Standard Deviation Of Frequency Research Articles

Leaf‐density estimation for fruit‐tree canopy based on wind‐excited audio

AbstractIt is important to obtain real‐time leaf density of fruit‐tree canopies for the precision spray control of plant‐protection robots. However, conventional detection techniques for the characteristics of fruit‐tree canopies cannot acquire the canopy internal information, which may provide an unsatisfactory accuracy of detection of leaf densities. This paper proposes a method for estimating canopy leaf density of fruit trees based on wind‐excited audio. A wind‐exciting implement was used to force fruit‐tree canopy leaves vibrating to produce audio. Then, some correlation analysis methods were used to extract key characteristic parameters of wind‐excited audio that were significantly correlated with leaf density. Finally, based on the data set of wind‐excited audio, a few machine‐learning methods were used to develop leaf‐density estimation models. Test results showed that: (1) there were five key feature parameters of wind‐excited audio that were significantly correlated with leaf density: the short‐time energy, spectral centroid, the frequency average energy, the peak frequency, and the standard deviation of frequency. (2) the estimation model of leaf density developed based on backpropagation neural network for fruit‐tree canopy showed the optimal estimation results, which can achieve the estimation of leaf density of fruit‐tree canopies accurately. The overall correlation coefficient (R) of the estimation model was more than 0.84, the root‐mean‐square error was less than 0.73 m2 m−3, and the mean absolute error was less than 0.53 m2 m−3. This study is expected to provide a technical solution for the leaf‐density detection of fruit‐tree canopies of plant‐protection robots.

Sum Standard Deviation of Frequency – A Context Independent Machine Condition Trend Indicator

In Industry 4.0, multiple research subjects have been involved in processing enormous information generated during the manufacturing process. Meanwhile, they all pursue the same goal, that is, to maintain the manufacturing process at good operating state. Hence, many researchers are focusing their researches on continuous health monitoring using digital signal processing techniques, in particular, most researches are focused on recognition of a fault condition only. However, by the time when a fault is recognised, at least one reject has been produced, or an impact to the system's operation has occurred. In addition, many algorithms are designed specifically for certain class of applications. This paper proposes a new system health condition indicator, Sum Standard Deviation of Frequency (SSDF), which is computed from a new computational process that segments raw data streams into time segments and the segments are synchrosqueezed continuous wavelet transformed. As long as sufficient data is available, SSDF shows distinct consecutive regions for "normal", "marginal" and "abnormal" machine conditions. Actions can then be taken while the machine is in "marginal" conditions in which the manufacturing quality is still acceptable. SSDF does not link to any application context information of the raw signal data stream hence making it context independent.

FREQUENCY OF BONE FRACTURES DETECTED BY PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY AND KEEPING CT AS GOLD STANDARD

Background: The main cause of bone fracture is traffic accidents are (72.2%), falls (11.6%), blunt injuries are (7.7%) and others (5.8 %) ). About 84 patients were included in our studies. Out of which 21 (25.0%) were females and 63(75.0%) were males. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency of bone fractures detected by plain radiography and keeping CT as gold standard. Methodology: In our cross-sectional study all the patients with fracture undergoing CT and X-Ray were included. Patients with bone surgery were excluded as well as patients who declined to give consent and those who were uncooperative were all excluded. X-ray performed for all the fractures and the complex one sent to CT. The consent form was obtained by patients in this study. We reviewed our data of patients who underwent CT and X-ray. CT (Toshiba 64) was performed from the exact area of fracture and images reconstructed at 3mm and for reporting 5mm for filming. X-ray performed according to the appropriate range of kVp and mAs. All findings of CT were considered by the advice of consultant radiologist. Data was represented with means of standard deviation of frequency and percentage where appropriate. Chi square testing was used to compare CT and X-ray qualitative data. Data was entered into IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0. P-value <0.05 considered the significant. Results: In our study 84 patients were included. Out of which 21 (25.0%) were females and 63 (75.0%) were males and the standard deviation was 0.436. There causes of fracture were 18(21.4%) injury, 8(9.5%) were compression fractures, 54(64.3%) RTA, 2(2.4%) pathologic fractures and 1(1.2%) was sports injury fracture and the standard deviation was .997. Conclusion: Our study concluded that the bone fractures are more common in males than females. The most common cause of bone fractures is RTA (Road Traffic Accidents). Study also concludes that most common type of bone fracture is Transverse bone fracture. CT was more efficient in detecting bone fractures than plain radiography because more fractures were detected on CT than plain radiography. Keywords: Non-enhanced CT, X- ray, Bone fracture, Road Traffic Accidents DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/93-09 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

