Standard Antioxidant Research Articles

FTIR, 1H-/13C-NMR spectral characterization, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, PASS, SAR, and in silico properties of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside derivatives

A novel series of biologically active derivatives based on methyl α-D-glucopyranoside (MGP) has been developed, comprising 6-O-monosubstituted MGP derivatives obtained from methyl α-D-glucopyranoside. These derivatives were transformed into 2,3,4-tri-O-acyl MGP derivatives, incorporating diverse functionalities within a single molecular framework, aimed at producing new products for antimicrobial studies. All synthesized compounds were identified through spectral analyses (FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR) and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial in vitro testing revealed that these MGP derivatives have notable efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms, along with the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS). Compounds 2 and 7 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.25 to 64.0 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 8.0 to 128.0 µg/mL. Moreover, these compounds demonstrated significant antioxidant properties compared with those of standard antioxidants according to the results of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. An evaluation of the growth and proliferation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells revealed moderate cell growth inhibition by compounds 5 and 6, with IC50 values of 5958.54 and 5437.17 µg/mL, respectively, as determined via an MTT colorimetric assay. An analysis of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the combination of the (p-CH3.C6H4CO-) and halo-aromatic [3-Cl.C6H4CO-] chains with sugar had the highest efficiency in pathogens. Molecular docking studies using AutoDock Vina highlighted compound 7 as a promising inhibitor of the carbapenemase, OmpF, and HmoB proteins, with binding energies of -11.53 kcal/mol, -2.26 kcal/mol, and -30.75 kcal/mol, respectively. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation study demonstrated the validity of stable conformation and binding patterns in a stimulating environment. Pharmacokinetic characterization and ADMET predictions indicated favorable drug-like properties. These substantial in vitro and in silico studies demonstrate the importance of additional investigations to confirm the efficacy of MGP derivatives as antimicrobial agents.

Phytochemistry, and Antioxidant Potential of Aqueous Extract of Terminalia chebula Fruit from the Coal-Affected Forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand

This study investigates the ethnobotanical significance, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant potential of the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit, collected from the coal-affected forests of Bokaro District, Jharkhand. Using DPPH and NBT assays, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated at various concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). The DPPH assay revealed a dose-dependent increase in radical scavenging activity, with Terminalia chebula achieving 82.3% inhibition at 500 µg/mL. In comparison, ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant, exhibited higher inhibition rates, reaching 95.0% at the same concentration. Similarly, the NBT assay demonstrated that the extract inhibited superoxide radicals, with 78.9% inhibition at 500 µg/mL, while ascorbic acid achieved 94.4% inhibition. The phytochemical analysis indicates a rich composition of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins in the extract, which are likely responsible for its antioxidant properties. These findings support the traditional medicinal uses of Terminalia chebula, particularly in managing oxidative stress-related conditions. Overall, the study highlights the significant antioxidant potential of Terminalia chebula fruit extract, suggesting its possible applications in functional foods and natural health products. Future research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and exploring their synergistic effects to fully understand the therapeutic potential of this valuable ethnobotanical resource.

New Organoruthenium(II) Complexes Containing Andrographolide‐Appended Hydrazide Derivatives: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Anticancer Evaluation

ABSTRACTA new set of andrographolide‐appended hydrazide derivatives (AFC, AGC, and ATC) were prepared from the reaction of andrographolide with furan‐2‐carboxylic acid hydrazide (AFC), pyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid hydrazide (AGC), and thiophene 2‐carboxylic acid hydrazide (ATC), and their corresponding ruthenium(II) complexes (Ru‐AFC, Ru‐AGC, and Ru‐ATC) were synthesized by the direct reaction of [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene)]2 with ligands in dichloromethane under stirring condition. The compounds were analyzed by elemental analysis, IR, UV‐Vis, 1H NMR, and ESI‐MS spectrometric techniques, and the obtained spectral data revealed that the ligands coordinated to Ru(II) ion through their enone oxygen and amine nitrogen. Antioxidant activities of the ligands and complexes were calculated against DPPH•, ABTS•+, O2−, and NO• free radicals and their results were compared with standard antioxidants. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized ligands and complexes toward A549 and HeLa cell lines was evaluated using MTT method (MTT = 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide). Among the compounds, the complex Ru‐AGC showed better cytotoxic effect against A549 and HeLa cancer cells with IC50 values of 4.75 ± 0.17 and 6.32 ± 0.26 μM, respectively. Further, the nontoxic nature of the compounds was confirmed by using human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells. The apoptosis was inspected with AO/EB and DAPI staining methods; further, the percentages of the apoptotic and necrotic cells were determined by flow cytometry. Overall, the biological activities of our ruthenium(II)‐arene complexes were found to be more potent than their parent ligands due to chelation, and among the complexes, Ru‐AGC showed better activity due to the presence of pyridine ring in the N‐terminal position of the ligand. The obtained results highlighted the strong possibility to develop highly active ruthenium complexes as anticancer agents.

