Standard Antioxidant Vitamin Research Articles

The Curative Hypolipidemic Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and Atherogenic Indexes of Methanolic Extract of Arbutus Pavarii Leaves

The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activity and curative effect of (MEAPL) and its role in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in male albino rats. The effect of (MEAPL) against hypercholesterolemia in rats was analyzed via examination of various types of parameters, (LDL), (HDL), (TC), and (TG), also liver enzymes (ALT, AST, G-GT, LDH, and ALP) besides proteins and MDA. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GR, GPx, and CAT), were measured in control and (HFD). We have found that the level of TC, LDL, TG, and liver enzymes were increased but the level of HDL decreased in HFD rats compared with control. Lipid peroxidation was determined by the level of MDA, which increased in HFD compared with control while antioxidant enzymes SOD, GR, GPx, and CAT were decreased. The results obtained revealed that MEAPL has a healing effect against hypercholesterolemia compared with the reference standard agent ˝Atorvastatin˝ and standard antioxidant vitamin C.

Sucrose esters of aryldihydronaphthalene-type lignans, and antitumor activity of extracts of Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) aerial parts

One new compound (3f-[(7′R,8′R)-4,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2,7′-cycloligna-7-en-9-methoxycarbonyl, 9′-carbonyl-O-] -β- D-fructofuranosyl- (2→1)-α- D-glucopyranoside) (Moltkiopsin A) (2) was isolated and identified from the extract of aerial parts of the wild Egyptian plant Moltkiopsis ciliata (Frossk.), family Boraginaceae, for the first time, along with two aryldihydronaphthalene lignans 3f→9′:6f→9-[(7′R,8′R)-4,4′- dihydroxy-3,3′,5-trimethoxy-2,7′-cycloligna-7-en-9,9′-dicarbonyl]-6g-acetyl-α-D-gluco pyranosyl-(1→2) -β-D-fructofuranoside (Trigonotin A) (1) which was reported for the first time from this plant species and a known compound 3f→9′:6f→9-[(7′R,8′R)-4,4′- dihydroxy-3,3′,5-trimethoxy-2,7′-cycloligna-7-en-9,9′-dicarbonyl]-α-D-gluco pyranosyl - (1→2)- β-D- fructofuranoside (Trigonotin C) (3). These compounds were separated and purified using different chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D (1H and 13C NMR), and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), besides ESI-MS spectral methods. Extracts were screened as antioxidant, antitumor and antibacterial. The different extracts showed moderate to strong antioxidant capacities in DPPH assays. Ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and crude methanol extracts exhibited the most significant free radicals scavenging activity when compared to the standard antioxidant vitamin C. Hexane and butanol fractions showed the highest cytotoxicity against the cancer cell lines HepG2 and MCF-7.

Effects of Gnaphalium affine extract (GAE) and sodium pyrophosphate (PP) on •OH‐induced oxidation and the structure of myofibrillar proteins

SummaryThis study investigated the effects of the combination of Gaphalium affine extract (GAE) and sodium pyrophosphate (PP) on the structure and oxidative stability of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MPs) under oxidative stress. The results showed that GAE was rich in total flavonoids and total phenols (37.09% and 67.50%, respectively). GAE had strong free radical scavenging ability, especially for •OH, and the semi‐inhibitory concentration (IC50) of •OH reached as high as 3.59 μg/mL, which was slightly lower than that of the standard antioxidant vitamin C (Vc). The addition of GAE and PP significantly inhibited the formation of carbonyl groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The presence of GAE further promoted the loss of total sulphydryl groups by 3.52% compared to the oxidative control group (P < 0.05). However, PP and PP+G significantly inhibited the loss of total sulphydryl groups (P < 0.05). The further reduction in the carbonyl content, increase in the hydrogen bond content, inhibition of the conversion of sulphydryl groups to disulphide bonds, and decrease in the cross‐linking aggregation of corresponding proteins all indicate that GAE and PP could cooperatively regulate the oxidation of MPs. An appropriate amount of PP effectively modified the damage caused by GAE on both the secondary and tertiary structure of MPs to maintain their structural stability, however, a relatively higher concentration of PP led to a substantial degree of MP collapse and affected the quality of the proteins. These results suggest that the oxidative stability of MPs can be improved by the addition of an appropriate amount of GAE (0.2 mg/g protein) combined with PP (1 mM).