Research on Feature Extraction of Performance Degradation for Flexible Material R2R Processing Roller Based on PCA

Performance feature extraction is the primary problem in equipment performance degradation assessment. To handle the problem of high-dimensional performance characterization and complexity of calculating the performance indicators in flexible material roll-to-roll processing, this paper proposes a PCA method for extracting the degradation characteristic of roll shaft. Based on the analysis of the performance influencing factors of flexible material roll-to-roll processing roller, a principal component analysis extraction model was constructed. The original feature parameter matrix composed of 10-dimensional feature parameters such as time domain, frequency domain, and time-frequency domain vibration signal of the roll shaft was established; then, we obtained a new feature parameter matrix Z org ∗ by normalizing the original feature parameter matrix. The correlation measure between every two parameters in the matrix Z org ∗ was used as the eigenvalue to establish the covariance matrix of the performance degradation feature parameters. The Jacobi iteration method was introduced to derive the algorithm for solving eigenvalue and eigenvector of the covariance matrix. Finally, using the eigenvalue cumulative contribution rate as the screening rule, we linearly weighted and fused the eigenvectors and derived the feature principal component matrix F of the processing roller vibration signal. Experiments showed that the initially obtained, 10-dimensional features of the processing rollers’ vibration signals, such as average, root mean square, kurtosis index, centroid frequency, root mean square of frequency, standard deviation of frequency, and energy of the intrinsic mode function component, can be expressed by 3-dimensional principal components F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 . The vibration signal features reduction dimension was realized, and F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 contain 98.9% of the original vibration signal data, further illustrating that the method has high precision in feature parameters’ extraction and the advantage of eliminating the correlation between feature parameters and reducing the workload selecting feature parameters.

Song complexity-no correlation between standard deviation of frequency and traditionally used song complexity metrics in passerines: A comment on Pearse etal. (2018).

Recently, Pearse et al. explored the macroecology of passerine song using a large citizen science database of bird songs and machine learning techniques. They used standard deviation of frequency (SDF) as a surrogate for song complexity, finding only weak support for correlation between SDF and life-history traits such as monogamy and sexual dimorphism. Their finding that song complexity increases toward more productive environments and warmer areas seemingly contradicts several previous multitaxonomic studies. By comparing SDF scores with traditionally used song complexity metrics (syllable repertoire size and the number of syllable types per song), we found no evidence of any correlation. This may help to explain the discrepancy between their findings and findings of previous studies. While we agree that simple metrics that can be quantified and compared between multiple, highly variable species are crucial for progress in large-scale analysis of birdsong complexity, the biological relevance of SDF remains unclear and more research is needed to clarify its relevance for further studies of birdsong complexity.

Global macroevolution and macroecology of passerine song.