Chemical composition and potential pharmacological applications of Centaurea acaulis L.

Our study aimed to characterize the composition of the ethyl acetate extract obtained from Centaurea acaulis L. and assess its dermatoprotective and antioxidant properties. The secondary metabolite composition was established by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was assessed using four different assays, including DPPH, β-carotene, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays. Furthermore, the in vitro photoprotective effect was evaluated by measuring sun protection. The HPLC-TOF/MS analysis identified the presence of 19 bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract. Major components such as rosmarinic acid and 4-hydroxy benzoic acid were detected, along with other compounds including caffeic acid, cichoric acid, gentisic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, vanilic acid, gallic acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin. The ethyl acetate extract of Centaurea acaulis L. exhibited strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, β-carotene, CUPRAC, and reducing power assays, outperforming standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tannic acid, and ascorbic acid. Additionally, the extract demonstrated a high ability to absorb UV radiation, with an average sun protection factor of 40.20 ± 0.11. These findings highlight the significant antioxidant and dermatoprotective potential of the ethyl acetate extract from Centaurea acaulis L., suggesting its potential use in cosmetic and dietary additive formulations.

Integrating the in vitro antioxidant activity of Polyacrylonitrile/Polyindole composites

AbstractIn this study, five compounds belonging to the Polymer composites (PCs) family, have been prepared with different amounts of polyacrylonitrile and polyindole in the composite. The PCs have inherently bactericidal activity, owing to the nitrile and indole groups. Antioxidant activity was assessed by using reducing power activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In our study, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), ascorbic acid and α‐tocopherol, which are considered synthetic standard antioxidants, were used to compare antioxidant activity. In addition, since it is known that the MDA levels resulting from the oxidation of fats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells are inversely proportional to the antioxidant properties, it gave an idea about the in vitro antioxidant properties of the new synthesized PCs. Reducing force capacity, superoxide radical scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were found to be higher at 100 μg mL−1 concentration compared to 50 μg mL−1 concentration.

3,4-Dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-one/thione Derivatives as Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Docking Studies

aims: A series of sixteen new 4-(substituted phenyl) - 6-(substituted phenylamino)-3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones/thiones derivatives have been synthesized in two step reaction. background: Free radicals are widely known to play a significant part in the inflammatory process. Many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines have been shown to work as radical scavengers or as inhibitors of free radical generation. Inflammation is a part of the vascular tissues' complicated biological reaction to adverse stimuli like bacteria, damaged cells, or irritants. The organism's protective response to damaging stimuli is inflammation, which aims to get rid of them and start the healing process. The inflammatory response has several advantageous effects, such as stopping the spread of dangerous substances to nearby tissues, getting rid of cell waste and infections, and getting the body ready for repair objective: To synthesize new derivatives as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. method: In first step chalcones (I1-I6) was obtained and in the second step, these chalcones were reacted with urea and thiourea in the presence of potassium hydroxide to obtain the corresponding pyrimidinones and thiopyrimidinones. The structures of the synthesized compounds 4-(substituted phenyl)-6-(substituted phenylamino)-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones/thione derivatives are investigated by means of TLC (visualized it in Iodine chamber), IR, mass, 1H-NMR spectral and elemental analysis. The title compounds evaluated for anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activity. Anti-inflammatory activity in vivo was carried out by carrageenan induced rat-paw edema method and compared with standard drug diclofenac sodium and antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, FRAP and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) method and compared with standard ascorbic acid. result: Electron donating groups showed better antioxidant activity as compared to electron withdrawing ones in both activities. All the compounds exhibited good to moderate activity. Compound DHPM8 shows better antioxidant activity and compound DHPM6 shows better anti-inflammatory activity while compound DHPM11 shows minimum antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activity than other compounds. conclusion: To better understanding, we have performed molecular docking simulation. The molecular docking studies revealed that all synthesized compound were showed good receptor binding interaction in which compound 9 had highest docking score of 9.8 due to interaction with CYS36, PRO153, TYR130, GLY45, LEU152, ARG469, LYS468 and GLU465. other: NA