Synthesis, NMR, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity, Molecular docking, DFT Calculations and in silico ADME analysis of 3′-benzoyl-4′-phenyl-5′-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one derivatives

A series of seven novel spirooxindoles derivatives were synthesized by a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition method. The reaction proceeds through the formation of azomethine ylides generated in situ by the decarboxylative condensation of isatin and amine with dipolarophile chalcones. The antioxidant results revealed that the IC50 value of compounds 4a,4b,4d and 4f are very excellent against hydroxyl radical (IC50 = 15.9 to 30.3 µg/ml) and superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.7 to 22.2 µg/ml) whereas standard antioxidant Vitamin C showed their IC50 value only in the range of 25.0 and 20.0 µg/ml. Cytotoxic activity by MTT assay revealed that the compounds 4a,4b,4d and 4f exhibited broad inhibition on the KB cell lines with IC50 values of 6.5, 9.5, 32.5 and 55 µM, respectively. The observed IC50 values revealed that compound 4b possessed more inhibitory effect against the cancer cells. The anticancer activities of these derivatives were studied using molecular docking studies and it is compared with their experimental results. In addition, good oral bioavailability was predicted for all compounds by in silico calculations of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) and pharmacokinetic parameters. Finally the geometrical structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6–31 G (d, p) as the basic set. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has been analyzed.

Investigation of Toxic ?- Dicarbonyl Compounds Formed in the Headspace of Various Heated Cooking Oils

Glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl formed in the headspace of heated oil samples were analyzed as corresponding quinoxaline derivatives. Formation of these compounds increased in the gutter oil as the number of heating repetitions increased. In particular, methylglyoxal increased from 198.43 ± 92.9 µg to 432.16 ± 161.86 µg. The total phenolic compounds in four extra virgin olive oils ranged from 231.01 ± 16.75 µg/g to 492.78 ± 39.34 µg/g (Olio Nuovo olive oil). The carbonyl compounds formed from the Olio Nuovo oil ranged from 52.76 ± 11.26 µg (glyoxal) at 150°C for 0.5 h to 801.22 ± 147.88 µg (diacetyl) at 300°C for 1 h Addition of cysteine reduced the formation of all three α-dicarbonyl compounds significantly, suggesting that cysteine forms adducts with carbonyl compounds. Standard antioxidant BHT reduced formation of all three compounds at lower heating temperatures, whereas standard antioxidant vitamin E increased them considerably at higher temperatures, suggesting that vitamin E degrades into carbonyl compounds.

Synthesis and evaluation of new phenolic derivatives as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents

New phenolic derivatives bearing hydrazine and 1,3,4-oxadiazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Most of the compounds revealed pronounced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as promising antioxidant activities. N 1-(2,5-Dihydroxybenzoyl)-N 2-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)hydrazine displayed promising activity against Escherichia coli and P. aeruginosa. N 1-(2,5-Dihydroxybenzoyl)-N 2-(2-naphthalenylmethylene)hydrazine was almost equipotent to the standard antioxidant vitamin C having scavenging activities of 84 and 93%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity study revealed that N 1-(2,5-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N 2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenylmethylene)hydrazine, N 1-(2,5-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylmethylene)hydrazine, and N 1-(2,5-dihydroxybenzoyl)-N 2-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)hydrazine are more safe than reference 5-fluorouracil. In silico drug relevant properties proposed that all compounds have high to moderate drug-likeness scores. Accordingly, these derivatives can be potential leads for development of potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Enterobacter cloacae of extracts of Eclipta alba Hassk.

This study was subjected to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Eclipta alba extracts (methanol, hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts). The antioxidant property of the extract was assessed by 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. Kirby-Bauer method was used to determine the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae of the extracts. The extracts of Eclipta alba were tested against E. cloacae. The highest antibacterial potentiality was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract of E. alba leaves, means of zones of bacterial growth inhibition are 26.3 mm at a concentration of 32 μg/mL. DPPH free radical scavenging effect of the extracts was compared with standard antioxidant vitamin C. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract of E. alba leaves. The result also showed that the DPPH scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extract from leaves of E. alba was high (EC50 = 419.38 μg/mL). However, this result was 18.99 times lower than that of vitamin C (EC50 = 22.08 μg/mL).