Studying the macroevolution of the songs of Passeriformes (perching birds) has proved challenging. The complexity of the task stems not just from the macroevolutionary and macroecological challenge of modeling so many species, but also from the difficulty in collecting and quantifying birdsong itself. Using machine learning techniques, we extracted songs from a large citizen science dataset, and then analyzed the evolution, and biotic and abiotic predictors of variation in birdsong across 578 passerine species. Contrary to expectations, we found few links between life-history traits (monogamy and sexual dimorphism) and the evolution of song pitch (peak frequency) or song complexity (standard deviation of frequency). However, we found significant support for morphological constraints on birdsong, as reflected in a negative correlation between bird size and song pitch. We also found that broad-scale biogeographical and climate factors such as net primary productivity, temperature, and regional species richness were significantly associated with both the evolution and present-day distribution of bird song features. Our analysis integrates comparative and spatial modeling with newly developed data cleaning and curation tools, and suggests that evolutionary history, morphology, and present-day ecological processes shape the distribution of song diversity in these charismatic and important birds.

Post-traumatic growth in survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

This study aimed to understand factors related to post-traumatic growth (PTG) in patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), building baseline data for developing intervention programs to enhance PTG in HSCT survivors. A self-report survey was administered to 100 patients who received HSCT within the last 5 years. The Post-traumatic Growth Inventory, Impact of Event Scale-Revised, Perceived Social Support Scale, and Healthcare Professional's Support Scale were used, as well as items on demographic and clinical characteristics. Standard deviations of frequency and percentage, Chi-squared test between genders, independent t-test, correlation analysis between independent variables and extent of PTG, and regression analysis were conducted. The PTG levels of HSCT survivors were statistically significantly higher when participants were women, carried out more religious activities, had higher educational levels, or utilized nurse counseling. The 'intrusive thinking' traumatic impact subcategory, as well as social support and support from healthcare professionals, were found to be highly related to PTG scores. Upon multiple regression analysis, factors with greatest influence on PTG in HSCT survivors were support from healthcare professionals, followed in order, by social support, utilization of nurse counseling, intrusive thinking, and frequency of religious activities. We suggest implementing programs for HSCT patients to enhance support from healthcare professionals and to increase post-traumatic growth through greater utilization of nurse counseling, self-help meetings, and writing.

Efficacy of Correction Beliefs Related to Family Functioning Based on Cognitive Method to Reduce Marital Conflict in Men

This study examines the effectiveness of the correct relationship beliefs about family functioning, based on Cognitive method to Reduce Male Marital Conflict. The research method used in this study is quasi-experimental. Research design is pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The study population consists of all married men who referred to a clinic in an oil company in jam, Iran. Among these patients, typical methods are used to fit 30 people that sampling method was selected and, 15 people were randomly placed in the experimental group and 15 people were in the control group. The experimental group participated in eight 60-minute sessions. The tools used in this study were Contact Beliefs Questionnaire (RBI) and the Inventory of marital conflicts. Before and after implementation of the independent variable (Correct relationship beliefs) members of both groups were asked to respond to the questionnaire. Data analysis for this study was spss16 software. In order for describing the data, descriptive statistics (such as mean and standard deviation of frequency), and T tests were used to test the research hypothesis. The results showed that the Correct Relationship beliefs related to family functions based on the cognitive method in reducing marital conflicts that affect men.

Assessment of small bowel motility function With cine‐MRI using balanced steady‐state free precession sequence

To evaluate the use of cine-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a steady-state free precession sequence to monitor and assess small bowel motility. Sequential MRI, using a balanced steady-state free precession sequence, was performed in eight healthy male volunteers at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after oral administration of 1500 mL of nonabsorbable fluid to monitor small bowel contractions. Using the cine-mode display, small bowel contractions were reviewed and the luminal diameter was measured on each image to obtain frequency and amplitude of bowel contractions. The oral preparation was well tolerated without major complications. Cine-MRI provided high temporal, spatial, and contrast resolution for monitoring bowel contractions. Mean values with standard deviations of frequency and amplitude of bowel contractions were 6.0 ± 2.98/min and 10.4 ± 4.53 mm, respectively, and were 5.1 ± 3.38/min and 9.59 ± 5.57 mm at the jejunal loops and 6.9 ± 2.22/min and 11.2 ± 3.06 mm at the ileal loops. With the passage of luminal fluid, frequency of bowel contractions decreased and the bowels tended to pause their contractions. Cine-MRI provides sufficient dynamic images to observe small bowel contractions. Measurement of bowel caliber permits calculation of amplitude and frequency of the contractions for characterization and quantitative assessment of small bowel motility function.

