain. The results show that this method has low energy consumption and can maintain the consistency of data.

Preserving Health Care Data Security and Privacy Using Carmichael's Theorem-Based Homomorphic Encryption and Modified Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption Schemes in Edge Computing Systems.

With the tremendous growth of technology, providing data security to critical applications such as smart grid, health care, and military is indispensable. On the other hand, due to the proliferation of external data threats in these applications, the loss incurred is incredibly high. Standard encryption algorithms such as RSA, ElGamal, and ECC facilitate in protecting sensitive data from outside attackers; however, they cannot perform computations on sensitive data while being encrypted. To perform computations and to process encrypted query on encrypted data, various homomorphic encryption (HE) schemes are proposed. Each of the schemes has its own shortcomings either related to performance or with storage that acts as the barrier for applying in real-time applications. With that conception, our objective is to design HE schemes that are simple by design, efficient in performance, and highly unimpeachable against attacks. Our first proposed scheme is based on Carmichael's Theorem, referred to as Carmichael's Theorem-based Homomorphic Encryption (CTHE), and the second is an improved version of Gorti's Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption Scheme, referred to as Modified Enhanced Homomorphic Encryption (MEHE). For brevity, the schemes are referred to as CTHE and MEHE. Both the schemes are provably secure under the hardness of integer factorization, discrete logarithm, and quadratic residuosity problems. To reduce the noise in these schemes, the modulus switching method is adopted and proved theoretically. The schemes' efficiency is proven by collecting the data from cardiovascular dataset (statically)/blood pressure monitor (dynamically) and is homomorphically encrypted in the edge server. Further analysis on encrypted data is carried out to identify whether a person has hypotension or hypertension with the aid of parameters, namely, mean arterial pressure. As the schemes are probabilistic in nature, breaking the schemes by a polynomial time adversary is impossible and is proven in the article.

Flush+Reload Attacks on SEED

Abstract Flush+Reload is a powerful access-driven cache attack in which the attacker leverages a security weakness in the X86 processor architecture to extract the private data of the victim. This attack can be mounted in a cross-core setting, where the memory deduplication is enabled and several users are sharing the same physical machine. In this paper, for the first time, we demonstrate that SEED implementation of OpenSSL 1.1.0 running inside the victim VM is vulnerable against the Flush+Reload attacks and the attacker can recover the keys of this encryption. SEED is a standard encryption algorithm that was developed by the Korea Information Security Agency (KISA) and has been used for confidential services in the Republic of Korea. Our work demonstrates that the attacker can retrieve the secret keys of SEED in 3 min in the native setup and 4 min in the cross-VM setup by performing the Flush+Reload technique. Our experimental results show that common implementation of this standard cipher is vulnerable to Flush+Reload attack in both native and cross-VM settings. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the first cache-based attack on a SEED block cipher.

Web Based Security System Academic Exam Questions Using Advanced Encryption Standard

One way to measure the success of the academic process and achievement of student competence, is giving exams, from the smallest level namely daily tests, semester exams, to the highest level, namely the national exam. In an effort to maintain the security of exam question data, there is a data security method known as cryptography. In this research, a security system was designed that serves to protect exam questions so that data cannot be read by student before its time by using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm. The AES algorithm is a type of symmetric algorithm where the encryption and decryption processes have the same key for the encryption and decryption processes. In the system that will be designed, the Caesar Cipher algorithm is used to form an additional key (seed) that is kept secret from the public. The results of this study indicate that AES encryption method can give results maximum so that the AES method can applied to virtual data storage system to protect the transmitted data.

A Novel Security Authentication Protocol Based on Physical Unclonable Function for RFID Healthcare Systems

The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has been integrated into healthcare systems for the purpose of improving healthcare management. However, people have concerns about the security and privacy of this kind of RFID systems. In order to solve the security problems faced by RFID-based healthcare systems, a novel security authentication protocol based on Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is designed. The protocol uses PUF technology to output unique and random responses to different excitation inputs, encrypts the authentication information sent by the tag, and uses the AES encryption algorithm to encrypt the authentication information between the cloud database and the reader. At the same time, in the authentication process, once the communicating entity completes the identity authentication of the other two entities, it immediately starts to update the key. The security analysis and formal analysis of BAN (proposed by Burrows et al.) logic prove the security and correctness of the protocol. Analysis results show that the computation cost and security performance of the proposed protocol are better than the compared protocols. Our findings will contribute to further enhancing the security for RFID healthcare systems.

A Design Implementation and Comparative Analysis of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm Using Verilog HDL

As the technology is getting more and more advanced day by day in a rapid pace the problem for the security of data is also increasing at a very staggering rate. The hackers are equipped with new advanced tools and techniques to break any security system. Hence people are getting even more concerned about their data and data’s security. The data security can be achieved by either software or hardware implementations or both put together working in harmony. In this work Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) device is used for hardware implementation since these devices are less complex, more flexible and provide and have far greater more efficiency. This work mainly focuses on the hardware execution of one of the security algorithms that is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm which is the most highly used algorithm for Encryption. The AES algorithm is executed on Vivado 2014.2 ISE Design Suite and therefore the results are observed on 28 nanometers (nm) Artix-7 FPGA. This work Mainly discusses the design implementation of the AES algorithm and the resources which are consumed in implementing the AES design on Artix-7 FPGA. The resources which are consumed are as follows- Slice Register (SR), Look-Up Tables (LUTs), Input/Output (I/O) and Global Buffer.