DFT and molecular docking studies of 10-hydroxylstrictosamide from methanol leaves extract of Sarcocephallus latifolius (Smith, Bruce)

This work isolated 10-hydroxylstrictosamide from methanol leaves extract of Sarcocephallus latifolius and structurally elucidated with the aid of 1 and 2D-NMR, FTIR and ESI-MS techniques. The antioxidant potential of the compound against various radicals was investigated and substantiated through molecular docking study, quantum chemical predictions and DFT optimizations. Furthermore, the antioxidant mechanism was confirmed by vibrational analysis and frontier orbital calculations. The molecular docking studies of the isolated compound was compared with the standard antioxidants (BHT and DTT ligands) against the peroxiredoxin (prxs)-5 receptor, and the result revealed the high binding mode of 10-hydroxylstrictosamide. The results of theoretical data validated the experimental results. Calculated HOMO/LUMO gaps show low excitation energy for 10-hydroxystrictosamide and justified its excellent antioxidant potential. The results of the molecular docking study provided valuable insights to rationalize the action and predict the binding modes of 10-hydroxystrictosamide.

A Review on Synthesis and Biological Activities of 2‐Aminophenol‐Based Schiff Bases and Their Transition Metal Complexes

ABSTRACT2‐Aminophenol‐based Schiff bases and their metal complexes have drawn a lot of interest because of their wide range of biological activity and their uses in several fields. These Schiff bases are synthesized through the condensation of 2‐aminophenol and various carbonyl compounds, and metal complexes formed easily by coordinating Schiff bases with transition metal ions possess a wide range of intriguing properties that have rendered them promising candidates in biomedical research. These compounds have a diverse array of captivating biological properties including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antioxidant actions. Their versatile nature and potential for tailored modifications hold the promise for innovative biomedical applications. Compared to standard antibiotics and other studied compounds, C2, C8–C11, and C116 complexes, along with L16 and L17 ligands, exhibit the highest antibacterial activity, while C3 and C115 complexes demonstrate the highest antifungal activity. The metal chelate formation of the ligands enhanced the antimicrobial activity by increasing their lipophilic nature. C66, C76, and C112 complexes and L39 ligand showed higher anticancer activity than standard anticancer drugs. The metal complexes have higher anticancer activity than the ligand due to improved permeability and cellular uptake. The anticancer activity of the complexes is related to the substituents of the Schiff base ligands. In compounds containing an electron‐withdrawing group (e.g., Cl or Br or NO2), the activity is obviously better than others. Ligands L1–L3 and L5, L6, and L32 demonstrated the most potent antioxidant activity, surpassing both metal complexes and standard conventional antioxidants. The ligands showed greater antioxidant activity than the metal complexes due to their capability of donating free protons to scavenge free radicals. More study is needed to fully explore the potential of 2‐aminophenol‐based Schiff bases and their transition metal complexes for the development of new drugs. This review summarizes different synthetic methods, biological activities, and the structure–activity relationship. This study aims to conduct further research on 2‐aminophenol‐based Schiff bases and their metal complexes.

Antioxidant and Antiplasmodial Potentials of Methanol Bark Extract of <i>Entada africana </i>Via <i>in Vitro</i> Approaches