A home environment test battery for status assessment in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease

A test battery for assessing patient state in advanced Parkinson's disease, consisting of self-assessments and motor tests, was constructed and implemented on a hand computer with touch screen in a telemedicine setting. The aim of this work was to construct an assessment device, applicable during motor fluctuations in the patient's home environment. Selection of self-assessment questions was based on questions from an e-diary, previously used in a clinical trial. Both un-cued and cued tapping tests and spiral drawing tests were designed for capturing upper limb stiffnes, slowness and involuntary movements. The patient interface gave an audible signal at scheduled response times and was locked otherwise. Data messages in an XML-format were sent from the hand unit to a central server for storage, processing and presentation. In tapping tests, speed and accuracy were calculated and in spiral tests, standard deviation of frequency filtered radial drawing velocity was calculated. An overall test score, combining repeated assessments of the different test items during a test period, was defined based on principal component analysis and linear regression. An evaluation with two pilot patients before and after receiving new types of treatments was performed. Compliance and usability was assessed in a clinical trial (65 patients with advanced Parkinson's disease) and correlations between different test items and internal consistency were investigated. The test battery could detect treatment effect in the two pilot patients, both in self-assessments, tapping tests’ results and spiral scores. It had good patient compliance and acceptable usability according to nine nurses. Correlation analysis showed that tapping results provided different information as compared to diary responses. Internal consistency of the test battery was good and learning effects in the tapping tests were small.

The noise spectrum influence on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss prevalence in workers

Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is an insidious and cumulative disease that worsens over the years with work-related noise exposure. AIM: To evaluate the noise spectrum influence on NIHL prevalence in workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This a cross-sectional historical cohort carried out in steel mills, lumber mills and marble shops, with noise levels above 85dB, in which we evaluated the auditory thresholds for frequencies from 250Hz to 8,000Hz. To evaluate the work environment, we observed the entire setting, aiming at checking sound intensities in an eighth frequency filter. RESULTS: We carried out 192 hearing threshold evaluations after an occupational anamnesis. Concerning NIHL, we noticed that 49% of the audiometry results presented hearing deterioration in the acute frequencies. We studied the mean values and standard deviations for frequencies over 3,000Hz, in all workers, and we observed that the highest average values were in the frequency of 6,000Hz. We did not notice any association among frequency bands carrying intense noise levels and the hearing damage frequency. CONCLUSION: Noise intensity seems to be the main risk factor for loss hearing, regardless of frequency range.

The noise spectrum influence on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss prevalence in workers

SummaryNoise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is an insidious and cumulative disease that worsens over the years with work-related noise exposure.AimTo evaluate the noise spectrum influence on NIHL prevalence in workers.Materials and MethodsThis a cross-sectional historical cohort carried out in steel mills, lumber mills and marble shops, with noise levels above 85dB, in which we evaluated the auditory thresholds for frequencies from 250Hz to 8,000Hz. To evaluate the work environment, we observed the entire setting, aiming at checking sound intensities in an eighth frequency filter.ResultsWe carried out 192 hearing threshold evaluations after an occupational anamnesis. Concerning NIHL, we noticed that 49% of the audiometry results presented hearing deterioration in the acute frequencies. We studied the mean values and standard deviations for frequencies over 3,000Hz, in all workers, and we observed that the highest average values were in the frequency of 6,000Hz. We did not notice any association among frequency bands carrying intense noise levels and the hearing damage frequency.ConclusionNoise intensity seems to be the main risk factor for loss hearing, regardless of frequency range.