Impact of chelation on anticancer activities of organometallic ruthenium(ii) complexes containing 2,5-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone: synthesis, structure, DNA/protein binding, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity

To gain some insight into the influence of chelation on anticancer activities, two new bivalent organometallic ruthenium complexes, [Ru(L)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2] (3) and [Ru(L)Cl(CO)(AsPh3)2] (4), (HL = 2,5-di(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,4-benzoquinone) were synthesized, structurally characterized comprehensively by elemental analysis, IR, electronic, 1H/13C NMR spectral studies and their biological activities (DNA/protein interactions, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity studies) have been investigated and compared with that of appropriate precursor complexes [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] (1), [RuHCl(CO)(AsPh3)3] (2) and the ligand LH. The crystal structures of both the new complexes 3 and 4 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, which unveil that the central ruthenium ion adopted distorted octahedral geometry with L as a monobasic bidentate donor and the chelator was observed to undergo C–H activation at one of the ortho positions leading to the formation of a five-membered metallacycle. DNA/protein interactions of the complexes have been examined by photophysical studies, which demonstrated a non-intercalative binding mode of the complexes with DNA and the complexes strongly quench the fluorescence intensity of bovine serum albumin (BSA) through the mechanism of static quenching. The new complexes demonstrated better binding affinity with DNA/protein. The compounds were evaluated for their free radical scavenging ability involving DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide radicals, superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the new complexes 3 and 4 possess significant radical scavenging ability and outperform the standard antioxidants vitamin C and BHT. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes tested against B16F10, HeLa, A549, MCF7 and SKOV3 cells by SRB assay were compared with the standard drug cisplatin and that the new complexes 3 and 4 showed better activity in inhibiting the growth of the cancer cells. The influence of chelation was seen in all the biological activities studied and the new ruthenium chelates 3 and 4 were found to be superior to the precursor complexes 1, 2 and the ligand LH in DNA/protein binding properties, radical scavenging ability and cytotoxicity.

Synthesis and properties of bis(pyrrolidino)fullerenes bridged by a flexible alkyl-tether

The one-pot biscycloaddition of alkyl-tethered diglycines to C60 provided five series of bridged bis(pyrrolidino)fullerenes with good regioselectivity, giving mainly cis-2 and cis-3 products. An influence of the bridge length and addition pattern on spectroscopic properties, as well as on the shape of hierarchically organized supramolecular structures was observed. Additional investigation of all synthesized compounds confirmed their strong in vitro antioxidant activity 4–10-fold better than the standard antioxidant vitamin C.

Fulleropeptide esters as potential self-assembled antioxidants.

The potential use of amphiphilic fullerene derivatives as a bionanomaterial was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the ferrous ion oxidation–xylenol orange (FOX) method. Despite the disrupted delocalization of the π-electronic system over the C60 sphere, its antioxidant capacity remained high for all twelve derivatives. The compounds expressed up to two-fold and 5–12-fold better peroxide quenching capacity as compared to pristine C60 and standard antioxidant vitamin C, respectively. During precipitation and slow evaporation of the solvent, all compounds underwent spontaneous self-assembly giving ordered structures. The size and morphology of the resulting particles depend primarily on the sample concentration, and somewhat on the side chain structure.

Cytotoxic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Mentha longifolia and Ocimum basilicum Against Human Breast Cancer