Comparison of Three Proposal Methods in Steganography Encryption Secret Message using PVD and MapReduce

This paper will present a comparison between three proposed methods. All of these methods include hiding a secret message inside a video for the aim of transferring it to another party with high security and a high embedding rate in order to ensure that the secret message is not discovered by the attacker. In addition , facilitating deals with video frames as large data for the purpose of analyzing, dividing and controlling frames easily by the programmer, using the MapReduce method. This is done by dividing the video into a series of frames, and before the hiding process, the message is encrypted using the advance encryption standard (AES) algorithm. These basic processes are implemented in all three proposed methods, the rest of the details for each method are: The first method: used the pixel value difference (PVD) algorithm to hide the secret message in the video. In addition, the stego secret key was also used. This key is used for the purpose of deciding the locations of the pixels that will be employed to hide the secret message inside it. The second method: the MapReduce principle is used for the purpose of facilitating dealing with video frames. The chosen frame will enter the MapReduce stages. This is implemented by dividing the frame into three matrices red, green, blue (RGB). Each matrix represents a map. Moreover, the technique that is used for concealment is the least significant bit (LSB) technology which uses the stego secret key (x2) for the purpose of selecting sites that will be hidden by it. The third method: Also, the MapReduce principle is used, but this method is implemented by dividing the frame into four blocks. Each block represents a map. In one of the stages of the MapReduce, the hiding process will be done by using the (PVD) method which uses the stego secret key (n+15). Finally, the reducer, which is the last stage, will collect the results of each block to generate the stego-frame. The results of the three methods are efficiency, transparency, robustness and powerful in stego video. It is noticed that the second method has achieved the lowest capacity, thus achieving high security. As for the third method, it achieved the highest capacity and the highest execution time was the first method. Despite this, all the three methods have achieved high security. The attacker or unauthorized person cannot detect any suspicious differences in a stego video. These results are obtained through using many measurements: peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Entropy and correlation coefficient. Index Terms—steganography, PVD, LSB, MapReduce, Secret key.

Data Aggregation and Privacy Preserving Using Computational Intelligence

In today's smart world, the privacy protection of data is an important issue. Data is distributed, reproduced, and disclosed with extensive use of communication technologies. Many non-traditional challenges arise with the rapid increase of IoT devices for system design and implementation. However, security and privacy are the main issues in IoT. With advanced technologies, an illegal copy of the content can easily be generated and shared. Therefore, it is crucial for users to protect and secure their data. In the said perspective, an efficient third-generation watermarking technique is proposed, which works on the computational intelligence model to insert a large amount of robust watermark and make an extra effort to hide more information than first and second-generation techniques. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption algorithm is employed to guarantee secure communication, which has a significantly less computational cost. The proposed technique evaluated parameters including security, robustness, imperceptibility, and capacity. The results of the proposed technique are compared to existing text watermarking methods, which illustrates it is secure, robust, imperceptible, and inserts a large amount of watermark information through computational intelligence.

A hybrid cryptography technique for data storage on cloud computing

Cloud computing security has received great attention by researchers in the past few years due to the importance of the data used and the increasing use of cloud computing, which has become the provision of many services and in various fields. So, data Security is a major issue in storing data on clouds. Cryptography techniques are among the most important ways to provide data security on cloud. This paper presents a data protection model where data is encrypted using a hybrid cryptographic algorithm which is composed of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish and Message-Digest algorithm (MD5). Thus, this model provides speed and robust data encryption.

AN ANALYSIS ON IMAGE ENCRYPTION FOR SECURED TRANSMISSION OF BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Digital images are very popularly used for communications over the internet. Embedded information in the digital image has to be securely transmitted without any modification in the image. The biomedical telemedicine gains significant importance in information transmission and with increasing popularity with Tele-ophthalmology, requirement of medical data confidentiality and privacy also increases for data storage and secure transformation. The objective is to analyse the bioimage encryption algorithms which provides security and privacy to the bioimages. In this paper retinal fundus image online available dataset have used. The proposed work is analysed by considering, three performance parameters such as PSNR, MSE and CR. The two different encryption algorithms namely block-based perceptual encryption (BBPE) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm along with arithmetic compression have tested . The proposed work results tested on standard test images and retinal fundus images shows that the BBPE method attains PSNR of 27.58db , MSE of 3.20e+03 and CR of 4.27 for standard test images and 13.35db, 1.4046e+04 and 7.28 respectively for medical HRF images. The BBPE algorithm can be used in tele-ophthalmology and telemedicine applications.