Noise‐resistant acoustic measurements implemented in user‐friendly software.

Searching for vocalizations in lengthy marine recordings can be significantly enhanced by annotations indicating times, frequencies, and other characteristics of calls. Defining optimal search features, however, is difficult. For instance, one may wish to find harbor seal “roar” vocalizations, which extend up to 6 kHz, last 3–10 s, and have a broadband, non‐tonal sound quality. What features best characterize such sounds? Marine recordings often contain vocalizations recorded at low signal‐to‐noise ratios, and it is essential that call measurements be consistent across different background noise levels. For instance, bandwidth is traditionally measured by manually indicating lower and upper frequency bounds in a spectrogram, and then subtracting the two. However, for vocalizations that fade at higher frequencies, like harbor seal roars, such bandwidth measurements can vary by a factor of three from low‐noise to high‐noise environments. Here we describe measurements, based principally on Fristrup’s “Acoustat” approach, that have consistent values at variable noise levels. For instance, bandwidth is measured as the standard deviation of frequency, weighted by the per‐frequency‐bin normalized intensity. A set of noise‐robust measurements have been implemented, including measures for duration, amplitude and frequency modulation, and many others. Implementation of these measurements in easy‐to‐use Ishmael and MATLAB software is described.

Rotation-internal rotation spectrum of p-fluorotoluene

The rotational spectrum of p-fluorotoluene in the vibrational ground state is measured over the frequency range 7–63 GHz. For the lowest torsional state ( m = 0), 228 transitions up to J = 30 are assigned and fitted to a rigid rotor Hamiltonian to obtain accurate values of the rotational and five quartic centrifugal distortion constants. For the internal rotation states m = 1, 2, and 4, altogether 199 transitions are assigned up to J = 15. They are fitted to the rotation-internal rotation Hamiltonian, H = AP a 2 + BP b 2 + CP c 2 + Fp 2 − 2A′P ap + ( V 6 2 )·(1 + cos 6α) , together with quartic centrifugal distortion constants of the frame and the top. The least-squares fit of all the m ≠ 0 transitions yields A′ and four additional centrifugal distortion constants associated with the top motion. The value of A′ is lower than that of A, indicating the effect of vibrational perturbations. However, a separate least-squares fit of the transitions belonging to different values of m leads to a better standard deviation of frequency and the constants are determined with improved accuracies. Low- J R-branch transitions for | m| = 3, | k| = 1 are measured and used to obtain the barrier potential V 6 = 13.638(18) cal/mole. The energy eigenvalues and eigen-functions of m ≠ 0 states are calculated and the information is used for labeling the states. The effects of possible accidental degeneracies are discussed.

Relationship between background activity and subclinical seizure pattern

Open- and closed-eyed EEG records were made in frontal, temporal and occipital regions, in order to examine the time relationships between various of their characteristics, in connection with the appearance of subclinical seizure patterns. 1. 1. In the range of alpha frequency, both with open and closed eyes, the standard deviation of frequency over all brain areas decreased both before and after subclinical seizure patterns as compared to periods without pattern, and the number of temporal waves was reduced. Frontally, the mean amplitude was increased only in open-eyed records. The time relationship of the appearance of alpha maxima differed over all regions, but was closest in frontal records in both open- and closed-eyed records, and independent of the pathological pattern. In closed-eyed frontal records, a changeover in the time lead between the hemispheres could be observed, with one side leading during the period preceding the pattern, and the other after the pattern. 2. 2. In the range of theta frequency, occipital open-eyed records showed slowing of the frequency both before and after the subclinical seizure pattern, with an increase in the standard deviation. In closed-eyed records made in the period preceding the pattern, an increase of the mean amplitude was observed frontally and occipitally, as well as an increase of the standard deviation of the amplitude in all regions. Slowing of the theta frequency was encountered in the frontal regions. Differences in the periods preceding and following subclinical seizures were to be seen only in the theta range.