Labiatae family is represented in Saudi Arabia. The aim of the present study was to go insight to investigate the anticancer activity and antioxidative potentials of methanolic extracts of Mentha longifolia L. (ML) and Ocimum basilicum L. (OB) that grown in Madina province, western region, Saudi Arabia. OB exhibited the greater phenolic contents as mg gallic acid equivalent/g weight (mg GAE/g) for a value of 105 +/- 5.5 mg GAE/g. On the other hand, ML produced 29 +/- 3.12 mg GAE/g. The standard antioxidant vitamin E used in this experiment elicited a value of total phenolic contents equal 22 +/- 2.2 mg GAE/g. The percentage scavenging activity of against diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was 850 and 160% for OB and ML extracts, respectively. Vitamin E elicited% scavenging activity of against DPPH equal to 198%. Brine shrimp cytotoxic assay clearly indicated the cytotoxic effects of either ML or OB extract. The brine shrimp survival is inversely proportional to the concentration of either ML or OB extract used with LD50 191.23 and 235.50 ppm, respectively. Toxic effects on brine shrimps indicated the anticancer potential of ML or OB extract. The ML or OB extract was unable to produce pbluescript (pBS) plasmid DNA damage, while the plasmid DNA treated with EcoRI produced a single band as a result of DNA damage. Also, both ML and OB extract exhibited marked cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells at various concentrations (20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 microg mL(-1)). The 160 and 320 microg mL(-1) showed more cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells. Based on results achieved, we can concluded that, OB and ML extracts have the potency to act as powerful antioxidants and protect against DNA damage and have cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cell line.

Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum against Carbon Tetra Chloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

ObjectiveTo test possible antioxidant activity of n-hexane extract of Podophyllum hexandrum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. MethodsThe in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ability of the extract to interact with the stable free radical DPPH, Superoxide (O2−), Hydroxyl (OH−), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radicals, and reducing power ability of the extract was also evaluated. Under in vivo conditions the extract was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity by measuring different biochemical parameters, such as serum alanine aminotransaminase, serum aspartate aminotransaminase and serum lactate dehydrogenase and antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant status was estimated by determining the activities of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and by determining the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). ResultsHexane extract of P. hexandrum exhibited good radical scavenging capacity in neutralization of DPPH, O2−, OH −, and H2O2 radicals in a dose dependent manner. n-hexane extract of Podophyllum hexandrum at the doses of 20, 30, and 50 mg/kg-day produced hepatoprotective effect by decreasing the activity of serum marker enzymes, while it significantly increased the levels of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), super oxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in a dose dependant manner. The effect of n-hexane extract was comparable to that of standard antioxidant vitamin E. ConclusionThe extract of Podophyllum hexandrum possess free radical scavenging activity under in vitro conditions and could protect the liver tissue against CCl4 induced oxidative stress probably by increasing antioxidant defense activities.

Sodium arsenite-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: protective role of p-coumaric acid, a common dietary polyphenol

This study was performed to investigate the ameliorative role of p-coumaric acid against sodium arsenite-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg/b.wt) was orally administered once a day for 30 days to the animals to induce cardiotoxicity. After the experimental period, cardiotoxicity was assessed by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, total reduced glutathione, protein sulfyhydryl and non-protein sulfhydryl groups) and DNA fragmentation in the cardiac tissue of control and experimental rats. In addition, cardiac tissue specific serum markers (triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol) in serum and histopathological changes in the cardiac tissue were also evaluated. From the results obtained in our study, sodium arsenite administration to the rats increased lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, triacylglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas antioxidant status and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were found to be reduced. However, p-coumaric acid (75 and100 mg/kg/b.wt) treatment orally once per day for 30 days, immediately before a daily administration of sodium arsenite protected the abnormal biochemical abnormalities observed in the cardiac tissue of sodium arsenite treated rats as evidenced by the cardiac histopathology. For comparison purpose, a standard antioxidant vitamin C (100 mg/kg/b.wt) was used. In conclusion, this study concluded that p-coumaric acid could be a promising candidate for protecting the sodium arsenite-induced cardiotoxicity in rats through its antioxidant character.

Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests.