<i>Plasmodium </i>parasites, which cause malaria, continue to pose a serious threat to global health, necessitating the continuous search for novel antimalarial agents. Oxidative stress has also been linked to the pathophysiology of malaria. <i>Entada africana</i> is a plant known for its ethnomedicinal uses in treating various ailments associated with inflammation including malaria. This study aimed at evaluating the antiplasmodial and antioxidant potentials of methanol bark extract from <i>Entada africana </i>(MBEEA). <i>In vitro </i>approaches were adopted for the study.<i> Plasmodium falciparum-</i>infected erythrocyte samples were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 media under anaerobic conditions for 72 hours. Eighteen test tubes were labeled and grouped into three replicates per group. Group I (untreated), Group II, and III were treated with chloroquine (CQ) and artemether (AR) at a concentration of 5 mg/dL. Group IV, V, and VI were treated with the extract at respective concentrations of 5 mg/dL, 10 mg/dL, and 20 mg/dL for 72 hours. The parasitemia count and the percentage parasitemia inhibition were determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained smears. The antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed using <i>in vitro</i> assays, including superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Microscopic examination of the treated samples revealed varying degrees of parasitemia inhibition. Group II and III treated with CQ and AR demonstrated a considerable reduction in parasitemia count with percentage inhibition of 100% and 83% respectively. The <i>E. africana</i> extract showed a concentration-dependent effect on parasitemia count. At 5 mg/dL, the extract exhibited 50% parasitemia inhibition, which increased to 100% at 10 mg/dL, and 20 mg/dL respectively. The MBEEA demonstrated significant <i>in vitro </i>antioxidant activities by scavenging DPPH, SRSA, and hydroxyl radical compared to the standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid). MBEEA thus exhibit potent antioxidant and antiplasmodial properties. This plant is therefore offers to be a promising medicinal plant in the treatment of malaria, hence it is recommended as potent antiplasmodial plant usable for treating malaria.

Synthesis and Characterization of Copper(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes with 3-(Morpholin-4-yl)propane-2,3-dione 4-Allylthiosemicarbazone Exploring the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiradical Properties.

The eleven new copper(II) and nickel(II) coordination compounds [Cu(L)Br]2 (1), [Cu(L)Cl] (2), [Cu(L)NO3] (3), [Ni(L)Cl] (4), [Ni(HL)2](NO3)2 (5), and [Cu(A)(L)]NO3, where A is 1,10-phenanthroline (6), 2,2'-bipyridine (7), 3,4-dimethylpyridine (8), 3-methylpyridine (9), pyridine (10) and imidazole (11) were synthesized with 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propane-2,3-dione 4-allylthiosemicarbazone (HL). The new thiosemicarbazone was characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. All the coordination compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Also, the crystal structures of HL and complexes 1, 6, 7, and 11 were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complex 1 has a dimeric molecular structure with two bromide bridging ligands, while 6, 7, and 11 are ionic compounds and comprise monomeric complex cations. The studied complexes manifest antibacterial and antifungal activities and also have an antiradical activity that, in many cases, surpasses the activity of trolox, which is used as a standard antioxidant in medicine. Copper complexes 1-3 have very weak antiradical properties (IC50 > 100 µM), but nickel complexes 4-5 are strong antiradicals with IC50 values lower than that of trolox. The mixed ligand copper complexes with additional ligand of N-heteroaromatic base are superior to complexes without these additional ligands. They are 1.4-5 times more active than trolox.

GC-MS Assisted Determination of 26 Compounds in Phlomis Stewartii Extract Exhibiting Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Antibacterial Properties.

Medicinal plants have long been studied for their therapeutic benifits. The present research aims to unveil complex phytochemical profile and therapeutic properties of ethyl acetate fraction of Phlomis stewartii, an important medicinal plant. In this context, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the fraction identified 26 compounds. Additionally, the fraction exhibited concentration dependent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value lower than the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. The antifungal activity of the fraction examined against F. oxysporum, A. alternate, and R. solani resulted in almost complete inhibition (>90 %) of fungal growth. Furthermore, the fraction exhibited significant antibacterial potential against B. subtilus, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. dysenteriae, with inhibition zones of 18±0.22, 17±0.22, 12±0.11, and 10±0.12, respectively. Briefly, the plant extract was found to be highly potent, particularly in its antifungal action. Further studies, including natural products isolation coupled with bioassays, are recommended for promising drug candidates discovery.

Determination of in vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinergic and Antiepileptic Activities of Some Aromatic Plant Extracts

Medicinal and aromatic plants such as Crocus cancellatus, Scilla Siberica subsp. armena, Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus and Anthriscus nemorosa have many different biological activities. While antioxidants are significant in preventing many diseases, inhibition of metabolic enzymes is also important in preventing many significant diseases. In this study, antioxidant activities of water, ethanol, and dichloromethane extracts of four different medicinal and aromatic plant species were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS·+) radical scavenging and Cu2+, Fe+3, and Fe3+-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-S-triazine (TPTZ) reducing assays. Standard antioxidants (BHA, BHT, Trolox, α-Tocopherol) were used in antioxidant assays, and the results were evaluated according to these standards. Enzyme inhibition studies were performed with metabolic enzymes acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes. The ethanol extract of A. nemorosa showed the highest activity in DPPH assay (IC50: 17.36 µg mL-1). In the ABTS assay, the ethanol extract of A. nemorosa plant showed the highest activity (IC50: 7.02 µg mL-1). In the Fe3+ reducing assay, the dichloromethane extract of A. nemorosa showed the highest activity (1.96±0.060 µg mL-1). In the Cu2+ reducing assay, the dichloromethane extract of J. oxycedrus showed the highest activity (1.773±0.066 µg mL-1). In the Fe3+-TPTZ reducing assay, the ethanol extract of S. siberica showed the highest activity (1.256±0.011 µg mL-1). In the enzyme inhibition results, it was determined that all plants and all extracts inhibited the enzymes studied. As a result of this study, it was determined that these four medicinal and aromatic plants have high biological and antioxidant activities.

Analytical Method Development and Validation for Butylated Hydroxy Toluene by using UV- Visible Spectrophotometric Method

Upon utilizing the Prediction Activity Spectra of Substances (PASS) program, computer-aided predictions were conducted to assess the antioxidant activities. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 underwent evaluation using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and lipid peroxidation assays to confirm the predictions obtained from the PASS program. Notably, compounds 3 and 5 exhibited higher inhibition of the DPPH stable free radical at 10 M compared to the widely recognized standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Of particular interest, compound 5 demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of Fe-induced lipid peroxidation in the lipid-rich medium of essential egg yolk (83.99%, IC50 16.07 ± 3.51 μM/mL) in contrast to α-tocopherol (α-ΤΟΗ, 84.6%, IC50 5.6 ± 1.09 μM/mL). Furthermore, the drug-likeness of these BHT analogues was assessed based on Lipinski's "rule-of-five" (RO5), revealing a violation of one parameter (Log P > 5) despite their solubility in protic solvents. The predictive polar surface area (PSA) and absorption percentage (% ABS) data imply a potential capacity for cell membrane penetration. Consequently, these new multipotent antioxidants (MPAOs) hold promise as effective agents for addressing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation processes.

Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in various parts of Morus alba L. Cv. ichinose: a comparative analysis

Present investigation was undertaken to assess the composition of bioactive compounds within various parts of methanolic extracts from mulberry plants utilizing both High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric methodologies. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential was evaluated through assays including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching (BCBA), and Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity (HRSA). This research incorporated the analysis of the fruit, root, shoot, and leaf of the mulberry (Morus alba L.) Cv. Ichinose. Findings from the investigation revealed that levels of total phenols (533.8 ± 15.6 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (232.3 ± 7.1 mg/100 g) were notably higher in fruit compared to root, while total ascorbic acid content (70.9 ± 3.1 mg/100 g) was significantly elevated in the leaf. The fruit exhibited a significantly higher concentration of total anthocyanins (142.5 ± 3.1 mg/100 g), whereas the leaf contained a substantial amount of total carotenoids (5.8 ± 0.3 mg/100 g). Predominant phenolic acids detected in mulberry included ferulic acid, m-coumaric acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid. Quercetin and isoquercetin were identified as the major flavonoids in mulberry fruits. In terms of anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-rutinoside (25.6 ± 2.3 mg/100 g) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (16.4 ± 2.1 mg/100 g) were the primary anthocyanins present in the fruit. The main carotenoid found in the leaf was beta-carotene, with levels reaching 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/100 g. Fruit displayed the highest antioxidant activity among all parts examined. Comparison of the EC50 values of fruit (EC50 = 174.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), root (EC50 = 179.6 ± 2.3 µg/mL), and shoot (EC50 = 189.4 ± 2.1) suggested that these segments of the mulberry plant could potentially function as antioxidants and could exhibit a greater hydroxyl radical scavenging effect than standard antioxidants.

Antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of <i>Chrozophora rottleri</i> fruit ethanol extract

Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), occurs from liver cell abnormalities, influenced by factors such viral hepatitis, obesity toxins and drugs. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) exacerbates liver disorders globally, marked by fat accumulation, whereas liver fibrosis raises cancer risk in NAFLD and Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease (ALD). Herbal medicine gains attraction for liver health, offering hepatoprotective benefits. Medicinal plant metabolites, particularly polyphenols, display antioxidative effects, possibly suppressing cancer cell development. This work focuses on evaluating the possible antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of Chrozophora rottleri fruit ethanol extract (CRFEE) using in-vitro experiments. The antioxidant capacity of CRFEE was examined by hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide scavenging experiments. CRFEE revealed considerable scavenging efficacy against both radicals, suppressing hydroxyl radicals by 48.25% with an IC50 of 35.08±1.62 μg/ml and nitric oxide by 49.35% with an IC50 of 307.44±2.28 μg/ml. Notably, CRFEE displayed better antioxidant efficiency compared to the standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), in neutralizing hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, the in-vitro cytotoxicity of Chrozophora rottleri fruit ethanol extract (CRFEE) was examined using the MTT test on HepG-2 cell line cultures. CRFEE had strong detrimental effects on HepG-2 cells, with higher dosages resulting to a major loss in cell viability. The IC50 value for CRFEE was determined 63±0.08μg/mL, suggesting its efficacy in reducing HepG-2 cell proliferation. The results demonstrate substantial antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects against liver cancer cells (HepG-2 cell line). The bioactive chemicals contained in CRFEE show potential for future pharmaceutical applications, underscoring the relevance of natural-based research in cancer therapy and the necessity for further exploration in vivo.

Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-cancer Properties of Bio -fabricated Copper-silver-zinc Nanocomposites: An Ecofriendly Approach

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of bio-fabricated copper-silver-zinc nanocomposites, which exhibit multifunctional properties suitable for various applications. This study investigates their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and conductive properties through an eco-friendly synthesis approach. The nanocomposites were synthesized using Allium sativum extracts as reducing agents, ensuring minimal environmental impact and promoting sustainability. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH and ABTS, FRAP, Phosphomolybdenum and superoxide assays, demonstrating significant scavenging capabilities comparable to standard antioxidants. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Gram-negative bacteria, E. coli revealing potent inhibitory effects attributed to the synergistic action of copper, silver, and zinc nanocomposites (Cu-Ag-Zn-NC). Furthermore, the nanocomposites exhibited promising anticancer activity against breast cancer cells MCF-7, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents. Electrical conductivity measurements confirmed their suitability for use in electronic applications, underscoring their versatility. This study underscores the eco-friendly synthesis of bio-fabricated copper-silver-zinc nanocomposites and their multifaceted properties, positioning them as promising candidates for biomedical, environmental, and technological applications.

Chitosan-Based Films with Essential Oil Components for Food Packaging

Chitosan-based films show great potential in terms of application in food preservation and are also promising carriers of biologically active ingredients. This paper presents the potential use of chitosan-based films with the addition of essential oil components, e.g., carvacrol, eugenol, and isoeugenol, intended for food packaging. The characteristics of the obtained films were determined, including antibacterial, mechanical, barrier, and structural parameters. In addition, the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of the essential oil components were assessed. Eugenol (44.41%) and isoeugenol (43.56%) showed high antiradical activities, similar to the activity of Trolox (44.33%), which is used as a standard antioxidant. In turn, carvacrol was characterized by the strongest effect against the examined strains of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The chitosan film with carvacrol showed the most valuable antibacterial and mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break). The antibacterial activities of the chitosan–carvacrol films were higher than that of the carvacrol solution. The inhibition zones of the chitosan–carvacrol films were in the range 29–41 mm (except for Enterococcus faecalis, with an inhibition zone of 15 mm) compared to the inhibition zones of the carvacrol solution (28 mm). The results showed that chitosan is an effective carrier of fragrance compounds, mainly carvacrol. However, all the tested chitosan-based films with the addition of fragrance compounds showed appropriate parameters (biological, mechanical, and barrier), which makes them an ecological alternative to plastics intended for food packaging.

Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Gallic Acid Determination in Honey Based on g-C3N4/AuNPs Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

Gallic acid (GA) is a well-known polyphenol that occurs naturally in plants and is used as a chemical marker or standard antioxidant in analytical research. Here, a carbon paste electrode was modified with a nanocomposite of graphitic carbon nitride and gold nanoparticles (g-C3N4/AuNPs/CPE). The g-C3N4/AuNPs was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry methods were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of GA on the electrode. EIS analysis exhibited lower charge-transfer resistance in g-C3N4/AuNPs/CPE than CPE; 250 vs 1500 Ω, respectively. The g-C3N4/AuNPs/CPE was used to GA sensing with limit of detection and linear response range of 0.025 and 0.16–4.10 μM, respectively via DPV. Then, the GA content in Iranian honey samples with different floral origins such as Ziziphus, Barberry, Thyme, Astragalus, Eucalyptus and Coriander was successfully determined. According to result, the fabricated electrochemical sensor could be useful for GA evaluation in food samples.

Comparative Evaluation of the Radioprotective Properties of Copper Chlorophyllin, Trolox, and Indralin in an Experiment on Mice.

The radioprotective properties of copper chlorophyllin (100 and 150 μg/g), the standard antioxidant trolox (100 and 200 μg/g), and the standard radioprotector indralin (100 and 150 μg/g) were compared in male ICR mice (CD-1) subjected to whole-body irradiation (X-ray radiation) in doses of 6, 6.5, and 6.75 Gy. Animal survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the significance of differences was evaluated using the log-rank test method. Dose change factors determined using the Phinney probit analysis were 1.1, 1.0, and 1.8 for chlorophyllin, trolox, and indralin at a dose of 100 μg/g body weight, respectively. The insignificant radioprotective properties of chlorophyllin and their absence in trolox when administered prophylactically do not rule out their possible radioprotective properties like a radiomodulator that protects the body after irradiation.

Антиоксидантная терапия в коррекции ДНК-фрагментации сперматозоидов.

Introduction. The progressive deterioration of reproductive function, observed throughout the world in recent decades, is an extremely alarming trend, while the incidence of male infertility is increasing. The universal pathogenetic mechanism of spermatogenesis disorders, which underlies almost all forms of male infertility, is oxidative stress of sperm. It has various manifestations, the essence of which, as a rule, boils down to the formation of mitochondrial dysfunction and fragmentation of sperm DNA. It has been found that consuming antioxidants and microelements helps increase the chances of conception for subfertile couples, and also reduces the risk of reproductive losses. Of greatest and justifiable interest are medicinal complexes designed to reduce the level of oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant therapy on the degree of sperm DNA fragmentation in men suffering from infertility. Materials and methods. The study involved 42 men aged 25 to 37 years with an established diagnosis of male infertility who were treated at the Center for Family Health and Reproduction. The patients were divided into 2 groups, comparable according to the main criteria assessed. Patients in the control group (12 people, 29%) received standard antioxidant therapy. Patients of the main group (30 people, 71%) received the BESTFertil-DHA® complex. The course of treatment for patients in both groups was 3 months. Control examinations were carried out at 1.5 and 3 months from the start of therapy. Spermogram data and assessment of the degree of DNA fragmentation in sperm using the SCD (Sperm chromatin dispersion test) method were used as the main criterion for assessing the effectiveness of therapy. Results. After three months of taking BESTFertil-DHA®, in 16 patients (53%), the degree of sperm DNA fragmentation decreased to less than 15%. Against this background, 5 couples became pregnant naturally, and 4 couples became pregnant as a result of the in vitro fertilization procedure. The average level of sperm DNA fragmentation was less than 13% (p < 0.05). A decrease in the level of DNA fragmentation was noted in 53% of patients after 1.5 months of taking BESTFertil-DHA®, which is especially important when preparing patients for assisted reproductive technology programs. In patients taking BESTFertil-DHA®, the total progressive motility of spermatozoa «A+B» increased by 28%, and the concentration of spermatozoa in 1 ml of ejaculate – by 61%. In the control group, the degree of sperm DNA fragmentation did not undergo statistically significant changes during treatment. Conclusion. BESTFertil-DHA® statistically significantly helps to reduce the degree of DNA fragmentation in sperm, increase the number of actively motile forms of sperm and reduce the degree of teratozoospermia.