AimsTo provide common Organic Chemistry/Polymer Science thermoset free-radical crosslinking Sciences for Medical understanding and also present research findings for several common vitamins/antioxidants with a new class of drugs known as free-radical inhibitors.Study DesignPeroxide/Fenton transition-metal redox couples that generate free radicals were combined with unsaturated lipid oils to demonstrate thermoset-polymer chain growth by crosslinking with the α-β-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein into rubbery/adhesive solids. Further, Vitamin A and beta carotene were similarly studied for crosslink pathological potential. Also, free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone was compared for antioxidant capability with Vitamin E.Place and Duration of StudyDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham, between June 2005 and August 2012.MethodologyObservations were recorded for Fenton free-radical crosslinking of unsaturated lipids and vitamin A/beta carotene by photography further with weight measurements and percent-shrinkage testing directly related to covalent crosslinking of unsaturated lipids recorded over time with different concentrations of acrolein. Also, hydroquinone and vitamin E were compared at concentrations from 0.0–7.3wt% as antioxidants for reductions in percent-shrinkage measurements, n = 5.ResultsUnsaturated lipid oils responded to Fenton thermoset-polymer reactive secondary sequence reactions only by acrolein with crosslinking into rubbery-type solids and different non-solid gluey products. Further, molecular oxygen crosslinking was demonstrated with lipid peroxidation and acrolein at specially identified margins. By peroxide/Fenton free-radical testing, both vitamin A and beta-carotene demonstrated possible pathology chemistry for chain-growth crosslinking. During lipid/acrolein testing over a 50 hour time period at 7.3wt% antioxidants, hydroquinone significantly reduced percent shrinkage greatly compared to the standard antioxidant vitamin E, %shrinkage at 11.6 ±1.3 for hydroquinone and 27.8 ±2.2 for vitamin E, P = .001.ConclusionFree radicals crosslinked unsaturated lipid fatty acids into thermoset polymers through Fenton reactions when combined with acrolein. Further, hydroquinone was a superior antioxidant to vitamin E.

Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum

A water-soluble protein-bound polysaccharide was extracted from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum and isolated by gel-filtration chromatography. Its primary structural features and molecular weight were characterized by infrared spectrometry, gas chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, amino acid analyzer and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data obtained indicated that the glycoprotein contains 10.1% of protein and 17 general amino acids and it is rich in glutamic acid, asparagic acid, alanine, glycine, threonine, and serine. It was mainly composed of mannose, galactose and glucose in a molar ratio of 1:1.28:4.91, with an average molecular weight of about 1013 kDa. The existence of an O-glycosidic linkage in PSG-1 (polysaccharide1) was demonstrated by a β-elimination reaction. The antioxidant activity of the purified polysaccharides was evaluated in vitro by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol assay. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants vitamin C and BHT. It was found that the scavenging effects of the purified polysaccharides increased with measuring concentration. The results indicated that the purified polysaccharides showed strong DPPH free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. This study suggested that the purified polysaccharides could potentially be used as natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant and radical scavenging effect of different parts of four Turkish Juniperus species

The comparative antioxidant potential of J. drupacea, J. oxycedrus, J. foetidissima and J. excelsa leaf and fruit water extracts were studied. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and non-enzymatic rat hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation method. Various antioxidant activities were compared with standard antioxidant vitamin E (α-tocopherol). Fruit and leaf extracts of J. Durapacea (IC50; 24µg/ml; IC50; 35µg/ml, respectively) and J. foetidissima (IC50; 33.5µg/ml; IC50; 26µg/ml, respectively) were found to be a good scavenger of DPPH radical when compared to vitamin E (IC50; 13µg/ml). J.oxycedrus and J. excelsa fruit extracts exhibited the weakest effect on DPPH radical with IC50 values of 115 and 104µg/ml, respectively, compared with α-tocopherol.

A Comparative Study of Antioxidants S-Allyl Cysteine Sulfoxide and Vitamin E on the Damages Induced by Nicotine in Rats

The dietary consumption of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables is inversely correlated with the incidence of various diseases like cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. We have tried to find out how far the S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS) isolated from garlic (Allium sativum L.) can combat the nicotine-induced peroxidative damage in rats. The effects have been compared with the standard antioxidant vitamin E. Administration of SACS or vitamin E (100 mg/kg) to nicotine (0.6 mg/kg) treated rats for 21 days showed decreased concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes in liver, lungs, and heart as compared with the values found in rats treated with nicotine alone. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase increased. The levels of the antioxidants like vitamins A, C, and E in the liver and glutathione in all tissues increased significantly in SACS-treated or vitamin E fed rats. However, the antioxidant status was higher when vitamin E was administered as compared with SACS administered to nicotine-treated rats.